In the middle of the 19th century, Russians moved to Yili and introduced Russian culture and customs, and the architectural decorations of the local Uyghur traditional houses were influenced by them, which gradually formed a decorative style different from that of other regions in Xinjiang. From the middle of the 19th century to the present, although the Uyghur traditional houses in Yili region have been evolving based on the influence of Russian architectural style, there are still differences in the architectural decoration styles shown in each period. Therefore, this paper attempts to select three Uyghur traditional houses built in the 20th century from the cities and villages in Yili region, and conduct fieldwork to record them.
I. Residence Research
(1) Uyghur Residence on Ayidun Street in Yining City
1. Layout and Spatial Function The Uyghur traditional residence is located at No. 24, Lane 5, Ayidun Street in Yining City, and the buildings are located in the northern and southeastern parts of the city, which are divided into two groups according to the time of their construction. The northern building is the first group, built in the 1930s, with an area of about 380 square meters. Due to the long construction period of the first group of buildings, a second group of buildings was built in the southeast in 2012, with an area of about 122 square meters. The second group of buildings is laid out in a modern residential form, forming an independent living unit, and has largely replaced the first group of buildings. The study in this paper focuses on the first group of buildings. (See Figure 1.) The plan layout of the first group of buildings is curvilinear,[1] and the use of the rooms consists of a kitchen, a bedroom, a guest room, a storeroom and a store room. The west end of the building is the kitchen, into the kitchen to the north there is a storage room, the kitchen is not only used for cooking and dining, but also equivalent to the master bedroom. At the east end of the building is the store room, which was originally a stable. In the center of the building are the second bedroom and the guest room, with the second bedroom to the west and the guest room to the east, and the second bedroom is connected to the storage room. Between the second bedroom and the guest room there is a two-meter wide inner corridor with doors to the north and south, and the door to the north of the inner corridor originally led to the backyard, which has now been sold. The kitchen, second bedroom and guest room form a basic living unit connected by a 2.6 meter wide gable porch. The columns are in a single row of six, not exactly equidistant from each other, and the height of the gabled porch table is three steps above the courtyard floor. The entrance to the storehouse has a naan pit to the east, which is used for naan. There is a shed to the south of the entrance to the storehouse for the outdoor kitchen, which is equipped with a stove and a couch, where the residents mainly cook and eat in the summer. (See Figure 1)
(II) Uyghur Residence in Tokai Township
1. Layout and Spatial FunctionsThe traditional Uyghur residence is located at No. 14, Lane 1, Peach Blossom Garden Road, Tokai Township, Yining County, and the main building is located at the north end of the courtyard, which was constructed in the 1960's. The main building has a curvilinear layout, and the main building is located at the north end of the courtyard. The plan layout of the main building is in the shape of a zigzag, with an area of about 316 square meters. The use function of the rooms consists of kitchen, bedroom, guest room and storehouse. At the west end of the main building is the storehouse, which is fronted by a gable porch with five columns. Connected to the west storehouse is the kitchen, which here is also equivalent to the master bedroom. The east end of the main building is the second bedroom, and between the kitchen and the second bedroom is the guest room. The guest room is divided into two rooms, east and west, the west guest room has another door, and the area of the east guest room is smaller than that of the west guest room. When there are guests, they are greeted in the east guest room for dining and communication, while the west guest room is used for resting or staying overnight. Between the kitchen and the second bedroom, there is also a gable porch with six columns and unequal distances between the columns, and the gable porch countertop is three steps higher than the courtyard floor. The west end of the gable porch is connected with the kitchen to form a semi-open outdoor kitchen, which is equipped with a stove and a kang (earthen floor) for cooking and dining in summer, and a grape arbor at the entrance of the outdoor kitchen. (See Figure 3.) 2. The architectural decoration of the house is simple, with no triangular lintels and decorative patterns above the doors and windows, no window panels, and a sill width of 0.5 meters. The windows and doors are painted in blue. The columns are slightly decorated, the joists are molded into curves on both sides, symmetrical on both sides, the columns are rounded, the surface of the column bases are decorated with folding line patterns, and the gables are undecorated. The walls of the building are painted with white lime and the bottom of the walls are painted in blue.
(3) Uyghur Houses in Subutai Township
1. Layout and Spatial FunctionsThe Uyghur traditional houses are located in No. 21, Youkak Baili Village, Subutai Township, Nilg County, and the buildings are situated in the north and southeast part of the courtyard, and are divided into three groups according to the time of their construction. The first group of buildings was built in the 1970s, with an area of about 71 square meters. The second group of buildings was built around the 1990s and has an area of about 151 square meters. The third group was built in the early 21st century and has an area of approximately 47 square meters. (See Figure 5.) The first and second groups of buildings each form a separate basic living unit, with the rooms also consisting of a kitchen, bedroom, and guest room, depending on their function. The first group of buildings has the kitchen and second bedroom on the west side and the guest room on the east side. The front of the building has a gable porch with three columns at unequal distances from each other, and the gable countertop is two steps higher than the courtyard floor. The second group of buildings has a kitchen and second bedroom on the west side, also a second bedroom on the east side, and a guest room in the center. The guest rooms are divided into two rooms, east and west, as in the Subutai Country House mentioned above, with the east guest room being smaller in size than the west guest room, which has a separate door.
II. Architectural Decoration and Courtyard Characteristics
(1) Architectural Space
Based on the above three traditional houses, it can be seen that the traditional Uyghur houses in the Ili region consist of a basic living unit with a kitchen, a bedroom and a guest room. Among them, kitchens are divided into indoor kitchens and outdoor kitchens, and indoor kitchens are used for both cooking and eating, and at the same time, they are also equivalent to master bedrooms. Outdoor kitchens come in various forms and are mainly used in summer. The guest rooms usually have two rooms, one for reception and the other for guests to rest or stay overnight. The overall spatial arrangement of the Uyghur traditional houses in Ili region is stretching and not closed, and they are good at utilizing the space of gable corridors and the change of height difference to deal with the space of courtyards, so as to make all the spaces penetrate into each other and be rich in changes. [3]
(2) Architectural Decoration
Based on the influence of Russian architectural style, the architectural decoration of Uyghur traditional houses in Ili region in the early 20th century was typically characterized by the decoration of doors and windows. The windows and doors have triangular lintels above them, and the windows have panes and wide sills. Various floral patterns were carved on the triangular lintels, and blue lacquer was more common for doors and windows. By the late 20th century, the floral motifs on the triangular frieze and the colors of the windows and doors became richer and richer. The decorations on the walls, beams and gables of the buildings were mainly plant and geometric patterns, and the processing methods of the patterns included wood carving, color painting, and piecing brick flowers, etc. The overall decorations were fresh and elegant. [4] Nowadays, after more than a century of evolution, the traditional Uyghur residential architecture in the Ili region has shifted to a new style.
(3) Courtyard Space
The climate of the Yili region is relatively humid and mild, with four distinct seasons and plenty of river water, providing favorable conditions for the design of courtyards. The courtyard of traditional residential houses reflects not only the local regional cultural characteristics, but also the lifestyle and preference of local people. The space of courtyard of Uyghur traditional houses in Ili region can be divided into courtyard gate area, planting area, breeding area, leisure area and private area, and the proportion of each area in the courtyard is generally related to the residents' labor style and preference. For example, in the city, the breeding area in the courtyard of residential houses is dominated by chicken coops and pigeon houses, which account for a relatively small proportion. In rural areas, people are mainly engaged in agricultural labor, the courtyard of the cowshed, stables, sheep pens occupy a relatively large area. Leisure area is the main activity space for residents, including pavilions and grape arbors.
(4) Courtyard Plants
Since ancient times, the fruits of the Western Region have been renowned worldwide for their sweetness and deliciousness and varieties, and its favorable geographical location and agricultural development have promoted horticulture, making the orchards an important part of the traditional Uyghur dwellings. [5] In addition, grapevines and flowers are also the main elements of garden decoration in Uyghur traditional houses. Therefore, the Uyghur traditional houses in Ili region are called "garden-style" houses. [6] The garden planting area, like architectural decoration, is the key to beautify the garden, reflecting the aesthetics and preferences of the residents. The plants in the courtyard of Uyghur traditional houses in Ili region are divided into large trees, small trees and shrubs, with rich levels. Large trees are generally planted near the courtyard wall to block the wind and sand and enhance the closure.
Small trees are generally around the pavilion or vegetable garden to develop a natural distribution, and at the same time used to cover the private area. Shrubs are generally planted along the edges of the planting area to contrast with the trees. For the choice of plants, the large trees are mostly poplar, elm, mulberry, etc., small trees to apple, apricot, walnut is more common. Conclusion With the improvement of people's living standards and the change of the trend of the times, the traditional Uyghur houses in Yili region turn to a new style. Although the architectural decoration of Uyghur traditional houses in Yili region is influenced by Russian architectural style, it has been blended with local national culture, showing different styles in different periods. This paper summarizes the architectural decorations and courtyard characteristics of the Uyghur traditional houses in Yili region in the 20th century through the research, and distinguishes them from the Uyghur houses in Yili region in the early 21st century. The characteristics are as follows: First, the architectural decoration and courtyard design of Uyghur traditional houses in Yili region are closely related to the local people's way of life;
Second, the Russian architectural style imported in the middle of the 19th century has a certain influence on the Uyghur traditional houses in Yili region, which is specifically reflected in the decorations of the doors and windows of the buildings, the columns, and the color matching; Third, the mild and humid climate of Yili region provides a good opportunity for the local traditional houses and courtyards to be built in the early 21st century. Thirdly, the mild and humid climate conditions of Yili region provide favorable conditions for the plant configuration of the courtyard of local traditional houses, and fruit trees and vegetable gardens become an important part of the courtyard, which is a characteristic of the courtyard design; Fourthly, under the double influence of contemporary internationalization and regional characteristics, the decorative styles of the traditional Uyghur houses in Yili region are in the process of change all the time, and the new houses are constantly renewed to show their rich and unique styles and styles. This paper analyzes and researches the decorative styles of Uyghur traditional houses in Yili region in the 20th century on the basis of research, hoping that the research will help the development of new houses in the region and add a new chapter to the construction of Uyghur traditional houses in Yili region.
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