From the first auto insurance policy, third party liability insurance policy to government compulsory liability insurance, to the establishment of auto insurance bureau or compensation judgment fund, to no-fault liability insurance, all of them reflect the efforts made by auto insurance to ensure that victims can obtain compensation for their auto insurance losses.
Of course, insurance companies aim at making profits, but major foreign insurance companies put more manpower and material resources into disaster prevention and loss prevention, and realize their own profits by reducing the accident rate. When a customer is in danger, the insurance company will provide convenience for the customer in various ways, such as paying in advance before the loss is determined, and providing driving service when the customer repairs the car, which not only compensates the victim, but also reflects the humanistic care of the insurance company and improves the market competitiveness of the insurance company. To this end, many foreign insurance companies' auto insurance business is negative profit, but rely on capital market profits to make up for this loss.
However, property insurance companies in China still regard auto insurance business as the main source of profit. When the customer is in danger, the insurance company will find reasons to refuse to pay compensation and delay the payment from time to time. And foreign insurance companies, sometimes even if they are not within the scope of liability, insurance companies will make compensation as appropriate.
(b) There are many factors that determine the automobile insurance premium rate, but different countries have different emphases.
Through observation, it can be found that the determination of auto insurance rates in developed countries is determined by many factors, including: vehicle maintenance, driving area, vehicle type, historical compensation records, annual mileage, driver's age, occupation, gender, driving years, insured property ownership, credit records and marriage years. However, due to different national conditions, countries have different priorities. The United States is a country that advocates the rule of law and freedom, and pays attention to respecting people's personality, while Americans are more lax in their actions. Therefore, the auto insurance rate in the United States is more about human factors. For the same car, due to the difference between the insured and the insured, the insurance premium rate can be three times different. German caution is world-famous, and the risk rate of auto insurance in Germany is very low, so the car type is the most important factor in the pricing of auto insurance in Germany, and its maximum change range can reach 2700%.
The present situation of car rental and car credit
Car rental in China began in 1980, when China International Trust and Investment Company leased a batch of cars for Beijing by means of transnational leasing, and it has experienced nearly 20 years' development. Car rental has also developed from serving only foreign affairs and tourism to serving ordinary people. More and more companies are investing in car rental. Car rental companies basically exist in large and medium-sized cities across the country, and the total number of vehicles used for rental is also expanding. According to statistics, the number of car rental companies in Beijing alone has grown from less than 10 in 1994 to more than 200 today, and the number of car rentals has soared from more than 300 in 1994 to more than 20,000 today. Car rental industry has become one of the fastest growing industries.
There are two kinds of car rental: financing lease and operating lease. Financial leasing refers to the leasing transaction in which the lessor provides the lessee with the required car through financing, which has the dual functions of financing and financial integration. It mainly involves the lessor, lessee and supplier, and consists of two or more contracts. According to the requirements and choices of the lessee, the lessor concludes a car purchase contract with the supplier and pays the payment, and concludes a lease contract with the lessee to lease the purchased car to the lessee for use. During the lease period, the lessee shall pay the rent to the lessor in installments as agreed in the contract. The ownership of the leased car belongs to the lessor, and the lessee has the right to use the car during the lease term. Upon the expiration of the lease, the car may be retained, purchased, renewed or returned to the lessor by the lessee in accordance with the contract. Operating lease means that when a customer needs to use a car in the short term, he can obtain the right to use the car for a certain period of time by signing a car rental contract with a car rental company, and the car rental company will provide maintenance and other post-lease services. During the term of the right to use, the customer is only allowed to use the vehicle reasonably and shall not dispose of the vehicle beyond his authority. After the contract ends, the lessee returns the vehicle to the leasing company. Because of the agreement reached with the lessee in advance, the leased vehicle is only used by the lessee. Unless the lessee agrees, the leasing company has no right to lease the vehicle to others. However, operating lease is different. The leasing company can lease vehicles to different people for temporary use, which is a short-term leasing business that can be revoked and not paid in full.
At present, there are as many as 30 million citizens with driver's licenses in China, and this number is increasing at a certain speed every year. Many of these people can't afford a car for a short time, but most of them need a temporary car and can afford to rent a car temporarily. Therefore, operating lease has an extremely huge market demand.
Car rental companies are optimistic about the prospects of the car rental market and have invested in it. However, due to the great value of cars, car rental companies take a cautious attitude when choosing car rental customers and take strict qualification examination for customers. At present, if an individual wants to rent a car, the leasing company generally requires the customer to provide the household registration book, driver's license and ID card where the leasing company is located; If you rent a car for the company, you need to provide a copy of the business license of the car rental company registered at the location of the rental company, the legal representative's ID card, driver's license and other documents, and if necessary, you need the customer to provide corresponding guarantees.
The car rental market in China is developing rapidly, but there are also some problems. Mainly includes:
1, the enterprise scale is not large. Taking Beijing as an example, the average vehicle size of each leasing company is about 100, so it is difficult to achieve economies of scale.
2. This is risky. Because the price of cars is relatively high compared with people's average income, cars are still high-end consumer goods and become the target of crime in the eyes of some lawless elements.
3. The development of networking is lagging behind, the leasing companies are not connected to the internet, and there is a lack of car rental services in different places. In order to avoid risks, various car rental companies require the lessee to provide a local household registration book or a copy of the local registered business license, and limit the car rental target to the local area, which makes the car rental form a fragmented situation. Once you travel from one city to another, it will be difficult to rent a car, and it is impossible to return it in another place.
The development of automobile finance determines the possibility of transforming potential automobile consumption desire into real consumption demand. However, due to the imperfection of the credit system, there are huge market risks in China's auto finance market, which hinders the further development of China's auto finance to some extent.
It is necessary to speed up the development and expansion of auto consumption credit, support qualified auto suppliers to set up auto financing companies for the whole industry, guide auto financing institutions to establish cooperation mechanisms with other financial institutions, significantly improve the scale and specialization of the auto consumption credit market, and improve the risk management system.
If China's automobile market in 2003 and 2004 were "blowout" and "depression" respectively, then 2005 can be said to be a year of steady development of China's automobile market. In this year, China's automobile production and sales reached a record high, with a total production of 5.7 million vehicles, including 2,958,400 cars, with an annual increase of 26.9%.
Although automobile production and sales in China increased significantly last year, automobile consumption was mainly paid in cash, and there was still a huge demand for car purchase that could not be met due to lack of credit support. In this case, the development of auto finance determines the possibility of transforming potential auto consumption desire into real consumption demand, and ultimately affects the development of China auto industry and even the whole national economy.
The present situation of banks supporting consumers' auto credit
In 2005, for many consumers who are going to buy a car, it became more and more difficult to buy a car with a loan, not because the pressure of bank loans is small, but because if it is improperly put in, it may lead to an increase in non-performing assets of banks. Two or three years ago, "zero down payment" to pick up a car led to a large area of bad debts and bad debts in car loans. However, under the temptation of huge profits, commercial banks have not completely given up this business because of huge credit risks. Their efforts are mainly focused on the following two aspects:
First of all, for most commercial banks, they also know that it is not enough to rely on the glass bow to pull the shadow, so they resumed their auto credit business on the premise of taking measures to control the risk of default. At present, banks have stepped up their loan review, thus effectively strengthening the credit supervision of lenders. Compared with the past, it is much more complicated to buy a car directly from the bank.
Secondly, some commercial banks not only want to occupy a place in the auto finance market, but also want to effectively control risks and reduce the non-performing loan ratio. They choose to cooperate with foreign auto finance giants or directly invest to set up auto finance companies, while some commercial banks choose to cooperate with an auto manufacturer.
The main problems of automobile consumption credit in China at present
The development time of auto finance service industry in China is still short, and because of China's special national conditions, there is no complete set of foreign experience for us to learn from, so the problems existing in its development mainly lie in the following points.
1. Development and perfection of credit system and social security system
In China, the credit system is not perfect, and many people default because of short-term behavior, which leads to huge market risks in the auto finance market and hinders the further development of China's auto finance to some extent.
Although there are problems, we also see the efforts made by all parties to improve these problems. On June 5438+065438+ 10, 2005, the Credit Bureau of the People's Bank of China indicated that the existing credit information system of China's central bank has included 35 million people's information, involving a loan amount of 2 14 trillion yuan. At present, this data is basically equivalent to the balance of personal consumption loans in China, which means that the coverage of personal credit information system in China is quite complete, and the number of people covered by this personal credit information system is expected to reach in the future.
2. Provide supporting financial services for used cars.
With the continuous development of the used car market in China, we can see that the road of diversified development of China automobile industry and automobile market is getting wider and wider. However, due to the huge market risk, at least at present, banks do not regard the development of the used car market as a business opportunity, so there is no commercial bank behind the rapid development of the used car market. In foreign countries, the second-hand car business is an important link in the value chain of automobile after-sales service and an important profit point. Therefore, how to effectively control market risks and find the best advantage in the balance between risks and benefits will become the primary problem faced by banks.
The Measures for the Administration of Second-hand Car Circulation jointly issued by the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Public Security, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce and State Taxation Administration of The People's Republic of China of People's Republic of China (PRC) has been officially implemented since June 65438+ 10/day, 2005. The new policy allows car dealers to trade used cars directly, which provides more possibilities for financing used cars, thus providing more ways for consumers to buy used cars. However, because there is no corresponding supporting system, how to choose an operation mode suitable for the development of used car market in China at this stage is still a problem that needs to be considered by the government, commercial banks, automobile production enterprises and auto finance companies.
3. Supervision of auto financing companies
When China Banking Regulatory Commission promulgated the Measures for the Administration of Auto Finance Companies, due to prudent consideration, it greatly restricted the sources of funds and business scope of auto finance companies, which hindered the development of auto finance companies to some extent and set obstacles for the development of China's auto finance service industry. At present, China's auto financing companies have narrow financing channels and single investment means, and can only carry out auto consumption credit and transfer and sell auto loan accounts receivable. Therefore, how to release the constraints on auto financing companies in time is also a problem that the regulatory authorities must face at present.
The prospect of automobile consumption loan is optimistic;
In less than ten years, China's auto credit has experienced a painful process from scratch, from small to large, and then from prosperity to decline. Automobile consumption credit is unsustainable, and the main reasons that restrict the smooth development of domestic automobile credit business are as follows:
First, most consumers in China have saved enough money to buy a car at one time, but only a few are really willing to borrow money to buy a car, especially at present, the loan interest rate is high and on the rise, and the complicated procedures limit the enthusiasm of consumers to borrow money to buy a car. Su Hui, general manager of Asia City, made it clear to reporters that he thought that Beijing consumers were not very interested in auto credit.
Second, the current automobile market is highly competitive and the price transparency is low. The reporter's investigation found that although Wuhuan Cell claims that it has the advantages of ultra-low down payment ratio, long loan life and favorable interest rate, the price it provides to consumers is not the most favorable price on the market. In the end, consumers will not get any benefits, and even have to pay more.
Third, the automobile market price changes rapidly and greatly. In recent years, the prices of automobiles, especially middle and high-grade automobiles, have fallen frequently, and it is not uncommon that the annual decline is as high as 65,438+00%. Once the credit car purchase method is adopted, the benchmark price for calculating interest is fixed; In addition, the loan interest rate is rising every year. In the next three to five years, consumers who buy cars with credit will not only get the benefits of car price reduction, but will have to pay more money.
With the gradual maturity of China's auto market, people in the industry are still optimistic about the prospects of China's auto consumption credit business, especially auto finance companies with more professional and flexible credit products and strong financial strength. According to statistics, the business volume of auto financing companies has accounted for 48% of the domestic auto credit market.
Automobile culture
The premise of automobile society is that the public can generally enjoy automobile civilization. There is no doubt that cars have greatly expanded people's living radius and changed the industrial structure, production and lifestyle of society. In the 20th century, the social wealth and derivative culture created by automobiles exceeded the sum of the previous 1000 years. Entering the 2 1 century, China, once the "kingdom of bicycles", really ushered in the automobile era. In the leap forward of nearly blowout for several years in a row, automobile related industries have developed rapidly without exception. Cars enter the homes of ordinary people, just like clothing and food culture. After the ownership and utilization rate reached a certain level, people began to pursue deeper spiritual needs, and automobile culture came into being, which became a new term in China in 2 1 century. However, in fact, automobile consumption in China is still in the primary stage of automobile society. Is it too early to talk about car culture? Has China's automobile culture really arrived? Corresponding to the global atmosphere, how will China's automobile culture be nurtured and developed? Economic Observer: When it comes to automobile culture, people often think of the legendary stories of companies and brands such as General Motors, Ford or Jeep, and Americans' love for SUV trolleys. What do you think is the scope of automobile culture? Liang: A car is originally a steel object. It is people who endow it with life connotation and influence the way of life. This connotation acts on people in turn, narrowing the distance between people and cars, and forming cultural categories such as consumption concept, life interest and aesthetic trend, that is, automobile culture. Broadly speaking, car culture can be divided into two aspects, on the one hand, the car itself, on the other hand, it is reflected by the car, such as the American concept of freedom and atmosphere. As we know, after World War II, American cars suddenly became bigger, and people who experienced World War II had a feeling of spiritual survival, thinking of luxury, drinking today and getting drunk today. Under this distorted mentality, a spacious American car was born, which reflected the feeling of Jedi rebirth after World War II. There is another reason: the United States is vast and rich in resources, and people advocate freedom and relaxation. V8 is a reflection of American automobile culture. Lin Lei: Every culture has its own expression and connotation. As an epoch-making modern industrial product, automobile has been endowed with human values, lifestyles and emotional needs since its birth, which embodies the aesthetic orientation of different times and different people and forms a unique automobile cultural concept. Still taking the United States as an example, its automobile culture contains the innate sense of humor of Americans: when driving, colorful stickers are ingeniously cut into letters and pasted on the rear of the car, among which the contents related to rear-end collision are the most: "Don't kiss me, it's terrible", "Don't let us get to know each other because of the collision" and "Come on, I need money now". As a cultural carrier, cars are fully and widely endowed with spiritual characteristics, reflecting the character and emotion of Americans. Economic Observer: The concept of automobile culture is imported. Germany, America, Japan and other countries all have different automobile cultures. How do we understand its origin and personality? Lin Lei: Cars are no longer a simple means of transportation abroad. It embodies people's psychological trajectory and has the core spiritual metaphor: the ideal temptation to private freedom and the fantasy of unlimited growth of personal strength. You see that more than half of the people who drive giant SUVs and even Hummers in the United States are petite women, and you know how much they want to be strong. Due to people's active participation and free and casual attitude towards life, foreign automobile culture is much easier than that of China, and it has rich and profound connotations due to long-term historical accumulation. The concrete embodiment of automobile culture is mainly the design concept embodied in the automobile itself, and the design elements contained in it are actually cultural elements. Cars from America, Germany, Japan and South Korea have different design results because of different cultural elements. When these elements are cast into cars, they show different cultures. Liang: The fundamental reason for the formation of automobile culture is historical environment and humanistic character, but there are obvious differences in automobile culture in different countries. During this period, the historical inheritance of culture is very important. In the early automobile industry, making a car was a very delicate technological process. In that kind of manual thinking, the cultural infiltration of historical inheritance is subtle and long. With the appearance of industrial assembly line, the automobile industry has been scaled up, but at the same time it has lost some individuality and connotation. Why is the brand value of European cars higher than that of Japan? Like Lexus, it has always said that it is a great luxury brand, but its brand value is not as high as that of Mercedes-Benz and BMW, because Mercedes-Benz and BMW have better historical and cultural heritage. In addition, a successful automobile brand needs years of hard work and money to build. Another good feeling of European cars is the high degree of brand inheritance. When you put the patterns handed down from generation to generation together, you can clearly see that the essence they have accumulated is on the same line. Japanese cars, on the other hand, are renovated quickly, but you may not recognize this car after three generations of renovation. This is the difference between European and Japanese automobile culture, and the recognition of automobile culture in different regions is different. The most appropriate extension of automobile culture should be lifestyle, and European automobile culture is very typical. The French are romantic and unrestrained, so their cars have the characteristics of large glass area; German cars, like Germans, have always maintained that rigorous and conservative style. In this way, a colorful world of automobile culture has been formed. Different cultural concepts also directly affect the identity of user groups. In fact, it is people's different choices of lifestyle. They drive Japanese cars in pursuit of economy and exquisiteness, and drive European cars in pursuit of brand and performance-and I like European brands, I like that kind of internal, intangible and relatively eternal things. Economic Observer: Comparing the history of foreign automobile culture, I think the original automobile culture in China will also be an organic system with rich connotation and broad extension. With the rapid development of automobiles in recent years, do you think the automobile culture in China was born? Lin Lei: When we say whether a place has culture or history, we mainly look at the stories that happened here. The same is true of automobile culture. In a country with a short automobile history, there are bound to be fewer stories, and the culture will be relatively weak and the inside information will be insufficient. A car country with a long history will have countless stories: success stories, failure lessons, related events and so on. However, the automobile industry in China has really been talked about by people in recent years, and it is still difficult for us to form a rich and profound automobile culture. Liang: Cars can profoundly reflect the industrial development level of a country, and at the same time, they are the products that can best reflect the national character. Taking German cars as an example, it can truly reflect the true character of Germans who pursue the perfection of every screw. While Japanese cars are gorgeous and trendy, the United States has an atmosphere, and the three cars of the United States, Japan and Germany are put together, and the personality differences are clear at a glance. Without its own car model, China can't talk about its unique car culture. Now people often criticize China's car plagiarism, but I think this is a normal start. When an industry started, imitation was not unique to China. At present, the automobile industry in China is still in the process of learning and accumulation, and it will certainly develop in a healthy and mature direction in the future, and its culture will gradually take shape. Economic Observer: At present, some manufacturers regard automobile culture as a selling point. How to treat this behavior? Lin Lei: It should be said that it is a purely commercial activity. A brand's automobile culture should be reflected in the whole series of activities such as R&D, production, marketing and service, and if it is only used for marketing, the so-called automobile culture will become an unfulfilled tactical slogan. Automobile culture should have two excellent elements: mechanical concept and design concept. Among them, the design achievement is very important, which is the core embodiment of automobile culture. Liang: It should be affirmed that enterprises under the banner of automobile culture have a profound understanding and desire for automobile culture, but the formation of national automobile culture needs to establish an overall aesthetic view and a correct understanding of automobile culture. Independent brand is the foundation of national automobile culture. Therefore, commercial speculation is meaningful. Through communication, people can understand what is culture and what is connotation. With such demand, consumers can better urge manufacturers to do it. Economic Observer: There is great social space for the formation and development of automobile culture, but with the rapid increase of automobile ownership, it also brings many problems to society. In China's automobile industry policy, there are many restrictions on automobiles, and the state has also begun to guide consumption. What do you think of the relationship between automobile industry and automobile culture? Lin Lei: National policies and automobile culture are complementary and mutually reinforcing. Effective policies promote the development of automobile culture, and mature automobile culture promotes the perfection of national automobile policy. At present, the automobile culture in China is slowly starting, which needs the benign guidance of policies to some extent, such as the national adjustment of oil prices and the gradual liberalization of the restrictions on small-displacement vehicles, which are conducive to the formation of rational consumption concepts and the construction of an economical society. The formation of automobile culture needs a stable consumption environment, which is closely related to automobile-related industries (such as credit and service). ), social mechanism, social structure, etc. And all these need the national policy to balance the relationship through regulation and control, and finally achieve unity and harmony in all aspects, and create good environmental conditions for the healthy formation of automobile culture! .