Green building refers to a building that saves resources (energy, land, water and materials) to the maximum extent, protects the environment and reduces pollution, and can provide people with health, applicability, high efficiency and harmony with nature. Premier Wen Jiabao pointed out that the development of green building is facing an excellent opportunity. We should seize the opportunity and comprehensively promote the green building action from the aspects of planning, design, technology, standards and norms, and we must not miss the opportunity. Green building and building energy efficiency have been raised to an unprecedented height, and the country is preparing and will soon issue a green building action plan. After the Copenhagen conference in 2009, carbon emission reduction as a binding indicator was incorporated into the long-term planning of national economic and social development, and building energy conservation faced new challenges. Currently, PM2. 5 has become the focus of social attention, and improving the living environment is closely related to the people. The implementation of green building planning in Beijing is the policy of building a resource-saving and ecological protection society, and it is also an important focus to realize the sustainable development of the city. It is the way to realize the planning and implementation of green buildings in Beijing to construct a green building index system at the planning and architectural levels and organically combine planning, design and management. I. Development Status (I) Development Course Beijing Green Building has gradually developed into four sections since the formulation of building energy-saving standards: environmental protection: 1988. Beijing has compiled the Implementation Rules for Energy-saving Design of Residential Buildings in North China and the Design Standards for Energy-saving of Residential Buildings, and set the energy-saving target at 30%; In 2004, the design standard for energy efficiency of residential buildings was revised, and the goal of energy saving of 65% was put forward for the first time; In 2005, the local standard "Green Building Evaluation Standard" was promulgated; In 2006, the pilot work of economical residential areas was carried out, and 18 pilot projects were identified in all districts and counties, and the guidelines for environmental landscape design of residential areas were issued; At the end of 20 10, the Measures for the Management of Evaluation Signs of Green Buildings in Beijing was issued, and an expert committee for evaluation of green buildings was established to carry out the evaluation of local one-star and two-star green buildings; 20 1 1, put forward the requirement of 75% energy saving for residential buildings, and implement the Beijing green building evaluation standard. After several years of development, the concept of green building has been widely recognized. At present, Beijing's green building policies, regulations and standards system has begun to take shape, and scientific and technological research has made great progress. Demonstration projects and demonstration parks gradually promote market development, and the social influence of green buildings is gradually taking shape. In 2006, there were 175 projects in China, which were awarded the green building evaluation mark by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development. There are 16 projects in Beijing that have passed the green building evaluation mark, including 5 residential buildings and 1 1 public buildings, as shown in table 1. Although the number of green buildings in Beijing is absolutely dominant, compared with the construction scale in Beijing, the proportion is still low, and the promotion of green buildings is still very urgent. Regarding the future development of green buildings in Beijing, the Twelfth Five-Year Development and Construction Plan of Green Beijing (hereinafter referred to as the Plan) has been approved and issued by the Beijing Municipal Party Committee and Municipal Government. According to the plan, Beijing will vigorously promote building energy conservation during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period. By 20 15, the energy consumption per 10,000 yuan of GDP in Beijing will be reduced by 17% compared with that in 20 15, and the total energy consumption will be controlled at about 90 million tons of standard coal, with a total energy saving of about 150,000 tons of standard coal. The construction sector will bear 4 1% of the city's total energy saving, and civil buildings will bear 6 million tons of standard coal energy saving. It is planned to build 35 million square meters of green buildings, accounting for 10% of the construction area in that year. (ii) Question 1. Lack of effective market incentives. The incentive policies for green buildings in China are all led by the government. The market mechanism is not yet perfect, and the incentive policy system of every link in the whole process of green building from design to operation has not yet been formed, which makes the implementation scope of green building still limited, and the enthusiasm of market mechanism needs to be shaken. 2. Lack of effective supervision system. No supervision system has been established for the whole process of planning, land transfer, design, construction and operation. For example, in building energy efficiency, there is a certain degree of disconnection between building energy efficiency design and construction, quality supervision and completion acceptance; In terms of water saving, the linkage mechanism of planning, water supply and construction has not yet been formed. Compared with building energy efficiency, green building has higher requirements, wider design technical fields, and needs strong policies and regulations and full-process supervision. 3. Lack of index system. In 2006, Beijing compiled "Green Building Evaluation Index" and "Study on Index System of Economical Residential Areas". The country has just promulgated the green building design standard, and it is urgent to compile the Beijing green building design standard, which is in line with the national standard and the international developed countries and highlights the local characteristics of Beijing. On the basis of the evaluation system, we should increase the design standards, construct the ways to realize the green building design of industry units, and then support the all-round development of green buildings. At present, the theory and technical system of low-carbon eco-city planning are lacking, the research foundation of regional green building development model is weak, the standard system is lacking, and the technical support is insufficient. Second, the implementation idea of planning The study of Beijing green building standard system should start with the urban planning of the building source, take carbon emission reduction as the core, establish a perfect multi-level index system for planned buildings, compile green building design standards, and combine with planning management to construct the implementation approach of green buildings. At the same time, through demonstration parks and demonstration projects, the awareness of green buildings in the industry and the public will be improved, thus promoting the green building market promotion mechanism. (1) The overall idea of planning leading the implementation of Beijing's green building planning has changed the previous research method of directly paying attention to the green building itself from the bottom up. Combined with the characteristics of Beijing city, with low carbon as the core and improving the living environment as the goal, carbon emission indicators are decomposed from top to bottom from planning, from macro, meso to micro, from overall planning to regulatory detailed planning. At present, Beijing is studying the theory and technical system of low-carbon ecological town planning and the development model of regional green buildings. By effectively inheriting the theoretical and practical achievements of relevant research at home and abroad, we will actively continue the research achievements of green buildings in Beijing in the past decade, jointly build an index system, and realize the implementation control of green buildings. (II) Standards lead Beijing green building design standards to innovate on the basis of national standards, connect with planning and combine with management, extract key indicators according to green design requirements in the detailed planning stage and single building design stage respectively, and form integrated optimization based on integrated design process. Strengthen the optimization and guidance of the design process through index control. Plan the green requirements in the design stage in detail, take the optimization of space environment as the goal, and control the indicators of space planning, traffic organization, resource utilization and ecological environment; In the design stage of single building, the indexes of seven majors, including architecture, structure, electricity, heating and ventilation, water supply and drainage, landscape and interior, are controlled. Through the above indicators, it provides a way to implement the concept of low-carbon ecological planning, and also provides clear technical guidance for industry designers. (3) Management linkage: link the relevant indicators of green building planning and design with the existing implementation mechanism of urban planning and management, establish planning implementation channels such as regulatory design review, issuing planning opinions, project planning permission, construction drawing review, planning supervision and acceptance, and control the implementation of relevant indicators of green building planning and design by stages, so as to promote the implementation of green buildings in Beijing. (four) demonstration to promote the evaluation of one-star and two-star green building design signs in Beijing and the promotion of demonstration projects. The demonstration contents mainly include the research and development of key technologies of green building, the implementation of spatial planning strategy in the control stage, the implementation of green building design indicators, green building and regional demonstration, etc. Through the promotion of demonstration projects, we will gradually explore a development model suitable for green buildings. Three. Index system The formulation of Beijing green building design standards needs to comprehensively consider the technical and economic characteristics of the whole life cycle of buildings, and adopt space, architectural forms, technologies, equipment and materials that are conducive to the sustainable development of buildings and the environment, including the green design requirements of all design-related stages from pre-planning to conventional design, preliminary design, construction drawing design, post-construction site service and operation stage service. (I) Indicator system in the regulatory stage In order to realize the comprehensive benefits of green buildings in terms of resource conservation and environmental protection, it is necessary not only to achieve the specific goal of "four festivals and one environmental protection" in the architectural design stage, but also to provide and create good basic conditions for the implementation of green buildings in the urban planning stage. At the level of overall planning, green buildings must be clear about the planning orientation and conceptual scheme layout under the guidance of low-carbon concept. Compact layout with the fundamental goal of improving the efficiency of urban resource allocation; Meet the basic requirements of residents' commuting and living within the bus and walking distance; Preserve and develop natural resources such as cultivated land, forest land and wetlands, expand urban carbon sinks and reduce the intensity of urban heat island. The master plan mainly plays a leading role in the direction of regional development by formulating the planning concept and development strategy, and the specific index system still needs to be combined with management and implemented in terms of control regulations. At the level of regulatory detailed planning, green building puts forward the green design requirements of spatial planning, transportation organization, resource utilization and ecological environment with carbon emission reduction as the core, so that the low-carbon strategy can be implemented, quantified and evaluated, and the corresponding administrative licensing means can be added to ensure the realization of low-carbon ecological goals at the planning level. The index system of regulatory detailed planning focuses on determining the green index of a region or town from a macro perspective, which is used to monitor the standard requirements related to carbon emission reduction at the district level in the process of social development. The quantification of index system is an important control point for the implementation of green design standards. The main basis is divided into three parts: standard index, domestic and foreign case practice index and green design theory index. That is, on the basis of referring to the existing standard system, this paper analyzes and studies the practical indicators of domestic and foreign cases, puts forward the theoretical indicators of green design, and sets the index system of this standard through the weights of three aspects. In the aspect of spatial planning, the index is controlled from three aspects: scale control, structure control and land use efficiency, and the construction scale is controlled by using the neighborhood theory and compact development theory of new urbanism, and by using the plot size and per capita residential land area; The accessibility and openness are emphasized by the number-to-flow ratio of jobs, the accessibility of public facilities, the accessibility of urban open space and the proportion of barrier-free housing within the range of rail station 1km; By setting the volume ratio of underground buildings, the land use efficiency can be improved. On the plot scale, small-scale block design is adopted to realize the urban scale that is conducive to encouraging pedestrians and bicycles. According to the existing standards, the basic block size of Chinese cities is 500-800 m, but through the study of European cities, 70-70 m block, as a reasonable bottom line, can meet the accommodation of most urban functions. In our country, the density encryption requirement of urban road network stipulates that the intersection spacing of urban branch roads is140-180 m. The research on non-motor vehicle travel shows that in order to improve the utilization rate of walking and public transportation, the distance from walking to the bus stop should not exceed 200m, which will guide more than 50% people to take public transportation. However, the study on the evolution of urban morphology in Australia and the United States 12 typical cities 150-250 years shows that the 80m- 1 10m+000 m plot has the best stability. In the practice of China Eco-city, the block size of Caofeidian International Eco-city is 220m, that of Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city is 400m, and that of Changxindian Eco-city is 200-300 m for public buildings and 400m for residential areas. Based on the above statistical analysis, it is suggested that the side length of this plot should be controlled within the range of 150-250 m for the construction of new urban areas. In the aspect of traffic organization, TOD (bus priority development) theory is cited to clarify the traffic organization direction of green buildings in urban dynamic traffic, slow traffic system and static traffic system organization. By setting the coverage rate of bus stops, we will vigorously advocate green travel. In terms of resource utilization, the theory of renewable energy is applied to control energy utilization through energy consumption per unit building area and contribution rate of renewable energy. In the aspect of water resources utilization, the daily average water consumption quota, rainwater runoff discharge, concave green space rate, permeable pavement rate and other indicators are set; For solid waste, set the classified collection rate of domestic waste. In terms of ecological environment, the greening amount is guaranteed by the green space rate and the roof greening rate; Improve the greening quality through the proportion of planting forest land and the index of native plants. The green space rate is the basic control index of the amount of green space within the project land, and it is the basic guarantee of good natural environment quality in this area. The national standard for eco-garden cities requires ≥32%, the key points and technical guidelines for the construction of green eco-residential quarters require ≥35%, the technical points for the construction of national comfortable housing demonstration projects and the evaluation standard for green buildings require ≥30%, and the index system for Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city requires ≥40%. In the General Rules for Planning and Design of Construction Projects in Beijing, Beijing Changxindian has specific requirements for the green space rate, and clearly points out that all newly-built residential areas and residential quarters (with a population of more than 7,000 people or a construction land area of more than 10 hectare) that meet the planning standards shall be implemented at a rate of not less than 30%, and public green spaces shall be built according to the standard of 2m2 per capita and 1 m2 per capita. Through research and comparison, referring to the key points and technical guidelines for the construction of green ecological residential quarters, the index value of residential quarters in new towns and central cities is ≥35%, and the index value of residential quarters in old cities is ≥25%, and the requirements for public buildings are formulated according to the characteristics of projects and sites. (II) Indicator system in the design stage Green building mainly studies the relevant index requirements that architecture and landscape need to meet at the architectural design level, and puts forward corresponding requirements according to the four professional directions of building structure, HVAC, water supply and drainage, and electrical lighting. At the same time, the related contents of landscape design are classified into the building sector, thus establishing the connection between professional design and the core of carbon emission reduction. From the perspective of life cycle, the ultimate goal of green building design is to obtain good building operation effect, so this part of indicators is actually an evaluation of the actual effect of green design at the implementation level and a supplement to the planning green design indicators. Architectural design is a comprehensive design process of architecture, structure, water supply and drainage, heating and ventilation, electricity and intelligence, landscape and interior decoration, which should reflect climate adaptability and regional design concept. The natural premise of Beijing's green building design is Beijing's climate and environmental characteristics, and the spatial organization and technical strategy selection should follow the principle of climate adaptability design. At the same time, Beijing's urban area is large, with diverse cultures and heavy accumulation. In the process of project design, we should also fully respect the local characteristics and cultural traditions of different regions. Four. Ways of planning and implementation (I) The supervision system of planning and managing green buildings takes the capital construction process of the project as the main line to promote the whole process of green buildings. According to the requirements of the overall planning of low-carbon eco-city, the specific green indicators are implemented in the regulatory detailed planning stage, and the implementation management process design is formed in combination with the management process. Details are as follows: 1. Regulatory review this is the prerequisite for the implementation of green building planning and the key link to realize green building from monomer to regional green demonstration area. Focus on plot size, accessibility of public facilities, accessibility of urban open space, employment and traffic ratio within one kilometer of rail transit stations, bus station coverage rate, domestic waste classification rate, etc. 2. The Planning Opinions strengthened the control of planning indicators related to green buildings in the land transfer process, and made clear the per capita residential land area, the proportion of barrier-free houses, the floor area ratio of underground buildings, the proportion of outdoor parking, the amount of rainwater runoff, and the indicators of native plants, including the energy consumption per unit building, the contribution rate of renewable resources, the daily average water consumption quota, the concave green space rate, the permeable paving rate and the green space rate, the roof greening, and the proportion of planting forest land. 3. Project planning permission In the stage of construction project planning permission, the implementation of control indicators in the stage of planning opinions is reviewed. Control the implementation of indicators by issuing licenses. 4. The construction drawing review should implement the indicators in the planning opinions, and strengthen the provisions on the key points and detailed contents of the preliminary design and construction drawing design stage review of green buildings according to the "Beijing Green Building Design Standard" on the green building integration review form. Review indicators include: building indicators, structural indicators, water supply and drainage indicators, HVAC indicators, electrical indicators, landscape indicators, indoor indicators. 5. Planning, supervision and acceptance After the completion of the green building project, conduct special inspections on whether the project meets the planning and design requirements and the quality of construction and equipment installation. Focus on the quality and effect of public facilities and greening at the acceptance site. (II) Design integration In the management of design units, strict requirements are put forward for the design documents of each stage of the project: the project proposal must determine the green building objectives and list the incremental cost estimates of green buildings; The feasibility study report must provide the implementation strategy of green building; The scheme design must include a special article on green buildings; The preliminary design must include green building means and technology, investment estimation, etc. , and fill in the integral table; The construction drawing design shall indicate the technical requirements of green building construction and operation management, and fill in the green building integration form; The review of construction drawing design needs to be accompanied by the review opinions of green building special design. V. Demonstration-driven mechanism actively promotes the planning practice of Beijing Green Demonstration Zone. For example, Changping Future Science and Technology City has formulated management measures for green building demonstration zones; Lize financial business district also actively practices the concept of eco-business district; The core area of Tongzhou Canal is integrated with the implementation of a large number of low-carbon eco-city development plans; Olympic Sports Culture and Business Park (Olympic Sports South Zone) will be built into a comprehensive urban function center supported by scientific and technological innovation and sustainable development industries, and matched with modern service industries such as finance, information services, business services and scientific and technological services. The demonstration project of green building ecological community in Changxindian, Fengtai District is a good planning and implementation scheme. The project is located on the west bank of Yongding River, close to expressway, Shi Jing, and will be an important development area in the future. With a total area of about 500 hectares, the planning area aims to establish an ecological demonstration area with livability, economic prosperity, social harmony, resource conservation and environmental friendliness. (1) The implementation of the planning strategy pays attention to the environment, resources, economy and society in the spatial planning strategy. The specific measures taken include: in order to enhance the innovation and development momentum of the park, while introducing large and medium-sized enterprises, we should pay attention to the cultivation of entrepreneurial small enterprises, and provide the use area for small and medium-sized enterprises to account for about 20% of the total industrial development area; Formed a multi-level public facilities service system and green space system; Building height and floor area ratio are combined with track site layout; Optimize the energy supply system, reclaimed water and rainwater utilization system; Ecological restoration, etc. The ultimate goal of energy utilization is to reduce the basic energy demand of the whole plot by 24. Compared with the conventional scheme, the carbon dioxide emission is reduced by 50%. Ten ecological indicators are required in the planning scheme, including: a breeze passage with a width of 30 meters; The proportion of forest land to meet the demand of carbon sink; Roof greening area ratio of different types of buildings; Rainwater recovery facilities meet the rainwater storage capacity of about 1. Per 100m2 roof, 87m3 permeable paving rate, concave green space rate, 70% building attachment rate, building energy-saving index, ratio of renewable energy/clean energy demand to total energy demand 2 1%, per capita water-saving quota1/0l/day. In addition, it also includes five eco-oriented indicators: the proportion of native plants is 0. 8; Barrier-free facilities100%; Domestic garbage disposal (classification 100%, layout of garbage drop points)100%; Functional mixing; Recyclable materials 10%. (II) Implementation of Architectural Design In terms of architectural design, it is necessary to strengthen the design optimization of individual technologies and ensure the harmony and unity of the overall technical system. In the green design, passive low-cost technologies such as active sunshade system, reasonable depth control and natural lighting utilization are given priority, and active technologies such as water source (ground source) heat pump providing cold and heat sources, ceiling soft radiation heating and refrigeration system, independent temperature control, reducing energy consumption of transmission and distribution system, efficient lighting, water resources utilization and treatment system are optimized to create an eco-energy-saving residence with high quality and high comfort. 6. Conclusion Based on the current development situation, we should pay attention to the following points in the future green building work: First, strengthen scientific and technological research, provide technical support for the development of green buildings, and carry out research on related topics around Beijing's green building index system, such as comparing relevant green standards at home and abroad, collecting Beijing's green building resource database, analyzing Beijing's green building management mechanism, formulating a green building technology integration table, optimizing green building standards, and consolidating the implementation of policy guarantee mechanism. Second, the extensive demonstration and application of the project, selecting low-rent housing, affordable housing, public hospitals, schools and other public buildings in all districts and counties as demonstration objects, and taking the lead in promoting green buildings. Third, speed up the formulation of relevant management measures for green buildings in Beijing, form standardized management, establish an incentive mechanism, and stimulate the enthusiasm of the industry. Developing and popularizing green buildings in Beijing is an objective need to realize the goal of green Beijing and build a livable city, which can alleviate Beijing's high demand for energy and conform to the concept of sustainable development. Starting with urban planning, Beijing green building has established a multi-level planning and construction index system, improved the implementation mode of green building management, and actively advocated the promotion mechanism of demonstration projects to drive the market. With the in-depth implementation of green buildings and the continuous improvement of relevant systems and standards, the road to green buildings in Beijing will be wider and wider.

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