Summarize the lessons learned, the history and culture of Inner Mongolia tourism to a higher level, not only very necessary, but also a very urgent practical issues. In this paper, through the four cities in western Inner Mongolia (i.e. Ordos City, Wuhai City, Bayannur City, Alashan League. Hereinafter referred to as the four western municipalities.) Tourism development status survey process in contact with a number of cases, the development of historical and cultural tourism in Inner Mongolia status is briefly analyzed, and put forward our views and suggestions.
I. Assessment of resources and their development value
The West Four Municipalities are relatively rich in historical and cultural resources, more intensive. In particular, the region's living ethnic culture is the most representative of the Mongolian people and their different tribes and clans are particularly rich and colorful cultural resources. With historical, artistic and scientific value of immovable cultural relics - ancient sites, ancient tombs, ancient buildings, grottoes and temples, stone carvings, murals, modern and modern important historical sites and representative buildings and so on **** there are 1133, the national key cultural relics protection unit has 14, autonomous regions, counties and cities of key cultural relics protection unit there are 181 [as of the second cultural relics census statistics]. Among them, those with high tourism development value or have been developed are as follows: the Mausoleum of Genghis Khan, Sala Wusu Site, Alzhai Grottoes, Zhu Kaigou Site, Qin Zhidao Site, Twelve Liancheng City Site, Chengchuan City Site, the old site of the "Duguilong" movement [above in the territory of Ordos City]; Table Mountain Petroglyphs, the Mambala Monk's Temple [in the territory of Wuhai City In the territory of]; Yinshan petroglyphs, the Great Wall of Qin, the ancient city site of three tent rooms, Jiliusai stone city, Shajin Tuhai ancient tomb complex, A Gui Temple, three Sheng Gong Catholic Church [above in the territory of the city of Bayannur]; Jiuyin ruins, Tingyuan camp, the South Temple, the North Temple [above in the territory of the League of Alxa League], and other cultural relics resources. In addition, the successive generations of important works of art, literature, manuscripts, library materials and objects and other movable cultural relics, the number of its numerous, to name a few.
West four alliance city for the Mongolian Ordos, Ulat, Heshuo, Turks and other tribes more gathered area. Each of these tribes has its own unique tribal culture, and the long and excellent cultural traditions of the Mongols are still preserved in their living culture. Their production, life, entertainment and cultural practices are unique. Ordos and Bayannur area Mongols are mainly engaged in semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral production, while Alashan area Mongols are mainly engaged in nomadic production. There are some differences in the details of catering, marriage customs, songs, dances, games and sports activities among different tribes. Especially in Ordos Mongolian culture, the tradition of Mongolian sacrificial culture has been inherited and preserved completely. Such as sacrificing to the sky, sacrificing to the fire, sacrificing to the Ovoo and sacrificing to the Soluzhin (black, white and flower), sacrificing to the ancestors (Genghis Khan Sacrifice, Vogtai Sacrifice, Tore Sacrifice, Mawhurai Sacrifice), etc.; Ulat culture has always inherited and preserved the traditional crafts of the Mongols; and the Heshuo and the Türkut Mongols basically preserve the traditional nomadic mode of production and the tradition of sacrificing to the camel culture and so on.
By the end of June, 2010, Ordos Intangible Cultural Heritage*** has 5 items on the list of national intangible cultural heritage protection, 54 items on the list of autonomous region intangible cultural heritage protection, and 86 items on the list of municipal intangible cultural heritage protection. There are 31 representative bearers of intangible cultural heritage at the regional level and 84 representative bearers of intangible cultural heritage at the municipal level; Bayannur City has been selected as one item of intangible cultural heritage at the national level, 10 items of intangible cultural heritage at the autonomous region level and 15 items of intangible cultural heritage at the municipal level; and Alxa League has been selected as one item of intangible cultural heritage at the national level, 16 items of intangible cultural heritage at the autonomous region level and 16 items of intangible cultural heritage at the municipal level. Alxa League was selected into 6 national intangible cultural heritages, 16 regional intangible cultural heritages and 54 municipal intangible cultural heritages. There are 2 representative items of national intangible cultural heritage - Mongolian long tune folk song inheritors.
These rich and colorful historical and cultural heritage, is the Yellow River, the desert and other natural landscapes outside of the most advantageous tourism resources support point, both its social value, but also has a high economic development value. Tourism is not only an economic category, but also a social category of cultural exchange. Through scientific and rational development, on the one hand, can promote the protection of historical and cultural heritage, on the one hand, can also develop its economic and social value, and can also promote its excellent cultural connotation faster and better to carry forward.
Two, the development of the status quo and the problems it faces
Limited to space, this article does not explore the development of the status quo of each scenic spot and the problems it faces one by one, only on the whole to the following aspects of the views.
(a) it can be said that the western four League City, its history and culture tourism, is from scratch, from small to large, and gradually develop. But still shows a clear lag or its historical and cultural resources advantage does not match the phenomenon. At present, whether in number or in scale, the western four cities of the League's historical and cultural tourism attractions, its development are in the primary stage.
According to our field survey, the western four cities of the League of historical and cultural tourism and its development, is no more than the following aspects: historical and cultural monuments or humanistic recreational activities as the background of tourism development, rural pastoral areas, agricultural and pastoral tourism development and development of natural landscapes and local humanities and resources development and so on. To put it in a nutshell: first of all, in this region, its historical and cultural tourism development started late, small scale, not yet have a large tourist environment. West four allied cities have been developed or are being developed in the tourist attractions *** there are 83, of which the historical and cultural tourism as the theme of the scenic spots 32, accounting for 38.5% of the total. From the scale, in addition to the Ordos City, Genghis Khan Mausoleum Tourism Zone, Alashan League of Helan Mountain Guangzong Temple (South Temple) ecological tourism area and the Gospel Temple (North Temple) Tourism Zone and Bayannur City, Wisdom International Golf Resort and a few more than 3A level tourist attractions, most of the rest are small-scale or are under development of the tourist attractions. Various scenic tourist reception facilities and services, product structure, related industry chain and other aspects are very immature. Such as: many scenic spots (including access to transportation, accommodation, food and beverage, shopping, entertainment projects, tour routes, etc.) the most basic infrastructure conditions are very unsound. At the same time, including the above Genghis Khan Mausoleum Tourism Zone, Alxa League of Helan Mountain Guangzong Temple (South Temple) Ecological Tourism Zone and the Gospel Temple (North Temple) Tourism Zone and other so-called large-scale, more mature 3A level above the scenic area, how many years has not been able to well geophysically smooth or to solve the management system and mechanism of the many problems (the latter will be analyzed specifically); Secondly, the West four municipalities of the banners of the County Nongmuyeliao Tourism Development also in the continuously expanding. According to the statistics, there are several hundreds of agricultural and pastoral music spots in Ordos City, 129 pastoral music spots in Alxa League, and a lot of scattered agricultural and pastoral music spots in Bayannur City. In addition to a small number of larger-scale comprehensive agricultural (pastoral) music, most of the so-called agricultural (pastoral) music, in fact, only enough to spontaneous small-scale food and beverage reception points only; and, the West four alliance city natural landscape tourism scenic spots, are to take the natural landscape and human resources bundled together in the development mode, the construction of its scenic spots, whether it is the visual image or entertainment projects, etc., are along with the human resources In the construction of scenic spots, whether in terms of visual image or entertainment programs, the idea of combining with human resources is followed - from the more famous Rangshawan Tourist Scenic Spot to other natural landscape development zones of different scales are no exception. But in the specific excavation and development process, there are either the same as each other, or cultural connotation is not deep enough, or intentionally or unintentionally distort the historical facts and other unsatisfactory places.
(2) in the religious culture and sacrificial culture resources development mode or scenic spots management system and mechanism, the western four League City has been exploring and gradually improve. However, our investigation found that, whether in the development or is to be developed in a number of religious culture and sacrificial culture scenic spots, there are its development mode is not quite suitable or business management system and mechanism is not sound problem. First of all, due to the temple religious cultural resources and ritual cultural resources directly packaged into tourism products, completely commercialized mode of development, which leads to the majority of believers and religious figures and ritual activity organizers and even most of the people's dissatisfaction; Secondly, the developer and the temple religious figures or folk rituals hosts in the distribution of benefits between the problem, there are often contradictions: on the one hand, both sides of the ticket revenue in the proportion of disputes. On the one hand, the two sides are prone to disputes over the proportion of ticket revenue, and on the other hand, with the reduction of pilgrims, resulting in the sacrifice of the place of income affected by the contradiction. Similar problems not only in the Chengling tourism area, Junggar Banner oil pine king tourism area, Alashan left banner north and south temple tourism area has been developed and operated in the process of operation and management of the scenic area, but also in the Junggar call tourism area, the Urumqi call tourism area and other call cultural tourism development scenic area, are more or less exist. For example, into the mausoleum tourism area of the newly developed attractions and ritual culture mausoleum area between the integration of development problems, so far did not get a reasonable solution. Developers, ritual office, into the mausoleum tourism development zone management committee and Dalhuit and worship masses hold their own views, mutual resistance, has not been able to straighten out the development model and management system and mechanism of the problems that exist. In the north and south of Alxa left flag temple, Urumqi call and jungar call tourism development, has not yet introduced or formed a more mature rules and regulations and standardized business management system and mechanism system.
(3) in the protection and development of historical and cultural resources, the four western allied cities have made a lot of meaningful work and made some achievements, but there are still problems of understanding and coordination. First of all, there is a lack of complete planning and feasible programs in the protection and development of historical relics and monuments resources. For example, the tourism development of cultural relics and monuments resources such as the remains of Alzhai Grottoes in Ertuoqqi Banner and the ruins of Xixia Black City in Ejinagi Banner of Alxa League are still facing insurmountable bottlenecks in protection and development due to the lack of scientific and reasonable planning and implementation programs. Al Zhai grottoes mural damage is becoming more and more serious, the black city site is increasingly engulfed by sand, these are not effectively protected. At the same time, its tourism development also do not know where to start, has not been able to explore both the protection and can give play to its social and economic benefits of the reasonable development channels; Secondly, in the cultural ecological environment protection and development of cultural resources, the lack of sustainable development measures. In particular, the protection and development of living cultural ecosystems are faced with many old and new problems. In recent years, people have realized the importance of protecting the natural ecological environment, and thus have taken many concrete measures with certain results. However, as a result of the habits formed over the years, people have not paid enough attention to the protection of the human ecological environment, which has led to the gradual fading or loss of many traditional cultural heritages. Nowadays, the necessity and urgency of ecological environmental protection has been gradually realized or recognized here, and efforts have been made to explore reasonable and feasible protection and development measures from top to bottom through different ways, such as intangible cultural heritage protection or cultural ecological protection. However, in the concrete implementation and execution, due to insufficient understanding or improper measures, there are still many problems in the protection of cultural ecology and the development of cultural resources. Its specific performance is: in the protection of traditional folk culture ecological environment and the development of folk culture tourism resources to the most prominent. The survey found that in the development process of grassland folk culture tourism in the four western provinces and cities, there are the following phenomena: firstly, the local herders or farmers are completely detached from the traditional primary industry in the past - agricultural and animal husbandry economy and way of life, and transitioned to the direction of the new tertiary industry (tourism development and management); firstly, the introduction of development funds to rural areas and pastoral areas, a large area of land. One is to introduce development funds to encircle a large area of land and pasture resources in a certain region of the rural pastoral area, and completely relocate the original inhabitants or make them detached from the traditional production and life style in different ways, so as to develop tourism projects. In fact, similar forms of development of tourist attractions, at best, is only a kind of imitation of the ancient film and television city like artificially created folklore performance reception area (point) only, never belong to the real folk culture tourism area (point). The main support point of the folk culture tourism area should be the living folk culture resources of the indigenous people as the background. Only if the folk culture tourism development is carried out under the premise of protecting the living cultural ecological environment can the survival and sustainable development of the folk culture tourism area be guaranteed. Otherwise, it is not conducive to the protection of cultural resources, and not conducive to the sustainable development of the cultural tourism industry, which will ultimately lead to the tragic end of the two difficult to survive.
As for the Genghis Khan Mausoleum ritual culture and ecological protection, currently facing at least the following aspects of the problem. First, the connotation of Genghis Khan sacrificial culture and its significance, the lack of correct understanding. There are many people who confuse this culture with superstitious activities. Some people simply this sacrificial culture and the Central Plains region of the emperor's mausoleum sacrificial customs are completely equivalent. Others regard this cultural phenomenon as an old custom that lags behind the times. There are also those who treat the sacrificial culture as a mere performance project or a fully commercialized tourism product. What is particularly worrying is that such an ancient and excellent cultural tradition is gradually becoming diluted and its sacred connotation is shrinking day by day. Secondly, due to historical and practical reasons, with the narrowing of the space area of the Chengling mausoleum protected area and the penetration of foreign cultures, Genghis Khan ritual culture and ecological environment is gradually disappearing. Due to the narrowing of space, it is difficult to further restore and expand many items of sacrificial culture. Similarly, because of the Dalhut population increasingly scattered in different places, in the mausoleum near the Dalhut residents gradually forced to leave the traditional mode of production and living environment, Dalhut heir to the continuation of the cultural inheritance and many problems. If this does not take timely and reasonable measures to rescue, in the near future will completely lose the significance of the ritual culture ecological reserve. Third, in the multicultural collision of the new era, how to protect and inherit the tradition of Genghis Khan sacrificial culture and a reasonable way to further develop and utilize this cultural resources and other issues, really in front of people, urgently need to introduce a reasonable and feasible program for implementation.
In addition, through the survey found that in the continuous development of grassland tourism or national culture tourism area in the process, the more prevalent phenomenon of cultural and ecological environment protection is not enough attention. In the pastoral areas in many areas of the ban on grazing, industrial transfer or urbanization process, due to the implementation of specific measures are not appropriate and cause damage to the cultural and ecological environment, at the same time lead to the sustainable development of cultural tourism is difficult to get a reliable guarantee. In some places, in order to "protect" the natural ecological environment, blindly take a comprehensive ban on animal husbandry measures, thus violating the local geomorphological ecology and the law of the biological chain, seriously damaged the cultural ecological environment, not only did not achieve the purpose of protecting and restoring the natural ecology, but also caused a lot of social problems, on the protection of cultural resources and development and utilization of brought about an extremely negative impact. The protection and utilization of cultural resources has brought about many social problems.
(4) the western four cities of the historical and cultural tourism development, its accumulated experience is more than other areas, its development progress in the autonomous region should be at the forefront. However, here in the excavation of historical and cultural resources and integration of development still have this or that deficiency. In recent years, due to the integration of development measures are not in place, resulting in more repetitive construction, the lack of characteristics of the product, a single type, low-grade, difficult to break through the bottleneck of the narrow market. The survey found that, first of all, the alliance cities and even the flag counties between many scenic spots, are generalized to emphasize the overall history and culture of the Mongolian people **** sexual characteristics, while ignoring the differences in the characteristics of the history and culture of their respective regions, and thus towards the basic similarity of each other the repetitive construction of a crooked road, and ultimately fell into the difficult to build a brand or not easy to expand the market predicament; secondly, from the larger historical sites and monuments tourist attractions (or) Secondly, from the larger historical sites (or grassland folk culture tourism area) to the smaller agricultural and animal husbandry tourist attractions, are a single sightseeing or catering reception, and recreation, shopping or experiential projects are few and far between.
Three, countermeasures
(a) to strengthen the development of historical and cultural resources, especially necessary to focus on the integration of regional or tribal historical and cultural resources excavation, to avoid repetitive construction, highlighting the characteristics of the boutique to create boutique products, *** with the expansion of the market. As we all know, the biggest advantage of tourism resources in the western four League City is characterized by the largest advantage in addition to the desert and the Yellow River natural landscape resources, the other is a long and colorful history and cultural resources. From ancient Sarawusu Paleolithic ancient human cultural sites to Han, Xiongnu, Xixia and other generations of various ethnic groups as well as the later Mongolian ministries of historical and cultural heritage, the distribution of the four western allied cities within the territory of the extremely rich, and each has its own characteristics, very convenient for the unified integration and in-depth development. Ordos City should rely on the Sarawusu Ancient Human Cultural Ruins, Ordos Bronze Cultural Relics, Ritual Cultural Heritage, and the history of Ordos Ministries and its modern living cultural resources for development; Wuhai City should respectively combine the historical and cultural traditions of the region it lives in with the fashionable culture of the contemporary industrial development and the culture of modern calligraphy and ancient petroglyphs, focusing on creating a multi-functional and comprehensive culture with a strong cultural atmosphere. Modern urban and rural tourism distribution centers; Bayannur City should rely on the river-loop history and culture and Ulat Mongolian tribal folk culture heritage resources, focusing on highlighting the regional multi-cultural characteristics; Alxa League should focus on highlighting the Xixia historical and cultural heritage, the Silk Road and the ancient post cultural heritage, cultural heritage of religious temples and Mongolian HeshuoTe and the development of the characteristics of the historical and cultural resources of the Türkmen.
(2) religious beliefs and folk rituals and other special cultural resources should not be completely privatized or commercialized mode of development. Because the religious ceremonies and folk rituals and other activities, is the people's constitutionally protected freedom of belief, democratic rights within the scope of the matter, in the process of tourism development, whether intentional or unintentional, once more or less to make the general public's freedom of belief is adversely affected, should be regarded as an inappropriate mode of development, should be immediately corrected. For example, the religious activities and places of worship are all included in the scenic spot ticket control area, which will undoubtedly have a negative impact on the pilgrimage or ritual activities of the worshippers. Therefore, should be the religious activities or places of folk worship activities and tourism project activities in the area of branch management, the former is not appropriate in the ticket system management, should still belong to the civil affairs department of nationalities and religions and religious industry associations or rituals such as the Office of the Department of the overall management, so as to avoid the emergence of a series of problems mentioned above.
(3) The idea of protecting and developing historical and cultural resources seems familiar to everyone. However, its actual operation in the process of how to protect and develop and other issues, many people are still unable to correctly understand and grasp. At least the questions of what to protect and how to protect and develop are involved here. In other words, the protection of historical and cultural heritage should not be confined to the protection of a single piece of heritage, but more importantly to the protection of its overall ecological environment. For the protection and development of historical and cultural heritage, the State has already put in place comprehensive policies and regulations. But on the intangible cultural heritage, especially on the protection of living culture has not yet introduced a complete set of laws and regulations and specific implementation programs. In this way, the development of grassland historical and cultural tourism under the banner of a large number of pastures in the pastoral area, and all the indigenous herdsmen from the development zone relocated out, re-construction of artificial landscape facilities, named what it what grassland cultural tourism area and other practices, that is, completely contrary to the purpose of the protection and development. So in the process of historical and cultural tourism development, we must pay attention to the protection of cultural heritage and its ecological environment, so that it is possible to achieve the true meaning of culture to support the sustainable development of tourism and tourism development to promote the purpose of cultural protection.