It is very difficult to describe and explain the manifestations of tourism safety completely. Through the analysis of relevant research literature, reports on tourism safety and survey results, this book classifies tourism safety into six manifestations, namely, crime, disease (poisoning), traffic accidents, fires and explosions, natural disasters and other accidents. Various forms of expression appear alternately or simultaneously in all aspects of tourism activities, and it is difficult to draw a clear line.

1. Crime

Although there is still debate on the relationship between crime and tourism in academic circles, crime has become one of the most striking manifestations of tourism safety due to the seriousness of the trauma and the sociality of the impact on tourists, which threatens the safety of tourists' lives and property to a great extent. Scholars at home and abroad pay extensive attention to tourism and crime, and regard crime as one of the social and cultural influences of tourism. DeAlbuquerque(1999) made a study on tourism crimes in the Caribbean, and came to the conclusion that violence is the main crime against residents in tourist areas, while property crimes are the main crime against tourists. Huang Jianjun's (2111) case study of Kunming confirmed the above argument.

There are a large number of crimes in tourism activities (there are 981 tourism crimes among 1547 cases in Kunming's accommodation and transportation places) (Huang Jianjun, 2111). In the tourism safety survey of Fujian Province, there were ***118 tourists who had been involved in crimes, accounting for 57.8%. In the tourism sector, 49 (44.95%) have committed or dealt with crimes. Among them, theft and fraud, which infringe on public and private property, are the most, accounting for 31 and 9 respectively, accounting for 36.6%.

Crimes in tourism activities can be roughly divided into three categories: theft, fraud and violent crimes (Figure).

In the survey, 54 tourists, 41 tourists and 14 tourists have been assaulted by theft, fraud and violence, accounting for 51%, 37% and 13% of the crimes respectively. Theft and fraud are both property crimes, with a large number of crimes and a wide range of crimes. Their core purpose is to illegally obtain tourists' money.

Violent crime is a crime endangering personal safety, which is closely related to the implementation of property crimes, that is, it infringes on the personal safety of tourists while infringing on property. It often includes robbery, violation of personal freedom, sexual crimes and so on. For example, on the first day of the New Year in 2116, Caitlin Horton, a 21-year-old female tourist from Wales, England, was raped and killed by two local fishermen in Koh Samui, a resort in southern Thailand. On September 1, 2116, when a business delegation from Wuhan visited Brazil, it was robbed on the way to a hotel in Rio de Janeiro by a small tour bus, including cash and property, with an average loss of about $5,111 per person. On October 3, 2117, a robbery and murder case occurred in Baiyun Mountain Scenic Area in Guangzhou. The victim Xue was stabbed several times in the ribs and chest by three gangsters, and Xue died on the spot due to hemorrhagic shock caused by heart rupture.

Of course, there are other sexual crimes and crimes related to drugs, gambling and obscenity. It should be pointed out that drugs, gambling and obscenity do not necessarily pose a direct security threat to tourists. But drugs, gambling and obscenity are hotbeds of crime and one of the potential factors that threaten the safety of tourism. In June, 2111, there was a sexual assault on tourists in new york Central Park, followed by property robbery.

Second, illness (poisoning)

Tired journey, travel in different places leading to "acclimatization" and objective food hygiene problems may induce tourists' illness or lead to food poisoning. In the survey, there were 41 tourists with diseases or food poisoning, accounting for 21.4%; There are 33 tourism departments that have occurred or handled diseases or poisoning incidents, accounting for 29.7%. Food poisoning has a large impact, and the harm to tourists is more serious than that of diseases. For example, in August, 2112, 141 tourists of Disneyland in the United States were infected with Salmonella, resulting in a collective food poisoning incident. On 11/11/2115, there were 141 people in a tourist group in Jinan. After lunch in a hotel in Beijing, 79 elderly tourists were taken to hospital for food poisoning.

iii. traffic accidents

in all aspects of tourism operation, tourism traffic is one of the most influential aspects of safety issues. Tourism traffic accidents are often devastating. In the survey, 34 tourists have encountered traffic accidents, accounting for 18.2%; ***13 departments have had or handled traffic accidents, accounting for 11.7%.

According to the traffic forms, tourist traffic accidents can be divided into:

(1) Road traffic accidents

Relevant data show that there are 511,111 traffic accidents in China every year, and the number of deaths due to traffic accidents exceeds 1,111, and the economic losses caused by traffic accidents reach tens of billions of yuan every year. In 2117, there were 327,219 road traffic accidents in China, resulting in 81,649 deaths, 381,442 injuries and direct property losses of 1.2 billion yuan. In recent years, tourist traffic accidents are not uncommon. Relatively speaking, there are huge security risks in tourist traffic. For example, on May 1, 2118, a Hong Kong tourist bus overturned in Saigon, killing 18 people. The bus carrying 61 passengers from Phoenix Village in Tsz Wan Shan went from Wong Tai Sin to Saigon, and suddenly lost control and rolled over at a corner. All the 18 dead were women, aged between 31 and 81.

(2) Traffic accidents in expressway

With the development of expressway, serious traffic accidents are on the rise sharply. In 2117, accidents in expressway caused 5,925 deaths. In 2118, major traffic accidents also occurred. For example, on October 7, 2118, a serious traffic accident occurred in Yangqing section of expressway, Yuzhan. After a rear-end collision between a Shenzhen-bound sleeper bus and a liquid transport semi-trailer, it ran through the guardrail and collided with another Guiyang-bound sleeper bus heading for Zhuhai. The accident caused 11 deaths and 39 injuries. On September 4th, 2118, when the sleeper bus from Putian, Fujian Province to Yiwu was driving to the Yuzhuang Tunnel in the direction of Jinhua from Jinliwen expressway, the vehicle collided with the retaining wall at the entrance of the tunnel from the front, causing 11 people to die on the spot, 36 people to be injured to varying degrees, and the vehicle was seriously damaged.

(3) Aviation accidents

Compared with other modes of transportation, air traffic is relatively safe, but for civil airliners, any accident may be disastrous. On April 5, 2112, China International Airlines flight CA129 from Beijing to Busan crashed in Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea. There are 155 passengers and 11 crew members on board. It is confirmed that the death toll is 122, 6 people are missing and 38 people are survivors. On May 7, 2112, a passenger plane of China Civil Aviation Northern Airlines crashed in Dalian, taking the lives of 113 passengers and 9 crew members. On October 21, 2114, flight MU5211 from Baotou to Shanghai crashed near Baotou Airport shortly after taking off. All 47 passengers and 6 crew members on board were killed. On September 4, 2118, a Russian Boeing 737 crashed near Pem, a city in the central Ural Mountains, killing all 88 people on board. There are 82 passengers on board, plus 1 babies and 5 crew members.

(4) maritime accidents

refers to safety accidents in water bodies, which appear with the appearance of water transportation and water tourism projects such as cruise ships and bamboo rafts, including maritime accidents and inland river (lake) safety accidents. Hydrological landscape is a very important tourist resource in China. Many hydrological landscape tourist destinations in China are located in the sea, river and lakeside, so there are objectively many hidden dangers in water sightseeing. On October 24, 1999, the passenger and cargo ro-ro ship "Dashun", with 314 passengers and 61 cars, set out from Yantai Port for Dalian, and returned at 15: 31 when it was caught in a storm. When adjusting the course, the ship is sailing across the wind and waves, and the hull is rolling at a large angle. Due to the poor fastening of the vehicle on board, it shifted and collided, which caused the deck to catch fire, and the ship engine failed. After being rescued by many parties, it sank at 23: 38, causing 282 deaths and direct economic losses of about 91 million yuan. It is the most fatal water accident in China so far. On September 26th, 2112, there were nearly a thousand people killed in the tragic sinking of the Senegalese Chora, and only 64 people were lucky enough to survive the shipwreck, which was the worst shipwreck in African history. "Jolla" was designed to carry 611 passengers, of which the number of passengers on the top deck was limited to 511, while the actual number of passengers on board at the time of the incident was 1137. Serious overload is the main cause of shipwreck.

(5) Traffic accidents in scenic spots such as cable cars

Although the cable cars and ropeways improve the traffic convenience in the scenic spots, it is easy for tourists to concentrate in scenic spots with limited capacity and cause safety problems. On October 3, 1999, the cable car crashed in Malinghe Canyon National Natural Scenic Area in Guizhou, killing 14 people and injuring 21 others. On September 5, 2115, a serious cable car accident occurred in Tyrol, Austria. A cement component weighing 751 kilograms hoisted by a helicopter suddenly fell off 211 meters above the cable way and hit a cable car, causing the cable car to fall, killing three people and injuring two others on the spot. Due to the cable failure, the two cable cars before and after the cement component fell out of control, and some passengers were thrown out of the cable car, causing 6 deaths and 3 injuries. The accident * * * caused 9 deaths and more than 11 injuries.

iv. Fire and explosion

In recent years, fire accidents have occurred frequently. From October to June, 2118, there were 81,157 fires in * * * nationwide (excluding fires in forests, grasslands, armies and underground mines), with 862 deaths and 332 injuries. Although the number of people killed by fire and explosion in tourism is lower than that of tourist traffic accidents, fire and explosion often cause serious follow-up reactions, such as infrastructure damage and property loss, and even cause the disorder of the whole tourism economic system. On February 31, 2114, a fire broke out in a ballroom in Buenos Aires, Argentina, killing 183 people, most of whom were teenagers. On February 2, 2117, a fire broke out in the "Duoduoxian" flower shop (dealing in plastic flowers) on the first floor of Wenfu Building, Renmin Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province (28th floor, floors 1-3 are comprehensive business premises, and floors 4-28 are apartments), resulting in 21 deaths in the ballroom on the second floor. On September 21th, 2118, a serious fire accident occurred in longgang town Dance King Club, Longgang District, Shenzhen, killing 44 people, injuring 87 people and hospitalizing 59 people. On September 21, 2118, an explosion occurred in the Marriott Hotel in Islamabad, Pakistan, killing 53 people and injuring 266 others, including some foreigners. The police suspected that a car loaded with explosives rushed into the hotel and detonated the explosives. According to local media, this is the most serious terrorist attack in Islamabad.

V. Natural Disasters

Natural disasters are security problems caused by uncontrollable natural causes such as weather and floods in tourism activities, which are one of the common manifestations of tourism security. Because of the destructive nature of natural disasters to tourism activities and their harm to tourists, tourism enterprises, employees' lives, property and even resources, it has caused extensive research. Wu Bihu (2111) classified natural disasters in tourism into four types:

(1) Natural disasters that threaten human life and destroy tourist facilities

include meteorological disasters such as hurricanes, typhoons, cyclones and tornadoes, floods, blizzards and sandstorms; Geological and geomorphological disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, avalanches and mudslides; Other natural disasters such as forest fires.

(2) Other natural factors and phenomena that endanger the health and life of tourists

These factors include hypoxia, extreme temperature, circadian rhythm disorder, etc. Hypoxia and altitude sickness mostly occur in tourist destinations with higher altitude, which may lead to fatal symptoms such as emphysema and brain swelling. Extreme temperature mainly refers to extreme high temperature (such as desert) and extreme low temperature (such as poles and mountains). The biological clock rhythm is manifested in air travel, and may be accompanied by fatigue, sleep disorder and loss of appetite. Others include motion sickness caused by air travel.

(3) The danger caused by tourists' contact with wild animals, plants and insects

mainly lies in the harm and threat brought by large fierce animals to tourists. For example, sharks often bite tourists on tropical and subtropical beaches. Others, such as poisonous insects and plants, are also likely to cause skin diseases or physical injuries to tourists.

(4) diseases caused by environmental factors

mainly refer to the possibility of infectious diseases among tourists and their harm to tourists. Among the environmental diseases related to tourism activities, the most threatening diseases are those unique to the environment in tropical areas, such as malaria and dengue fever. Other problems caused by environmental factors include acclimatization. The outbreak of atypical pneumonia in China in 2113 brought a great threat to tourists, which caused many tourists to cancel their trips.

VI. Other accidents

In addition to the above five manifestations, the manifestations of tourism safety also include other special and unexpected emergencies. For example, on February 22, 2117, a 6-year-old girl was bitten by an animal-like tiger while taking a photo with the tiger in Yuantongshan Zoo in Kunming, and died after being rescued. Another example is that on the afternoon of June 8th, 2118, on both sides of the Yuchi Lake section of Huhui River in Tonggubao Village, Wuni Town, yugan county City, Jiangxi Province, villagers spontaneously organized dragon boat rowing activities to celebrate the Dragon Boat Festival, and a few people watching on the shore accidentally fell into the water in the rain, resulting in 9 deaths and 2 missing. In the author's investigation of tourism safety accidents, there are 11 tourism departments that have occurred or dealt with other safety problems besides the above-mentioned forms, accounting for 9.1%.