Over the past 21 years of reform and opening up, China's housing construction has made great achievements, attracting worldwide attention. In the 21 years from 1979 to 1999, the number of houses built in cities and towns nationwide was 5.21 billion square meters, an increase of 8.8 times over the 531 million square meters built in the 29 years before the reform and opening up. During this period, more than 11,111 residential quarters were built nationwide. The housing construction in cities and towns in Guangdong Province is at the forefront of the country, with more than 1,111 residential quarters built. The vigorous development of housing construction has played a very important role in stimulating economic growth, promoting urban construction and improving people's living standards.
in the past 21 years, China's housing construction has gone from a low level to a high level, from focusing on speed to paying equal attention to both speed and quality, and from paying little attention to environmental quality to paying attention to environmental quality. Especially in the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period, many developers paid attention to creating brands, producing high-quality products and creating a large number of residential quarters with high grade, good functions and elegant environment. Although this kind of residential area is only a minority on the whole, its appearance and development will drive China's housing construction to a new stage of development and will create more brilliant achievements in the new century.
although a large number of residential quarters with high grade, excellent quality and beautiful environment have appeared in China's housing construction, we should also see that residential quarters with poor planning and design, low engineering quality and functional quality-even poor supporting facilities still exist, resulting in a large number of vacant and overstocked houses, which are still poorly sold despite price reduction.
Three years ago, Guangdong Real Estate Research Association keenly saw the significance of developing high-grade housing and its great role in improving the level of housing construction in China through market research. Since the second half of 1998, the research on planning and design of high-grade residential quarters and environmental excellence has been organized. Through on-the-spot investigation of a large number of residential quarters, 33 high-grade residential quarters have been selected for in-depth investigation. This research report and the book "Research and Example of High-grade Residential Quarters" compiled by Guangdong Housing Society are based on the planning, design and environmental excellence experience of these quarters as reference materials. Of course, there are still many communities that are equally excellent or even better, but because they are not comprehensively evaluated in the whole province, they cannot be comprehensively compared and selected, and they are also limited by the shortage of manpower, we can only do this step. Nevertheless, from the materials of 33 communities selected in the book Examples, we can see that their experience is successful and of great reference value.
The "high-grade residential community" mentioned in this research topic does not refer to luxury communities, high-grade communities and high-priced communities. In fact, although there are luxury villas in the high-grade residential areas we investigated and selected, most of them are practical (housing projects), comfortable residential areas and poverty-relief residential areas (such as Guangsha New Town in Shantou City). In terms of housing prices, it is also a medium or medium-high price, which is much lower than some luxury houses in Guangzhou and Shenzhen with a price of more than 1 million yuan per square meter. The high-grade residential quarters mentioned here are mainly measured from the aspects of planning level, design level, functional quality, building quality, environmental quality, scientific and technological content, supporting facilities, management services, etc., including both material and spiritual aspects, showing a high level in both "hard" and "soft" aspects, showing the concept and culture that meet the requirements of high grade. It is impossible for this research report to discuss all aspects of residential areas, but only to study and discuss planning and design, architectural design and environmental excellence.
first, the planning and design of high-grade residential quarters
High-level planning and design is the premise of improving the quality of residential quarters and being welcomed by consumers. Many excellent residential areas that sell well in the market are accurately located through in-depth market research and project research, and then the planners with high characteristics conduct bidding planning and design, select the best from multiple schemes, select the best from several schemes, and set the best in one, and then discuss and revise them repeatedly before making a final decision. No planning scheme can be perfect, and only through this process of real efforts and repeated improvement can it be possible to produce fine products. A large number of examples show that in-depth market research, accurate market positioning, smart planning, correct decision-making and high-level planning and design are the most important factors for the success of the project.
In the guiding ideology of planning, we should not start from selling well and making high profits, but should combine economic benefits, environmental benefits and social benefits, and focus on creating the best living environment and living conditions, so that the planning of residential areas can meet the requirements of enterprise target functions, environmental functions and social functions, and build the most suitable residential areas with the following objectives:
1. Residential areas with excellent ecological environment;
2. Residential area with beautiful landscape;
3. Residential areas with excellent functional quality;
4. Residential areas with excellent living culture;
5. Residential areas with sustainable material and spiritual development.
In order to build this kind of high-grade residential area, the planning and design should be done step by step:
The personality and characteristics of residential areas are very important, even residential areas developed by the same developer should show different characteristics, and should not be copied or cloned. In recent years, many residential areas have written articles on individuality and characteristics, such as some with rich cultural atmosphere as the theme, some with landscape gardens as the theme, some with ecological environmental protection as the theme, and some with health-sports as the theme ... all of them have achieved success. Not only should residential areas show their characteristics, but also the residential groups (communities and courtyards) in residential areas should have their own distinctive forms and signs as far as possible, especially large residential areas. For example, a community named "Four Seasons Flower City" in Shenzhen arranges courtyards according to flowers in different seasons and names them after them. Even residential areas with less prominent themes should show different characteristics in landscape design, architectural modeling and community service. The more distinctive and colorful residential areas and houses, the higher the living quality, the better the living environment and the more beautiful the urban landscape.
4. beautify the landscape system of residential areas and build "landscape residential areas".
"Landscape residential area" is not a simple residential group with mountains and water. Its connotation is mainly to scientifically use the original landscape, appropriately create artificial landscape, make the residential area garden, ecological and beautiful, and achieve "green leaves all the year round, bloom in all seasons; Open the door to see the green, push the window to see the scenery; Rain without mud, wind without dust; The air is fresh and pleasing to the eye. " At the same time, the natural environment will inherit and give full play to China's cultural tradition, combine tradition with modernity, make foreign things serve China, and design high-grade, artistic and ornamental landscape and various residential areas, showing brilliant creativity, traditional culture and noble appreciation, showing strong poetic and picturesque feelings, and meeting people's spiritual pursuit and cultural needs.
In some residential areas, traditional and modern gardening techniques are used to create a natural meandering stream waterscape in the downtown area without mountains and water, and the houses are built next to "mountain streams" and "hills" full of shrubs and flowers, so that residents can enjoy the natural atmosphere and ecological beauty in the downtown area.
the residential trend and housing market often change. Before the reform and opening up, living rooms were not designed in many residential units (especially in northern cities), and then "three big and one small" designs (hall, chef, David and small bedroom) became popular. At present, there are large bedrooms and extra-large living rooms (more than 31 square meters) in many places, and large bedrooms and large bathrooms appear. Increasing the living room area is convenient for relatives to get together and friends to communicate, and can also show the identity of the owner of the house. Increasing the area of bedroom and bathroom has made people feel that these two places are the most comfortable living spaces.
In terms of Taoxing area, in some developed countries, Taoxing tends to be bigger and bigger, reaching about 1.51 square meters per set, or even larger. But then it gradually fell back to 111-121 square meters (except the United States, which has a particularly large housing area). In recent years, some cities in China have also seen the phenomenon that residential units of about 1.21 square meters sell well and small units are unsalable. Many cities are still selling small and medium-sized sets.
All this is the trend of residential design caused by the change of market demand. After the monetization of housing distribution in China, the main body of buying houses is individuals, not groups. Property buyers often have to shop around several or even dozens of shops, and the whole family sends out on-site investigations and discussions, and some even ask experts before making a down payment. They pay great attention to the area of the suite, the layout of the rooms, the functional quality, the engineering quality, the facade modeling, the living environment, the supporting facilities and so on. In different periods, cities and different areas of the city, people's choice of houses and their functions also changes, which is the market change. Designers must master (and preferably predict) its changes in time in order to design houses that meet the market needs.
3. Residential design should pay attention to culture and artistry.
Culture and artistry can best reflect the taste of houses and residential areas. The exterior and interior design of the house should strive to be beautiful, elegant, harmonious, bright and concise, create a noble visual environment, meet people's psychological needs, and reflect profound cultural connotations and the spirit of the times. Foreign and foreign residential designs can be used for reference, but they should not be copied. The successful way is to create elegant works with local characteristics and styles by absorbing its essence and developing its own strengths.
Architectural modeling reflects the culture of the city and the style of the region, and it is also the packaging of goods (houses). Many developers pay great attention to this link, and invite famous teachers to design it carefully everywhere, scrutinize the plan repeatedly, and even change the draft ten times before making a final decision. Successful works are the crystallization of rich cultural connotation and strong artistry.
4. Residential buildings should strive for perfect shape, proper proportion, harmonious colors and appropriate coordination with the environment.
excellent residential areas built in recent years all over the country pay great attention to the facade modeling and color of houses. The facade can be said to be the fashion of architecture and the face of the city. Some houses are mainly modern, bright and dynamic, showing vitality and positive progress. Its facade is made of red-brown imitation stone tiles, and the wall is painted from beige to milky white at the top, which is light and simple. Some buildings use white as the main color of the wall, which is eye-catching and clear with large areas of green belts and Woods. Some high-rise residential buildings are matched with light green small-radian glass windows with plain walls, which stand on the lakeside and riverside, forming a pleasing landscape. Some residential exterior walls adopt warm colors, which set off the warm and harmonious home atmosphere and echo the enclosure combination, and are well received. Some residential fa? ades use horizontal lines, with yellow as the main color with white eaves at the top, local red lines, champagne window frames and curved windows, which are elegant and lively.
; The building facade modeling and color tone can be varied, but it should be carefully designed according to the specific environment. We should pay attention to coordination, harmony and tolerance. The facade should be kept from being monotonous, smooth and generous, concise and clear, with a sense of rhythm and the characteristics of the times, which can stand the test of time.
The facades of buildings do not insist on consistency, and some show romantic sentiment, giving people a sense of trendy. Some express another style with elegant colors and simple images. Some highlight the elegant and dignified image, which makes the modeling performance noble.
5. Architectural design should show people's central position, modernity and practicality.
The interior plane layout of the house should highlight the idea of "people-oriented", so as not to make people subordinate to the building and become its subsidiary. But in line with the law of people's life activities, with good comfort, convenience and safety. In the past, some houses arranged four or five portals to the bedroom, kitchen and bathroom in the living room, which caused great interference and made it difficult to live comfortably, and it was even more difficult to reflect the privacy of living. Although there are not many such backward designs at present, they have not reached the scientific and reasonable requirements of functional layout in all houses. In recent years, some high-grade and excellent residential designs have developed design concepts, enriched design ideas and achieved success, making the indoor layout of residential buildings more practical and comfortable.
The dynamic and static functional zoning of residential buildings has been reflected more. It is reasonable and applicable to centralize the layout of workers' rooms, dining rooms, kitchens and public toilets, and form three zoning layouts with relatively little interference with the quiet bedroom, study room, dressing room and semi-quiet living room.
The design change of the master bedroom has been mainly used for sleeping in the past, and extended to rest, makeup check and reading. The master bedroom area has increased to more than 1.2 square meters, and the luxury residence has exceeded 21 square meters; Equipped with comfortable and multifunctional bathroom, dressing room and master bedroom balcony; Connected with the study, it is convenient for work, study and computer operation.
The living room is a place where family members get together, have fun and receive guests. It is not suitable to adopt a long and narrow shape or a special shape, but it is better to be square, spacious and bright. In particular, the traffic in the hall should be handled well to prevent the disadvantages of too large traffic area and too many doors, which affect the use function. Make the living room have enough less disturbed and relatively stable space.
more attention should be paid to the function of residential secondary space. The kitchen is adjacent to the dining room, forming a dining space. Some design open kitchens to make the dining space more spacious.
The function of the bathroom is not only to wash your face and urinate, but also to take a bath (there is a small bath space in the bathroom) and turn your face. But the shower area should be separated from the defecation area. It is more appropriate to increase the area of the main bathroom, and some also have jacuzzis, and some are connected with the cloakroom for comfort. Storage space has also found a place in many residential units.
Balcony plays an important role in residence, which is in direct contact with outdoor air and sunshine. It should give full play to its functions of greening, resting, viewing, enjoying the cool, fitness and so on (the working balcony adjacent to the kitchen also helps the kitchen to work), and the area should not be too small. If conditions permit, you can also design large-area balconies, multiple balconies, and even a terrace without a roof that is much larger than the balcony, making it a small private garden in the air and making people live more comfortably.
Huxing design and indoor layout should meet the landscape needs of residents as much as possible, and extend the indoor landscape to the outside, so that residents can get closer to nature. Therefore, windows should be enlarged (in some houses, the horizontal dimension of windows should be increased to 81-91 cm wide), and the windowsill should be lowered. Arc windows, floor-to-ceiling windows, corner windows and wide-angle windows can also be designed to give residents a panoramic view of the outdoor landscape. However, after the windows are enlarged, the indoor temperature is high and the energy consumption is high in summer.
with the rapid development of economy and science and technology, the residential functions are increasing. Especially after the development of information network, there will be more offices in houses. The need for fitness is much greater than in the past. Therefore, in addition to the most basic space such as hall, room, kitchen and bathroom, the study, workshop (computer room), gym or fitness balcony, terrace, dressing room, cloakroom, storage room and hall are properly set in the residential unit, which has become a new functional space of the residence. Of course, this requires enough unit area as the foundation, which is difficult for ordinary practical and small and medium-sized residential units.
6. The composition of residential floors should be reasonably determined according to the actual situation of the city.
The composition of residential floors should be planned reasonably and scientifically on the principle of improving land utilization rate, enriching building space and ensuring a good environment. Generally speaking, the majority of residential areas in small cities and towns should be multi-storey and low-rise houses, and some middle and high-rise buildings should be built appropriately; Residential areas in large and medium-sized cities should be a combination of multi-storey, low-rise and medium-high-rise houses, and some high-rise buildings should be built appropriately; The residential quarters in the suburbs of megacities should be mainly multi-storey and medium-high-rise houses, and some high-rise buildings should be built appropriately; Some super-high-rise buildings can also be built in the central area of megacities. Villa area should be properly controlled. Elevators should be installed in buildings with seven floors or above. All kinds of residential areas should control the vacancy rate and building density in accordance with the regulations, and ensure a good living environment, sufficient green area and corresponding construction.