186 1 year, Zeng Guofan set up an internal station in Anqing, 1862, and Li Hongzhang set up three external stations in Shanghai. From 65438 to 0865, the establishment of Jiangnan General Manufacturing Bureau can be regarded as the beginning of modern military industry in the true sense. From 1865 to 1890, large-scale military enterprises have been established successively, including Jinling Machinery Bureau, Fuzhou Shipbuilding Bureau, Tianjin Machinery Bureau, Hubei Gun Factory, Lanzhou Machinery Bureau and Guangzhou Machinery Bureau, as well as 2/kloc-0 military factories established successively in various provinces. At the same time, the Qing government formed a new army to promote the modernization of the army and national defense. While establishing military industry, Westernization School began to plan modern navy and coastal defense. During the period of 1865, Counsellor Wade of the British Embassy wrote a brief review, and Director Hurd of the State Administration of Taxation wrote an article outside, which attracted great attention from the Qing government and people. Naval equipment construction, as the top priority of the Qing government's self-improvement and anti-humiliation, has become the focus of unanimous attention of the ruling and opposition parties. The Qing government decided to order Hurd to handle the purchase of ship guns, which was called Aspen Plan, and ended with a loss of 702,000 yuan and the dissolution of the fleet. Although the ending was bitter, it was the first time that China bought a foreign ship. At least it provided a way for the ruling class seeking self-improvement to revitalize the navy quickly, and at the same time it had two positive consequences for the naval coastal defense construction of the Qing government: first, it decided to set up its own ship administration; Second, when hiring foreign teachers, you must have the right to fuck yourself. In fact, the last one became the basic principle when the Qing government introduced equipment and hired foreigners. 1866, at the suggestion of Governor Zuo of Fujian and Zhejiang, the Qing government established Mawei Shipping Bureau. 1875, Li Hongzhang, governor of Zhili, and Shen Baozhen, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, were appointed to supervise the coastal defense of Beiyang and Nanyang. At the same time, Li Hongzhang also deployed in Lushunkou and Ahava successively, building forts and docks. Lushunkou is the maintenance base of Beiyang Navy, and Ahava is the permanent residence of Beiyang Navy. From 65438 to 0879, the Qing government ordered cruisers "Yangwei" and "Chaoyong" from Britain. After investigation, it was found that these two ships were actually wooden boats and could not compete with Japan's new fast cruiser at all. 1880, the Qing government ordered armored ships Dingyuan and Zhenyuan from the German shipyard, and set up a naval battalion in Tianjin in the same year to take charge of naval affairs. 188 1 year, Ding was sent to lead Beiyang Navy. Nine naval academies have been established, including Beiyang Naval Academy, Fuzhou Naval Academy, Tianjin Naval Academy, Guangdong Naval Academy, Weihai Naval Academy and Jiangnan Naval Academy. Send a large number of commanding officers to beiyang fleet. By 1884, three naval divisions of Nanyang, Beiyang and Fujian were initially established. 1884 during the sino-French war, the Fujian navy was attacked by the French army in Mawei, almost completely annihilated. After the war, the Qing government was determined to run the navy, among which Beiyang Navy developed the fastest and had the strongest strength. After the Sino-French War, Li Hongzhang accelerated the purchase of ships and expanded the Beiyang Navy. 1885, the prime minister's naval affairs office was established, and Li Hongzhang sent foreign envoys to order cruisers Zhiyuan, Jingyuan, Jingyuan and Laiyuan from Britain and Germany respectively. By 1888, Li Hongzhang summoned and was approved to promulgate the Constitution of Beiyang Navy, marking the formal establishment of Beiyang Navy. Through the above naval and army construction, the fighting capacity of the Qing army and its ability to resist foreign aggression were enhanced, and the historical process of semi-colonization of China was delayed. Source: Youth and society.