1, manufacturing and purchasing analysis

Generally speaking, before purchasing, we should do manufacturing and purchasing analysis to decide whether to purchase, how to purchase and what to purchase.

How much to buy and when to buy.

In the analysis of manufacturing and purchasing, the possible direct cost, indirect cost, self-control ability and purchasing are mainly analyzed.

Analysis and comparison of bid evaluation ability, etc. , and decide whether to purchase all or part of the demand from a single supplier or from multiple suppliers.

Goods and services are divided, or they are made by themselves and are not purchased from outside.

2. Selection of contract type

When deciding to buy, the choice of contract type becomes the focus of attention of buyers and sellers, because different contract types decide.

The risk is shared by the buyer and the seller. The buyer's goal is to put the greatest realization risk on the seller while maintaining the project.

Incentives for economic and effective implementation; The seller's goal is to minimize risks and maximize profits. Ordinary contracts can

Divided into the following five types. Different contract types are suitable for different situations, and the buyer can choose according to the specific situation. Generally speaking,

Its application is as follows:

Cost plus cost percentage (CPPC) contract: it is rarely used at present because it is not conducive to controlling costs.

Cost plus fixed fee (CPFF) contract: applicable to R&D projects.

Cost plus incentive fee (CPIF) contract: It is mainly used for long-term contracts with high requirements for hardware development and testing.

Fixed price plus incentive fee (FPI) contract: a long-term high-value contract.

Fixed price (FFP) contract: the buyer can easily control the total cost and minimize the risk; The seller's risk is the biggest, and the potential profit may be

The largest, so the most commonly used.

3. Procurement plan

According to the results of production and procurement analysis and the selected contract type, make a procurement plan and explain how to make a procurement process.

Management. Specifically, it includes: contract type, personnel who organize procurement, management of potential suppliers, preparation of procurement documents,

Formulate evaluation criteria, etc.

According to the needs of the project, the procurement management plan can be formal and detailed, or informal and general.

Second, the procurement process management

1. Temptation

Inquiry is to obtain information from potential sellers who are qualified to complete the work. The technical term for this process is called supplier.

Source qualification. The channels for obtaining information are: tender announcements, trade publications and the Internet.

And other media, supplier list, agreed experts to draw up a list of possible suppliers. Obtain investment from suppliers through inquiry.

Tender proposal.

2. Source selection.

At this stage, the contractor is selected according to the established evaluation criteria. The evaluation method is as follows:

Contract negotiation: both parties make clear their opinions and reach an agreement. This method is also called "negotiation".

Weighting method: Quantify qualitative data to minimize the influence of people's prejudice. This method is also called "synthesis"

Bid evaluation method ".

Screening method: Determine the minimum performance requirements of one or more evaluation criteria. Such as the lowest price method.

Independent estimation: the purchasing organization prepares its own "pre-tender estimate" as a reference point for comparison with the seller's proposal.

Generally speaking, at least three contractors are required to participate in the competition. After selecting the supplier, we will buy and sell this pair through negotiation.

The parties signed a contract.

3. Contract management

Contract management is a process to ensure that buyers and sellers fulfill the contract requirements, which generally includes the following levels of integration and coordination.

1) authorize the contractor to carry out the work at an appropriate time.

2) Monitor the contractor's cost, schedule and technical performance.

3) Check and verify the quality of subcontractor's products.

4) Change control, to ensure that the change can be properly approved, and to ensure that all personnel who should know the change are informed.

5) According to the terms of the contract, establish the connection between the seller's execution progress and the payment of expenses.

6) Procurement audit.

7) Formal acceptance and contract filing.

Third, the procurement cost analysis

The case at the beginning of this paper reveals the importance of minimizing the procurement cost to the company's profit growth, but more importantly,

The lowest total procurement cost in the project life cycle should be considered. In the actual procurement work, many bidders usually

Only pay attention to the contractor's bidding quotation, but ignore the whole project such as bidding cost, construction cost and ownership loss cost.

Procurement cost.

1, tender fee

First of all, we should consider the behavior before making a tender offer. The tenderer needs to determine the target, investigate the subject and write the demand proposal.

(RFP), check and determine suppliers, obtain internal authorization, and seek budget support. , and then make an offer. Should pass

Cheng may need 2% to 5% of the total contract price.

Then, the bidder needs to make his own bidding plan according to the tender documents of the tenderer, which is time-consuming and expensive. Every bidder is here.

The cost of instructions to bidders is about 1% to 6.7% of the contract price. If there are five bidders, the cost will be zero.

5% to 30% of the same price. On the surface, the money is borne by the bidder; But in the long run, it will be borne by the tenderer.

Bear. Because bidders always add the bidding fee directly to each bidding project.

After the bid evaluation procedure begins, the tenderee needs to carry out bid opening, bid evaluation, bid selection, negotiation and approval. This component

It may account for 2% to 5% of the contract price. If a new tender is needed for some reason, this part of the cost will increase greatly.

In addition

Therefore, for general industries, the total bidding cost may account for 10% to 50% of the contract price. Regardless of the bidder

It is a responsibility for any industry to reduce the cost of bidding.

2. Project cost

Project cost is the main basis of bidding quotation, and it is often the focus of attention of buyers and sellers. Generally includes the following aspects:

Pre-preparation, formal construction costs, etc. , integration with other systems, authorization, delivery and insurance, related manuals and matching personnel.

Training of workers and managers, etc.

3. Cost of ownership loss

Ownership loss cost refers to long-term loss cost, including project operation cost and disposal cost. Project operating costs may

For many years, it may be many times the previous cost; When the equipment is on the verge of scrapping, it is necessary to consider destroying or disposing of it.

Disposal cost.

A comprehensive consideration of these costs is helpful to look at the actual purchase price from a correct perspective and help the buyer choose the best solution.

Procurement security and confidentiality

The "golden rule" in the procurement process is absolute confidentiality, and don't let any information that should not be leaked out of the organization.

When they are members of the organization, it may be difficult to talk to strangers who shouldn't know about it, but people who know about it

The fewer, the fewer loopholes.

Properly organize the relevant documents in the computer and lock it when not in use (including weekends and nights).

Spread the evaluation form on the table to avoid being seen. Those sensitive documents should be destroyed in time, not thrown away.

In case anyone with ulterior motives finds out.