Climate: It belongs to the prototype of humid monsoon climate in mid-subtropical mountainous areas, with an annual average temperature of 16.8℃ and pleasant seasons.
Don't climb mountains in rainy days, for one thing, the road is slippery, and for another, there will be fog on the top of the mountain and you can't see anything. It should be best to go to the top of the mountain within 1 or 2 hours after rain. Don't climb mountains in hot weather, for one thing, your physical strength is too high, and for another, there is no shade on several hilltops, which will make you dizzy. Zhangjiajie Scenic Area takes Spring Festival, Labor Day, Summer Vacation and National Day as the tourist peak season every year.
Zhangjiajie, formerly known as Dayong, is the seat of Gu Yong County. As early as the late primitive society, ancestors began to thrive on both sides of the Lishui River. In the Yao and Shun era, "Shun Fang fought around Chongshan to become that pretty", so there was a saying of "that pretty" in the history of China. In 22 1 BC, Qin Shihuang established a county, and Zhangjiajie belonged to Cigu County, Qianzhong County. The county was ruled by Guantaping, Cili County (now Taiping Village, Jiangjiaping Township). In the sixth year of Yong 'an (AD 264), Wu Jing Emperor of the Three Kingdoms, Song Liang County was named Tianmen Mountain, and Tianmen County was established. Until the Northern and Southern Dynasties, it belonged to Zhuozhong County and Linli County of Tianmen County. Dayong County was established in Ming Dynasty 1369, and Yongding County was established in the 13th year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1735).
1949 Jiefang to 1988, Cili County belongs to Changde District. By the end of 1988, Dayong and Sangzhi were under the jurisdiction of Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture. 1May, 988, Dayong City, a provincial city, was established with the approval of the State Council. 1April, 1994, the prefecture-level Dayong City was renamed Zhangjiajie City. Zhangjiajie is named after Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, which is famous at home and abroad.
Zhangjiajie City is located in the northwest of Hunan Province, at the junction of Guizhou Plateau uplift and Dongting Lake subsidence area, between east longitude 109 degrees 40 minutes and north latitude1/kloc-0 degrees 20 minutes, between 28 degrees 52 minutes and 29 degrees 48 minutes north latitude, bordering Shimen and Taoyuan County in the east, Yuanling County in the south and Hefeng and Xuanen County in Hubei Province in the north. The longest east-west border is 167 km, and the widest north-south border is 96 km. The city's total area is 9653 square kilometers, accounting for 4.5% of the province's area.
The landscape structure of Zhangjiajie city is complex, mainly including mountains, karst, hills, hills and plains. The mountainous area accounts for 76% of the total area, among which the most distinctive is the rare seasonal sandstone peak forest landform in the world. The city is high in the northwest and inclines to the southeast along the Lishui River. Wuling Mountain is a branch of Wu Yun, Guizhou. After entering the urban area of Zhangjiajie, it is divided into three mountain systems running through the city. The mountains in Zhangjiajie overlap and the surface fluctuates greatly, with the highest point 1890.4m and the lowest point 75 m.
The urban terrain is mainly mountainous, with higher terrain in the northwest and inclined along the Lishui River. The central part of the city gradually becomes lower to the northeast along the banks of the Lishui River, and the mountains in the south gradually descend to Shui Yuan. Wuling Mountain Range extends from Wu Yun Mountain in Guizhou to Zhangjiajie City and is divided into three branches. The northern branch comes from Fenglongshan, Hubei Province, and has jurisdiction over Lishan, Guiying Mountain and Qinglong Mountain in Sangzhi County. There are Tianxing Mountain, Hongxi Mountain, Chaotian Mountain, Qingyan Mountain and Maohua Street along the middle branch of Lishui North. The south branch is located between Lishui and Shui Yuan, including Qixing Mountain, Chongshan Mountain and Tianmen Mountain, and extends to Dalongshan and Tianhe Mountain in Cili County. All three branches went eastward to the alluvial plain of Dongting Lake and disappeared.
Zhangjiajie is famous for its unique tourism resources. Wulingyuan Scenic Area consists of Zhangjiajie, Hetianzi Mountain and Suoxiyu, the first national forest park in China, covering an area of 369 square kilometers. The area is dominated by the world's rare seasonal sandstone peaks, forests and valleys, integrating the beauty of Guilin, the wonder of Huangshan Mountain, the danger of Huashan Mountain and the glory of Mount Tai, and integrating secluded roads, small bridges, caves, lakes and waterfalls to "expand bonsai and shrink the fairy mountain".
Zhangjiajie is a treasure house of biological resources, with 850 species of woody plants 106 families, 320 genera and 46 species of vertebrates/kloc-0. Among them, there are 56 species of plants and 40 species of animals under state protection. Rare tree species include Ginkgo biloba, Davidia involucrata, Taxus chinensis and cherry blossoms. Precious medicinal materials include Ganoderma lucidum, Gastrodia elata, Polygonum Multiflori Radix and Eucommiae Cortex. Rare animals include giant salamander, unicorn, Sumen antelope, South China tiger, clouded leopard, macaque, civet and so on.
Zhangjiajie is rich in forest resources, and the forest land area of the whole city is 10 12 mu, accounting for 7 1%. The forest coverage rate reached 64.6 1%, ranking first in the province. The city has implemented the "beautification, lighting and purification" project, with per capita green space 1.55 square meters, which is an ideal eco-tourism area and international holiday resort.
Zhangjiajie, located in the mid-northern latitude, belongs to the prototype of monsoon humid climate in the mid-subtropical mountainous area, with abundant light and heat, abundant rainfall, long frost-free period, short severe cold period and distinct four seasons. The average sunshine, temperature and precipitation over the years are about 65438 0.440 hours, 65438 0.6 degrees and 65438 0.400 mm respectively, and the average frost-free period over the years is 265438 0.6 days to 266. Such a climate is conducive to the all-round development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline production and fishery. However, influenced by topography, landforms and other factors, China's climate is complex and changeable, and natural disasters such as drought, floods, strong winds and hail are also frequent.
Temperature in spring (March/May): 5.8℃, 1 1.4℃, 16. 1℃. Spring is enchanting, like laughter-flowering and hiking.
Summer (May/August) temperature: 19.7℃, 23.3℃, 22.2℃ Summer is green-summer, wandering.
In autumn (September/65438+February), the temperature is 17.9℃, 13.9℃, and 8.7℃ in autumn, if it is clear, enjoy the fruit and climb high.
Winter (65438+ February/February) temperature: 3.4℃, 0.7℃, 1.3℃ Winter is as clean as sleep-enjoy the snow, Xun Mei.
The elevation of Zhangjiajie city is183m, and the average elevation of scenic spots is1000m. Because of this difference, the temperature difference between day and night can reach 10℃.
In Zhangjiajie, there are Tujia, Bai, Miao and Hui ethnic minorities with a total population of more than 700,000, accounting for less than 50% of the city's total population. Among ethnic minorities, Tujia has a large population, followed by Bai, Miao and Hui. Besides. There are Manchu, Dong, Yao and other ethnic minorities. The following are some brief introductions about Tujia, Bai and Miao:
Tujia nationality
Tujia people, the popular explanation is the indigenous people who have lived here for a long time, and they were called "Ba people" in ancient times. According to relevant historical records, Tujia people were distributed in the border area of Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou provinces in ancient times and lived between the Yangtze River and Yuanshui. It has never been completely relocated, and it is a very stable nation. As a clan name, Ba people used to be the unity of many tribes, and their ancestors were generally considered as Badong people in western Hubei, Nanapei people in Jianshi area and Changyang people in Changyang area.
According to Sima Qian's Records of the Five Emperors, as early as the Yao and Shun era, "Nan Man" existed and multiplied in Jiangnan and Hanshui areas.
The Han Dynasty called Baxian Nanjun Man, Wuling Man, Chonglou Man, Lishui Man and Zhong Mian Man (Tushan Man).
During the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, it was called Wu Ximan, Xi Ximan, Tianmen Man, Qianyang Man and Jianping Man.
The Sui Dynasty called it "Yue Zuo".
Northern Xinjiang was called barbarians in Song Dynasty. In the history of Song Dynasty, The Biography of Manzhan was called barbarian, barbarian and official.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, they were called Yi Tu, Tuman and Tujia.
It was not until the late Ming and early Qing dynasties that Tujia and Hakka appeared in Chinese. The so-called "Tujia" is relative to the "Hakka", which mainly refers to the Han nationality. "Tujia" means "local" and "Hakka" means "foreigner", which only appeared after more Han Chinese moved to Tujia area. It turns out that Tujia people call themselves "nose", and so do Cubans, but "nose" does not mean "local". "Bitz" is a self-proclaimed Tujia nationality, which existed in ancient times, while "local" is a Chinese title that appeared only after more Han Chinese moved to Tujia areas.
Tujia is a hardworking and brave people. Tujia people living in Zhangjiajie city have increased their courage because of Wuling Mountain, and Wuling Mountain has also shown more and more spirit because of Tujia people. It really means that birds of a feather flock together.
Bai (ba)
Bai nationality is also an ancient nation. Bai people call themselves "Bai Zi" and "Bai Ni", which means "Bai" in Chinese. The history of Bai ancestors is called Bo Bu, Lao, Xi Cuo, Bai Man, Bai Man and Folklore.
Bai people are mainly distributed in Dali, Yunnan, China. The Bai people living in Sangzhi and Tianzi Mountain are from Dali, Yunnan. According to relevant historical records, as early as 1253, the Mongolian army occupied Dali, Yunnan Province, forcing an "inch white army" to attack the Southern Song Dynasty. There are three Bai brothers in this "inch white army", named Zhong, Gu and Gu respectively. Dissatisfied with the Mongols and disgusted with the war, he fled the army to Jiangxi and then moved to Dongting Lake, Hunan. Once again, they went up the Lijiang River, settled in Sangzhi and thrived. The three people at that time, after more than 700 years of reproduction, have now grown to nearly 10 thousand people. After liberation, after decades of investigation and study, seven Bai townships were formally established in the autumn of 1985, and finally the ethnic autonomy of the Bai nationality was realized. Although the Bai people in Sangzhi come from far away, some of their customs and habits are similar to those in Dali, Yunnan. The language of the Bai nationality is basically Chinese, which has long been the common language of the Bai nationality. Because the Bai people have already established flesh-and-blood ties with the Han people.
Bai is also a hardworking and brave people. Not only fought bravely against imperialism, feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism in history, such as participating in 1884 "Zhennan Victory" and 1949 Jianchuan Armed Uprising in April, but also created rich experience and splendid national culture in the long-term production struggle, such as Chongsheng Temple and Jin, which stood in Dali. The famous love epic Wang Fuyun and folk stories Beauty Stone and Snake Bone Tower are famous at home and abroad. Every year, the "March Street" in Dali is not only a grand traditional festival, but also a grand gathering of business activities, attracting many domestic and foreign tourists.
Miao ethnic group
Miao people call themselves Zhuang, Meng, Mo and Mao, and some also call themselves Gan Ao, Guo Xiong, Dai Ao and Cage Er.
Miao nationality is a large and widely distributed nationality in the national family, and it is also an ancient nationality. Miao pre-democracy should be distributed in the south of the Yellow River basin, the north of the Yangtze River basin and the "Jingchu area" in China. Later, they went up Dongting Lake, slowly arrived in Xiangxi and Qiandong, and then settled down here and thrived. According to historical records, Miao people were called "Man" in Zhou and Qin Dynasties, and were also called "Wu Xi Man" and "Changsha Man" after moving to Hunan and Guizhou in Han Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, the feudal rulers established the "five village heads system" in Hunan Miao area, and established the military and civilian appeasement department in Shunyuan Miao area of Guizhou to strengthen the rule of the Miao people.
In the Qing Dynasty, the policy of "changing land into streams" was implemented, and hereditary chiefs were abolished, stream officials were appointed, land inspection, tax collection and household inspection were carried out, and the government, department, state and county were unified, which further strengthened the rule of the Miao people. This has caused many Miao people to live in poverty, be on the verge of death for a long time, and have no food and clothing all the year round. Only under the leadership of the * * * Production Party can the Miao people truly turn over and become masters of their own affairs.
Miao is a hardworking and brave people. In history, they waged an indomitable struggle against imperialism and feudal rulers. For example, in the thirteenth year of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty (AD 37), "Wuling Man Jing's husband was in one direction, and Dakou County" greatly shook the feudal ruling dynasty; In the sixty years of Qing Qianlong (A.D. 1759), the "Ganjia Uprising" broke out, which was jointly participated by Miao and Tujia people. It was first initiated by Miao leaders Shi and Shi Mi Mei (female) in Songtao Pavilion, Guizhou, followed by Shi from Cucumber Village in Huayuan, Xiangxi, Wulong Deng and Wu Banshou from Wild Leopard Village in Fenghuang Hall, and Wu Bayue and Wu from Sanchaping, Jishou. The rebel struggle lasted for 13 years and dealt a heavy blow to the Qing army. During the period of Kuomintang rule, Miao and Tujia people in Xiangxi persisted in their struggle and abolished the "farming" system that exploited Xiangxi people for more than 0/00 years since Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty, and achieved great victory.
In the long-term struggle, the Miao people have accumulated rich experience and created splendid national culture.
Please see:
Overview of Zhangjiajie cuisine
Hunan flavor has local characteristics, and snacks are more famous for their spicy and sour taste. Stinky tofu, spring rolls, dragon fat pig's blood, braised pig's trotters, spicy chicken, hairy tripe, Tujia bacon, Yan 'er roast chicken, Dong Shi pickled fish, Zhijiang duck, Hongjiang duck blood cake, Linwu duck and Huang Xiang chicken are all unique.
In addition, Tujia preserved vegetables series include preserved meat, preserved mutton, preserved beef, preserved dog meat, preserved pig's trotters, preserved pig's intestines, preserved blood tofu and so on. The series of hot and sour vegetables includes hot and sour wild sauce, hot and sour vegetables, hot and sour pork, hot and sour fish, hot and sour corn paste and so on. Tujia's home cooking series includes miscellaneous meals, pumpkin soup, rice tofu, steamed pork with rice flour, braised pork, stewed chicken with rock ears, boiled tofu with loach, fish and pepper, and so on. Pickled vegetables include bacon, pickled fish, pickled peppers, pickled radishes, pickled corn flour, pickled ginger and so on. Wild vegetables include rice, wild Ge Fen, bracken and ginger.
The catering in Zhangjiajie Scenic Area is relatively expensive, with at least one meat dish in 30 yuan, one game dish above 80 yuan and one vegetable 15 yuan, while the catering in the suburbs of Zhangjiajie is not so expensive. At night, tourists can see food stalls everywhere in the street, and Tujia hot pot is good. However, there are many stalls in the scenic spot, where you can buy cheap Tujia snacks, and hot sauce is a Tujia flavor that you can't taste.
General situation of Zhangjiajie traffic
railway transportation
Zhangjiajie Railway Station 1983 started operation. In July, the foundation stone was laid for the new station building 1, 1993, and it was completed and put into use on February 26th. The new station building covers an area of 8,000 square meters with a building area of 9,527 square meters. There are 65,438+065,438+065,438+04 seats for passengers to wait and rest, and there are soft-seat waiting rooms, VIP waiting rooms, air-conditioned waiting rooms and maternal and child waiting rooms. Zhangjiajie Railway Station has opened direct trains to Beijing, Guangzhou, Changsha, Wuxi, Zhanjiang, Xiangfan and other large and medium-sized cities, and is connected with Beijing-Guangzhou Railway through Shichang Railway. Every year in the tourist season, a special train will be opened to Zhangjiajie.
air transport
Zhangjiajie Lotus Airport is located in Lianhua Village, Guanliping Office, Yongding County, Zhangjiajie City, 5 kilometers away from the urban area. The airport is a national large and medium-sized construction project during the Eighth Five-Year Plan period in Hunan Province. Approved by the State Council and the Central Military Commission in September, 199 1, 1 1, officially opened to traffic in August, 1994. By the end of 1999, Zhangjiajie Lotus Airport had opened flights to Changsha, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Nanjing, Beijing, Yichang, Jinan, Hangzhou, Changzhou, Dalian, Chongqing, Wuhan, Chengdu, Zhengzhou, Fuzhou, Shantou, Zhuhai, Xiamen, Hong Kong and Guiyang. 1The special flight performance of "Crossing Tianmen" held in June, 1999 made Zhangjiajie Lotus Airport famous at home and abroad.
highway transportation
With the continuous development of tourism, the highway traffic in Zhangjiajie has also been developed and expanded. At present, the city has basically formed a transportation network with the urban area as the center and the station as the hub, connecting urban and rural areas and radiating 5 provinces and cities 17 districts and counties. This year, the construction of expressway from Zhangjiajie to Changde has started, and the completion of expressway will make it faster and more convenient to go to Zhangjiajie.