the origin of foreign design art crystal palace Expo in 1851, in order to show off British industrial progress, the most famous design exhibition in the 9th century-crystal palace Expo was held in London, England. The design of Crystal Palace adopts the structure of glass and iron frame. The Expo has a fundamental impact on the design concept, and various ideological debates have formed a strong impact on the design community. Finally, in the second half of 2119, an arts and crafts movement was triggered in Britain. Victor Horta of Hota Hotel is a master of Belgian Art Nouveau movement, and Hota is an architect. In architecture and interior design, he often uses vines-like intertwined and twisted lines, which are called "Belgian lines" or "whip lines", and have become a representative feature of Belgian Art Nouveau. Hector Guimard (1867-1942) is a representative figure of French Art Nouveau. Influenced by aestheticism and symbolism, the French Art Nouveau movement pursues gorgeous and elegant decorative effects. Jimad's most influential work is his design for the Paris subway. All the railings, lamp posts and bollards at the subway entrance adopt undulating and curly plant patterns. These designs give Art Nouveau its most famous nickname-"subway style". Gaudi's Spanish Art Nouveau movement is represented by architect antoinio gaudi, who absorbed the structural characteristics of oriental style and Gothic architecture, combined with natural form and romantic fantasy, and infiltrated the softened curve interest into three-dimensional buildings. Mila apartment in Barcelona is a model. With romantic fantasy, he tried his best to infiltrate plastic art into three-dimensional buildings, which is similar to the Belgian Art Nouveau movement. Art Deco Movement Art Deco Movement first appeared in Paris in 1921. Decorative art style is a clear modern style, which draws inspiration from various sources, including new art, Russian ballet and American Indian art. Art deco movement was introduced into America, and blended with American popular culture, forming a unique "jazz modern" style. It is luxurious, exaggerated, charming and grotesque, mainly in architectural design and product design. In architectural design, a series of large-scale buildings are the products of artistic decoration style, such as Chrysler Mansion. On the one hand, these buildings use new materials such as metal and glass, on the other hand, they use pyramid-shaped stepped composition and shooting lines to deal with decoration. Constructivism of the Third International Monument is a avant-garde art school in Russia before and after the First World War. Constitutionalism artists try to express the spatial structure of new materials. The sculptor Tatlin is the most important representative of Constitutionalism, and the most famous work of Constitutionalism belongs to the Third International Memorial Tower created by the architect Tatlin in 1919. According to the design, the tower is 411 meters high, which is half as high as the Eiffel Tower in France. The memorial tower is entirely made of steel as the main structural material, and its shape is a simple spiral geometric shape, which expresses a firm and upward political belief. De Stijl, de stijl, is an international art movement active in the center of Holland from 1917 to 1931. In October 1917, a group of Dutch designers and artists published a magazine called "Style", from which de stijl was named. This organization is led by Theo Van Doesburg. de stijl believes that art should use geometric image composition and abstract language to express the basic law of the universe-harmony. In various design fields such as architecture, products and interior, de stijl uses a harmonious geometric order for artistic creation. This abstract tendency has a lasting impact on later art and design. In a geometric and precise way, de stijl's art expresses the triumph of human spirit over the unpredictable nature, and the idea that beauty lies in purity and simplicity. Cerrit Rietveld's red and blue chairs reveal the philosophical essence of the style movement, and his red and blue chairs, Berlin chairs and coffee tables have become classics in the history of modern design. McIntosh charles mackintosh is recognized as an outstanding figure of Art Nouveau in Britain, and he was unique in Britain in the late 19th century. In 1896, he set up a design team of "Glasgow Four", and MacIntosh designed the Glasgow Art School building and its interior furnishings, which was a great success. The appearance of this building has the concise and vertical lines of neo-Gothic, which reflects the vertical vitality of plant growth. A large number of furniture, tableware and other household products designed by McIntosh have a high-straight style, and the world-famous high-back chair is very representative. High-Tech style (High-Tech style) "High-tech style" is another industrial design style that develops in parallel with neo-modernism. High-tech style adopts high-tech in design and strives to express new technology in aesthetics. High-tech style directly shows the technical characteristics represented by machinery at that time. In the early postwar period, many electronic products imitated the guerrilla style, that is, the style of military communication machines, to show the electronic technology developed during the war. The development of "high-tech" style is inseparable from the rapid development of high technology represented by electronic industry in the late 1951s. The "Pompidou National Center for Art and Culture" built by British architects Reuzo Piano and Richard Rogers in Paris in 1976 is one of the most sensational works. Pop design Pop design appeared in the 1951s, also known as pop art, popular art and new Dadaism, representing the taste of popularity and popularization. Its heyday was in the 1961s, and its main activities were centered in Britain and the United States. It represents the expressionist tendency of industrial design in the 1961s to pursue formal alienation and entertainment. It reflects the social and cultural values of the young generation who grew up after the war, and tries to express themselves and pursue novelty. Pop style has different forms in different countries. For example, the American telephone company adopted the most popular Mickey Mouse image to design the telephone, while the Italian pop design embodies the characteristics of soft sculpture, such as designing the sofa into a lip shape or making it into a big glove shape. Postmodernism Postmodernism refers to a movement against modernism methodology, which is widely reflected in the fields of literature, philosophy, critical theory, architecture and design. Postmodernism was first embodied in architecture, and then quickly spread to other design fields. The earliest declaration of postmodernism is the book Complexity and Contradiction of Architecture published by American architect Venturi in 1966. The slogan of Venturi's architectural theory that "less is boring" is in direct opposition to the creed of modernism that "less is more". He advocated a messy, complex, ambiguous, eclectic, symbolic and historical architecture, and he attributed the main features of postmodernism to three points: Contextualism, Allusionism and Arnamentation. The Italian Plaza in New Orleans, designed by Charles Moore 1925-, is a typical embodiment of post-modernism architectural design thought. The most influential organization of post-modernism in Memphis is the designer group of Memphis, which was founded in February, 1981 in Italy. Memphis was originally an ancient city in Egypt and a city famous for rock music in the United States. The design group's name implies the combination of traditional civilization and popular culture. Founded in February, 1981, "Memphis" is composed of the famous designer Ettore Sottsovss and seven other young designers. Since then, the design team and influence have gradually expanded and become a design group with world influence. The representative figure is Sotesas, who, together with other anti-modern colleagues, established the "Archimia" design studio and started the art movement (new design movement) to replace modernism. Memphis, as the name of the design team, marks Sottsas' idea of combining traditional culture with modern pop art. British Arts and Crafts Movement The value of British Arts and Crafts Movement lies in its precursor and enlightenment to modernist design movement. In 1859, the movement of arts and crafts first put forward the principle of "combining beauty with technology", advocating that artists should engage in design and oppose "pure art". In addition, the design of arts and crafts movement emphasizes "learning from nature", being faithful to materials and adapting to the purpose of use, thus creating some simple and applicable works. The inherent limitation of arts and crafts movement is to push handicrafts to the opposite side of industrialization, which undoubtedly goes against the trend of historical development, thus making British design take a detour, which led to Britain becoming the first country to industrialize and realize the importance of design, but failed to take the lead in establishing a modern industrial design system. The representative figure is william morris, an English writer, painter and arts and crafts artist. BauHaus (Bauhaus, 1919-1933), the word "Bauhaus" consists of the roots of the German words "construction" and "house". Founded by Gropes, Bauhaus School is a merger of Weimar Art School and Craft School, with the aim of cultivating new design talents. Bauhaus is a design school, offering subjects such as textiles, ceramics, metalworking, glass, sculpture and printing. Bauhaus put forward three basic viewpoints on design theory: ① the unity of art and technology; ② The purpose of design is people, not products; ③ Design must follow the laws of nature and objectivity. These viewpoints have played a positive role in the development of design, making modern design gradually move from idealism to realism. One of Bauhaus's important contributions is to create the education of "basic courses"-three major components. Bauhaus's design education has had a far-reaching impact, and its curriculum structure and teaching methods have become the reference system of design education in many schools around the world. Bauhaus's thought has been regarded as a classic of modernism for a long time. "Design Wizards" Colani (1926-) Design Wizards "Colani (Design Wizards) In the mid-1971s, some designers appeared in German design circles, hoping to increase the interest of design through freer modeling. Luigi Colani (1926-), known as the "design wizard", is one of the most controversial designers who resisted the tendency of functionalism in this period. Colani was born in Berlin, Germany. He studied sculpture in Berlin in his early years, and then went to Paris to study aerodynamics. In many of Colani's design schemes, he showed a strong sense of modeling with knowledge of aerodynamics and bionics. Scandinavian design Scandinavian modern design combines simple and practical design ideas with functionalism, which makes the handicraft tradition parallel with the new strict rationalism and creates its own distinctive characteristics. It embodies the integration of diverse cultures, politics, languages and traditions in Scandinavian countries, as well as the appreciation of natural materials. Because of the influence of environmental factors, it combines modernist design ideas with traditional design culture, not only pays attention to the practical function of products, but also emphasizes the humanistic factors in design, avoiding too rigid and harsh geometric forms, thus producing a modern design culture full of "human touch", which is widely welcomed by people. Of course, a group of excellent design masters have contributed a lot. Such as Henningsen, Klandt and Aalto. Finnish design master Alvar Aalto (1898-1976), a famous Finnish industrial designer and architect. From 1921 to 1925, he was engaged in architecture, planning, interior design, furniture, lamps, dyeing and weaving, glass and exhibition design in Sweden and Finland. In 1923, he studied and engaged in experiments to bend wood. This experiment led to his revolutionary chair design in the 1931s. In 1929, he co-organized his first complete exhibition of modern furniture designed for Scandinavia. His most famous architectural design is his home in the earth library, which is regarded as the first representative of Scandinavian modernism. After selecting laminated wood and plywood as the main materials for his design, he and Otto Korhonen, the technical director of the furniture factory near the earthen warehouse, studied the combination of laminated wood and the limitations of plywood forming. These studies led to his most technologically revolutionary design of chairs 41 and 31. He uses thin and hard plywood which can be formed by hot bending to produce light, comfortable and compact modern furniture, which has become an internationally famous Finnish product. He also designed the distinctive features of Finnish design culture, such as wrinkled cabbage vases. The design of this vase was inspired by the coastline of Finland's fjord, and his product design has a warm and humanistic atmosphere. Hanningsen Hanningsen is a famous Danish designer. Hanningsen's famous work is a multi-piece lampshade lamp designed by him in 1924. This work was exhibited at the Paris International Expo in 1925, and was well received. This kind of lamp later developed into a very successful PH series lamp, which has been selling well so far. This reflects the characteristics of Scandinavian design. The important characteristics PH PH lamps are as follows: ① All light rays must be reflected once to reach the working face, so as to obtain soft and uniform lighting effect and avoid clear shadows; ② You can't see the light source from any angle, so as not to irritate your eyes with glare; (3) compensate the spectrum of incandescent lamp to obtain suitable light color; (4) reduce the brightness of the edge of the lampshade, and allow some light to overflow, in order to prevent the lamps and lanterns from forming too much contrast with the dark background, causing eye discomfort. The beautiful shape of PH lamps is a direct reflection of these characteristics. Jacobson (Arne Jacobsen, 1912-1971) Jacobson is a famous Danish designer. His three classic chair designs are world-famous. That is, the "ant" chair designed for Novo Company in 1952 and the "swan" chair and "egg" chair designed for Scandinavian Airlines Hotel in 1958. These three kinds of chairs are all integrally molded with hot-pressed plywood. Streamlined design Streamlined is originally an aerodynamic term, which is used to describe the shape of objects with smooth surfaces and smooth lines. This shape can reduce the wind resistance of objects when they are moving at high speed. However, in industrial design, it has become a modeling language symbolizing speed and the spirit of the times, which has been widely circulated, and the design of refrigerators and automobiles has been influenced by it. This shape can conform to the principle of aerodynamics, showing a streamline, and can get greater speed in motion. flow