Protozoa are extremely inhibitory, and other species cannot coexist with them. Indeed, according to scientific common sense, alien species may indeed do harm to the local ecological environment. However, scientific research has also found that almost all harmful exotic plants are herbs, and the ecological harm of eucalyptus as a tree has not really been confirmed. In addition, the phenomenon that some tree species are sensitive to sap or rotten leaves of another tree species is also a normal phenomenon in nature. This was investigated in Leizhou Peninsula, Guangdong Province, and the results also showed that planting eucalyptus did not reduce the diversity of local forest plants.

The discussion mechanism is not complete, and environmental organizations become spokespersons.

Since then, the "harm" of eucalyptus has been continuously amplified, and the report and data of "Greenpeace" have been widely quoted by many "popular science writers", public figures and the media. The latest version is the "Eucalyptus Drought" in the southwest drought.

In Yunnan, where eucalyptus is planted in a large area, the government quickly held a press conference on this rumor, saying that there was no scientific basis to prove that eucalyptus forests and rubber forests caused the drought. People's Daily also published an interview with official forestry scholars to clarify doubts.

On the one hand, they are questioned by environmental protection organizations and the media who are used to exposing problems, and on the other hand, they are scholars and experts with the official identity of the government and eucalyptus. Even if these environmental protection organizations and media are questioned for their lack of on-the-spot investigation, scientific falsification attitude or even just a point of view, the balance in people's minds naturally tends to the folk side. But in the end, Greenpeace's report, or the public's understanding, blamed the initial review of human behavior on the existence of natural species in the continuous discussion between NGOs and the media.

plant culture

Eucalyptus is the general name of eucalyptus in Myrtaceae, which may have originated in the late Cretaceous, because there were oblique vein species in Eocene and early Miocene. Its original type has Mesozoic structural characteristics, and its evolution mainly follows the changes of Australian geological history, and also depends on its adaptation to drought, drought and semi-arid conditions, mainly xerophytes, mesophytes and ice-loving systems.

The adaptation of eucalyptus to drought conditions led to the formation of a series of morphological and anatomical structures. One of the earliest adaptation types is the formation of colloid, fluff or bristles on leaves, but when the drought intensifies, this protective effect is not very effective, so it is only preserved in the young stage of plants, and wax layer epidermis is formed in the later stage. Eucalyptus growing in mountainous and arid areas has a blue-gray wax layer on young and mature leaves, branches and sometimes trunks. In the modern development stage, the cuticle of eucalyptus thickens, which is beneficial for it to adapt to dry conditions most safely. It should be said that the regeneration characters of eucalyptus are all developed on the basis of the mesogenetic evolutionary system.

All species in the humid areas of northern Australia, and many trees in the humid coastal areas and humid mountainous areas of southeastern Tasmania should be classified as mesophytes. Ice-loving evolutionary system is an evolutionary system that adapts to alpine ecology, including some species that grow in arid areas of central Australia, where the living conditions are day and night temperatures.

Annona is very sensitive to water, and too much water is not conducive to plant growth. Short-term flooding affected the growth of annona squamosa, resulting in the decrease of leaves and flowers. Irrigation or rainfall is important for flowering and early fruiting. During this period, too little water will lead to falling flowers and fruits and slow fruit growth. At the same time, moisture will also affect the quality of fruit. It is reported that the fruit cracking rate of irrigated annona in Australia is 9.8%, while that of non-irrigated annona is 20%. Under the condition of low humidity (relative humidity below 70%), the number of falling flowers increased, the stigma dried and the fruit setting rate decreased obviously. In southeastern Queensland, annona is in full bloom, and the relative humidity during the day is often lower than 30% at the hottest time. In production, they use high-density planting, windbreaks and spraying chemicals to increase the humidity of the orchard. However, too high humidity (higher than 95%) will dilute the sugar secretion on the stigma and make the pollen germination rate low, which is not conducive to fertilization.

Annona trees have strong adaptability to all kinds of soils. It can grow on sandy to clayey soil. But to achieve high and stable yield, sandy soil or sandy loam is better. Because the soil is sticky, poor drainage will affect flowering and fruit setting. Loose sandy loam does not have these shortcomings, and it is easy to control growth through fertilization and irrigation. If the soil layer is shallow, it can be cultivated to thicken the soil layer to improve drainage, and it can also be covered to promote the development of topsoil absorption roots.

The use of seedlings in production is limited to ordinary annona, and hybrid annona cannot be used as mother tree. The seed source of seedlings is very important, and the seeds should come from high-yield and high-quality fruits of excellent varieties (common annona), with large mother plants and correct fruit shapes. It is best to artificially pollinate fruits of the same variety. When the fruit is completely mature, the fruit is light green and yellow, and the suture line between small fruits is obvious, the seeds are harvested. As a grafted rootstock culture, seed collection can reduce the requirements. After the seeds are taken out, they are washed, the weak and small seeds are removed, and then they can be planted in the air. For example, stored annona seeds should be dried before sowing to promote germination. Before sowing, seeds can be soaked with 200ppm gibberellin for 24-36 hours to promote early germination. It is best to use fertile sandy loam for seedbed, and apply decomposed organic fertilizer to shake well. The furrow should be opened, and the width of the furrow shall be subject to the convenience of field operation. Drill sowing can be used, and the sowing amount is 7-8 kg per mu. After sowing, cover with fine sand or fine soil, slightly compact and drench with water, then cover with grass or plastic agricultural film to keep moisture. After emergence, cover with grass or plastic film to avoid bending the seedlings. Pay attention to water and fertilizer management at seedling stage, generally water once every 3-4 days and once a day in drought. After 6-8 leaves, topdressing can be started to cultivate strong seedlings. [3]

Grafted seedlings. Red beans are sensitive to light. Early sowing prolongs the growth period and does not mature early. Therefore, the introduction from high latitude to low latitude will be premature, while the introduction from low latitude to high latitude will prolong the maturity. The growth length of red beans varies from variety to variety. The shortest growth period can be 60-90 days; The growth period is 80- 120 days. Red beans need water most before and after flowering, and it is easy to drop flowers and pods when they encounter high temperature and drought during flowering and pod setting. Too wet, plants tend to lodging. In the stage of grain bulging and maturity, sunny days are beneficial to photosynthesis and increase grain weight. Red beans grow best in loose soil rich in humus. Red beans planted in the sand are red and shiny. Red beans planted in loam, deep red and dark red. Adzuki bean has strong adaptability to soil and can grow in both slightly acidic and slightly alkaline soil. [5]

Topdressing after sowing is also a limited way to supplement the nutrition of fruit trees.

Fruits can be covered with a layer of plastic film, hay or leaves, and then covered with soil. This method is suitable for scaffolding and mature gardens with many branches and vines. 13. Local soil burying method (covering the root neck with soil) In some areas where the absolute minimum temperature in winter is higher than-15℃, the plants are not taken off the shelf in winter, and a mound with a height of 30-50 cm is piled at the base of the plants to protect the root neck before freezing. This method is only applicable to varieties with strong cold resistance and places with the lowest temperature above-15℃. If grapes are grafted with cold-resistant rootstocks (such as Peking University and Beichun). ), it will be easier to bury them underground to keep out the cold. The depth of covering soil is generally thinner in loam and flat vineyards, and thicker in sandy soil and mountain vineyards. For some plants grafted and transplanted that year, although the lowest temperature in winter can't reach-17℃, the plants grow vigorously, fall leaves late and have many fruits, so they should be buried in time to prevent cold.

Grape root system is developed, which is fleshy root and stores a lot of nutrients, including water, vitamins, starch, sugar and other organic and inorganic components.

The function of grape root system is not only to fix the plant, but also to absorb water and nutrients from the soil and accumulate stored nutrients, which becomes the material basis for the regeneration and rejuvenation of aboveground parts.

Root characteristics of grapes

Root species

The composition and distribution of grape roots are slightly different due to different propagation methods.

Rooting line: a plant propagated by seeds, with vertical main roots and lateral roots at all levels. The taproot is developed, the root system is deep, there are obvious rhizomes and the branching angle is small.

Stem root system: Branched plants have no vertical straight roots and are mainly composed of lateral roots at all levels. There is no true rhizome, the lateral roots are developed, and the root branching angle is large.

Root distribution

Grape roots are generally distributed in soil with a depth of 20~60 cm, and the deepest part can reach about 2 meters, but the depth is directly related to fertilization depth, soil quality and variety. Because the growth of roots is water-oriented, fertilizer-oriented and geotropic, the deeper the fertilization, the deeper the roots will be, and vice versa.

Growth characteristics

Grape roots can grow all year round when the soil temperature is kept at 13 ~ 25℃ and the water content is suitable. Generally speaking, grapes have a rooting peak in spring, summer and autumn, and roots and new shoots grow alternately.

The first peak: before and after grape germination, when the soil temperature is low, the root system grows slowly by absorbing water and nutrients, reaches the growth peak after leaf spreading, and then gradually decreases, reaching the lowest point in the first half of flowering.

The second peak: after the grapes set, the demand for nutrients of the whole fruit tree reached the peak of the annual demand, so the corresponding root growth also reached the peak of the annual growth, and then gradually decreased to a low peak with the maturity of the grapes.

The third peak: after the grapes are picked, the vines start to grow again, and the corresponding roots gradually resume to grow, reaching a new peak, and then gradually decrease and enter the winter dormancy period.

Factors affecting the growth of grape root system

Grape root growth is related to temperature, light, moisture, nutrition, soil pH and organic matter content.

temperature

The optimum temperature for grape root activity is 2 1~24℃. When the soil temperature reaches 8~ 10℃, the roots begin to move and grow at 12~ 13℃. When the soil temperature reaches 20~25℃, the root system enters the vigorous growth period. When the soil temperature exceeds 25℃, the root system growth is inhibited, and it stops growing when it exceeds 28℃, and it quickly becomes cork with the continuous increase of temperature.

Grape roots are weak in cold resistance and stop growing at 10℃. Generally, the roots are slightly frozen at -4℃ to -5℃ and freeze to death at -6℃ for about two days. Different populations have different resistance to low temperature, and the order is:

East Asian population (Vitis amurensis):-15℃ ~-16℃;

North American population (Peking University):-12℃ ~-13℃;

Mixed species of Europe and America (Kyoho):-7℃ ~-8℃;

European species (red soil):-4℃ ~-5℃;

moisture

The soil moisture suitable for root growth is 60%~80% of the maximum field capacity. Soil moisture and nutrient status and their related physical and chemical characteristics play a decisive role in root growth.

Excessive soil drought: it is difficult for roots to absorb water and nutrients from the soil, photosynthesis is weakened, old leaves are easy to turn yellow and fall off, and even plants wither and die.

Soil waterlogging or high water content: causing soil hypoxia, forcing roots to supplement oxygen by leaves. Over time, the roots have difficulty breathing and lack oxygen to rot. At the same time, soil hypoxia affects microbial activities, making it difficult for roots to absorb nutrients, making trees gradually weak, and root growth tends to stop or wither or even die.

Tree nutrition

The growth of grape root system is related to the nutrient supply of the tree, and the balance of leaf-fruit ratio or light load is beneficial to rooting; The heavy load consumes a lot of nutrients, which is not conducive to rooting.

If the high yield meets the weak tree stage, the yield must be reduced first, and then the nutrition should be supplemented appropriately. At the same time, the sea elf biostimulant should be applied to promote the root growth and balance the nutrient absorption.

Fertilize soil or land

The roots of any plant have a procreation tendency. Generally speaking, grape fertilization is beneficial to rooting. However, if we do not pay attention to fertilization methods, it will not only promote the growth of roots, but also damage the roots.

Excessive fertilizer concentration: physiological water in the tree oozes out to the periphery of the root system to balance the physiological concentration inside and outside the root system. If too much physiological water seeps out, the tree will wither or die due to physiological dehydration, which is often called "fat burning root".

Fertilization: It is easy to cause the root system to float. The soil surface layer at 20cm is rich in microorganisms and various pathogenic bacteria, and the probability of root infection will greatly increase after the root system floats. At the same time, the ability of cold tolerance, drought tolerance and waterlogging tolerance of root system decreases, which affects the tree potential, causes the quality of fruit trees to decline and is easy to crack.

Timing of fertilization: At the peak of grape root growth, timely fertilization can promote root growth and enhance tree potential. It is worth noting that after spring germination, the soil temperature is low and the root activity is poor, so it is not suitable for a large number of topdressing. A small amount of available nitrogen fertilizer can cooperate with sea elf biostimulant to restore root activity. At the same time, spraying sea elf (foliar type) on the leaves after unfolding can quickly supplement the nutrition of trees and improve the photosynthesis of leaves.

soil acidification

Soil acid damage is characterized by stiff plants, slow root growth, slow leaf emergence, small and few leaves, increased soil-borne diseases and easy occurrence of nematodes.

Root growth is poor in acidic environment, including black root, rotten root, dead root and no white root.

After soil acidification, the absorption efficiency of grapes to nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, boron and other nutrients becomes low. Cause nutrient loss or waste, and still lack fertilizer after fertilization.

It is easy to cause soil hardening, resulting in less air and more gaps in the soil, which is not conducive to root growth and nutrient absorption.

The number of beneficial bacteria and organisms is reduced, which is easy to breed pathogenic bacteria and nematodes.

To reduce acid damage, it is necessary to control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and reduce the use of other acid fertilizers, such as calcium superphosphate, phosphogypsum and immature organic fertilizer. In view of soil acidification, grapes can use sea elf biostimulant containing mineral humic acid and seaweed extract in the growing period to balance soil pH value and improve soil microenvironment.

organic matter

Soil with high organic matter content and good aggregate structure has good permeability, high fertility and vigorous microbial activity, which is most conducive to root activity and growth.

For the soil with heavy clay, less organic matter and poor permeability, organic fertilizer should be added to improve it, combined with biological bacterial fertilizer and sea elf biological stimulator, and ditch drainage should be carried out to promote root growth. [ 16]

Fresh storage

Modern storage mostly adopts controlled atmosphere refrigeration, and the equipment is more complicated. At present, simple storage methods are mainly used in rural areas, such as cellar storage, cylinder storage, sulfur dioxide fumigation storage, micro-cold storage and so on.

(1) The experience of storing grapes in northern China is harmful. Generally, a cellar is built on the hillside or the source bank, with 4-6 layers of wooden scaffolding, and L layers of grape ears are gently placed on each layer. The specific methods of cellar management are as follows: ① Pre-cooling grapes in the shade for 2 days after harvest, and the pre-cooling temperature must be controlled below 65438 00℃ to fully radiate the heat in the field. Then carefully put the grapes on the shelf in the cellar. ② Control the temperature and humidity in the cellar. Due to the high outdoor temperature in the early stage of the cellar, ventilation measures can be taken to keep the temperature below 10℃. After winter, when the temperature drops, it can be kept at 0- 1℃ during the day and closed at night. The relative humidity should be 80%-90%, and when the humidity is insufficient, water can be sprayed on the ground to moisturize. When the outside temperature drops below 10℃, the cellar door should be closed. (3) Strengthen inspection, and timely eliminate rotten grains of diseased ears.

⑵ When the number of grapes stored is small or the grapes are stored in the courtyard, the storage method can be adopted. In the north, household urns are commonly used or stored by themselves. Before storage, wash the jar, dry it, and then put in the grapes. The method of filling the ear is as follows:

1. Young trees should be pruned according to the principle of "giving priority to lightness, paying equal attention to modeling and results, and promoting early yield increase". (1) 2-4-year-old young trees, under the premise of arranging backbone branches, the key point of pruning is to clean up a layer of tightly squeezed branches and straighten the tree shape. According to the planting density, the small crown sparse layer shape (less than 80 plants per mu) and free spinning cocoon shape (more than 80 plants per mu) can be popularized. Small crown and sparse layer shape: select 3-4 main branches in the first layer, clean up the dense branches that affect the growth of the main branches after selection, and clean up 1-2 branches every year, and strive to clean them up in 2 years. Free-spinning reeling shape: 3-4 small main branches are selected every year, and the spacing between the main branches is about 20 cm, and the branches that are too dense are properly loosened. (2) 5-8-year-old young trees have entered the fruiting stage, and the key point of pruning is to clean up the dense branches between layers, improve the lighting conditions of the trees, and make the fruiting parts gradually transition to the backbone branches. Clean up 2-3 crowded places every year, and strive to clean them up in 3 years. After several years of adjustment and cleaning, five main branches, 1-2 auxiliary branches and 10- 13 main branches were preserved in the sparse layer of small crown.

2. Pruning of adult trees The purpose of pruning of adult trees is to "improve the illumination, improve the quality of branches, stabilize the quality and increase the yield". The key point of pruning is to remove two layers of excessively dense large auxiliary branches, large lateral branches and large branches in batches, so that the large branches remaining in two or more layers extend outward as much as possible in a whip shape, and the total branches account for less than 20% of the total branches of the whole tree, which is beneficial to the illumination in the inner room of the first floor. If the crown of the tree is on the high side, it is necessary to gradually bow your head and be happy by the strength of the tree, and the height of the tree should be controlled below 3.5 meters; If the crown has crossed, the densely packed branches should be drained or transformed into small branches, and the branches should be shortened to slow down the outside and promote the inside, or the direction and angle of the main branches should be changed by changing the main branches, so that the crown distance should be kept at about 1 m to improve the lighting conditions of the population and individuals.

Second, cut off the diseased branches and insect branches. According to the survey, many diseases and insect pests that harm apples overwinter on the branches. For the diseases and pests that overwinter in trees, combining with winter shears, all branches of diseases and pests are cut off, burned or buried deeply, which can obviously reduce the harm in the coming year.

Third, scraping the rough old bark In the gap between the rough old bark and trunk of fruit trees, there are often a large number of overwintering bacteria and pests. Scraping rough old bark, burning or burying it deeply has a good control effect on many kinds of pests and diseases, and sometimes even completely eliminates some pests.

Apple is a beauty product, which can not only lose weight, but also make the skin smooth and tender. Apple is a low-calorie food, every 1.

Pectin: It belongs to soluble fiber, which promotes cholesterol metabolism, lowers cholesterol level and promotes fat excretion.

Trace elements: potassium dilates blood vessels, which is beneficial to patients with hypertension; Zinc deficiency will lead to disorder of blood sugar metabolism and decline of sexual function.

Can regulate the stomach: fiber helps to excrete; It also has astringent effect on diarrhea.

Apple peel+a few slices of ginger boiled water: it can stop vomiting.

It can reduce the coldness of pears and strengthen moistening the lungs and stomach.

Autumn lung moistening syrup: apple/pear+1 lily+Dendrobium 15g+ apricot 9...[7]

value

Apple has a mild taste and is rich in carbohydrates, vitamins and trace elements, including sugars, organic acids, pectin, protein, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, iron and vitamins, which can obviously eliminate psychological depression. Clinical application has proved that the mood of patients with depression is greatly improved, and their spirits are relaxed and happy. After smelling the fragrance of apples, their depression is eliminated.

Malic acid in apples has whitening effect. Many people worry that the acidity of apples will corrode their teeth. Adding cheese to apples can limit the acidity in apples. Eating apples can also effectively help clean teeth.

Tao is also slightly better.

1, anti-aging: Red pitaya has high anthocyanin content. Anthocyanin is an effective antioxidant, which has antioxidant, anti-free radical and anti-aging effects, and also has the functions of inhibiting brain cell degeneration and preventing dementia.

Generally, grafting can be carried out in all seasons except the low temperature period in winter. Because winter and spring are cold and humid for a long time, the wound is not only difficult to heal, but also expands, endangering the plant. Therefore, the best grafting time is March-June, 65438+1October, which has sufficient healing growth period and is conducive to the next year's results.

3. Drug treatment before grafting

The knife used for grafting should be disinfected with alcohol or white wine to prevent bacterial infection. Conditional availability. Dipping the base of scion with sodium naphthylacetate solution can not only promote the formation of callus, but also improve the survival rate. [3]

4. Grafting method

A. Docking method

Cross-cut the triangular prism in Lady Enforcers at an appropriate height with a sharp knife, then cut the three edges at an angle of 30-40 degrees, pierce the vascular bundle in the middle of the rootstock with sterilized immortal thorns, connect the cut scion to the other end of the thorns, and sow or cut with thorns for propagation.

Persian chrysanthemum breeds with seeds. Generally, it is sown in early spring and blooms in May-June. From August to September, the climate is hot, rainy and short of flowers. After the cool autumn, it continued to bloom until the first frost. If you sow in July and August, it will bloom in June at 5438+ 10, and the plants will be short and tidy. The seeds of the universe have the ability to sow themselves. Once planted, a large number of self-sown seedlings will be born in the future. With a little protection, they can bloom as usual. Seeding can be done in the open field in mid-April, and seedlings can be unearthed in about 6 ~ 7 days if the temperature is suitable.

Cutting propagation is feasible in the growing period. The strong branches with 65,438 0.5 cm left under the node are cut into sandy loam, and can take root in 5 ~ 6 days under suitable shade and humidity.

Spring sowing in April, rapid germination, 7- 10 days after sowing. It can also be propagated by cutting and take root in 15- 18 after cutting.

Transplanting 4-5 seedlings with true leaves, coring, or sowing directly after thinning. If basal fertilizer is applied to the planting area, there is no need to apply fertilizer during the growing period. The soil is too rich, the branches and leaves are white and long, and the flowering is reduced. It is not easy to blossom and bear fruit during high temperature in July and August. Seeds are easy to fall off when they are ripe, so they should be harvested in the morning. Cosmos is a short-day plant. Spring seedlings often have fewer leaves and fewer flowers, while summer seedlings are short and neat, and bloom constantly.

Cosmos is strong, likes sunshine, bears drought, and has low requirements for soil, but it can't accumulate water. If planted in fertile soil, it is easy to cause the branches and leaves to grow white and affect the flowering quality.

Transplant the seedlings when they are 5 cm high, plant them when they have 7-8 leaves, or sow them directly. If basal fertilizer is applied to the planting area, there is no need to apply fertilizer during the growing period. The soil is too rich, the branches and leaves are white and long, and the flowering is reduced. Or smear the decomposed urine with 5 times of water every 10 day during the growth period. Watering for 2 ~ 3 times in dry weather can grow and bloom well. It is not easy to blossom and bear fruit during high temperature in July and August. Seeds are easy to fall off when they are ripe, so they should be harvested in the morning. Cosmos is a short-day plant. Spring seedlings tend to have fewer leaves and fewer flowers, while summer seedlings are short and tidy, and they bloom constantly. It grows rapidly and can be enucleated many times to increase branches.

Cosmos plants are tall, so when planted in the windward side, columns should be set to prevent lodging and breaking. Generally, more dwarf plants are cultivated, that is, when the seedling height is 20 ~ 30cm, the top is removed, and then the new terminal buds are removed several times in succession to dwarf the plants; At the same time, it also increases the number of flowers. A small amount of base fertilizer should be applied to the nursery. Seed collection is suitable for picking achenes when they are slightly dark, so as not to be scattered after maturity.

Cultivation:

The variety needs short sunshine treatment at seedling stage to bloom normally, and the suitable sowing date should be mastered. Suitable for direct seeding or seedling raising in the wild; Sowing and covering soil is about 1cm, and seedling emergence is about 5- 10 days; Immediately transplant 5-6 true leaves of seedlings with a spacing of 30-50 cm. During the growth period, remove the core, promote branching, control it too high, and avoid lodging in the later period. The requirements for soil are not strict, but it cannot accumulate water, is not cold-resistant, and avoids extreme heat. Fertile soil

Propagation: sowing or cutting propagation. Cutting can also be used in summer.

Sow in late March to early April, and sow in the open seedbed. The ground temperature can germinate at the lower temperature of 15℃, but if it is sown early, it will grow into a giant plant with a height of 2 meters, which is easy to fall down due to the typhoon or the weight of the plant. There are also early-flowering varieties, which bloom 50-70 days after sowing, so sowing should be divided into early flowers and autumn flowers.

Management: like warm and humid sunshine, slightly resistant to early frost, and not strict with soil requirements. Seedlings should be transplanted when the height is 5 cm, and planted when the leaves are 7-8. The requirements for fertilizer and water are not strict, and 5 times of decomposed urine is applied every 10 day during the growing period. High school varieties need upright posts before flowering to prevent wind disaster lodging. It grows rapidly and can be enucleated many times to increase branches. Red spider is easy to occur in hot weather, so it should be prevented as soon as possible. If planted in late July to early August, it will bloom in 50-60 days, and the plants will be short and tidy, which is suitable for National Day. When the seeds are mature, the inflorescences with large flowers and bright colors can be cut off and dried for seed storage.

In order to cultivate dwarf and lodging-resistant cosmos, the following countermeasures should be taken: ① sow in late July.

(2) After spring sowing, when it grows to 40-50 cm, pick the heart and let the axillary buds blossom.

③ Erect short bamboo pillars as soon as possible.

Pests and diseases: countermeasures must be taken to deal with molds, aphids and tetranychus. Spraying benomyl on mold and Ortholland granules on pests.

How to prevent cosmos from lodging

Cosmos is tall and sparse, with large and beautiful flowers, but it often lodging, and the scenery is great. The following measures can be taken to prevent cosmos from lodging:

① Sow in July and August. During this period, cosmos planted in 10 can blossom, and

These plants are short and neat.

2 choose the heart. In the growing period of cosmos, it is necessary to pick the heart many times, on the one hand, it can dwarf the whole plant, on the other hand, it can promote germination and branching to increase the number of flowers. ③ Apply less fertilizer and water. Too much fertilizer and water can easily cause plants to grow white and lodging, and flowers are scarce.

Harvest and preservation

edit

Harvest of cut flowers: the harvest place is the pedicel of cosmos. Buds can be harvested when they are semi-open to full bloom, and the operation is best carried out when the temperature is low in the morning. Products should be put into barrels immediately and precooled as soon as possible.

Classification: the collected flowers should be classified on the premise of typical characteristics of varieties, no damage, no pollution and good visual effect: the length of first-class cut flowers is about 60 cm; The length of the second cut flower is about 50 cm; The length of tertiary cut flowers is about 40 cm. The difference in the length of cut flowers of the same grade shall not exceed the standard 2 cm.

Packaging: 10 pedunculated inflorescences of the same grade and variety are bound and fixed, and packed into lined corrugated boxes marked with product names and with air holes.

Fresh-keeping management: the cut flowers of cosmos are not resistant to storage and transportation, and they are temporary cut flowers. Usually, it is harvested and used now, and cannot be stored for a long time. It should be used as soon as possible after harvesting.

Shelf life: According to the above methods, the peduncle of cosmos can usually be stored for 1 ~ 2 days without affecting the decorative effect.

control of insect

edit

Its main pests and diseases are often caused by leaf spot and powdery mildew. You can spray wine with 500 times of 50% topcloth wettable powder. Insect pests are caused by aphids and scarabs, and spraying 10% insecticide EC 2500 times. Red spider is easy to occur in hot weather, so it should be prevented as soon as possible.

Powdery mildew: Symptoms occur in leaves, tender stems, buds, buds and other parts. The disease is characterized by obvious gray powdery mildew layer (conidia and mycelium of pathogenic bacteria). The growth and development of damaged plants are hindered, the leaves are twisted, and they cannot bloom or the flowers are deformed. When the disease is serious, the leaves dry up and the plants die.

Pathogenic powdery mildew of Polygonum. ] belongs to the subfamily Ascomycetes. Mycelium is born on both sides of leaves, conidia are columnar, ascomycetes are aggregated to near aggregation, dark brown, oblate, accessory filaments are unbranched or irregularly branched, curved, ascomycetes are long or short oval, and ascomycetes are ovoid or oval.

The asexual stage of pathogen is powdery mildew (powdery mildew. ). The pathogen overwinters on the diseased buds and branches of the host with mycelium, and produces a large number of conidia in the second year, which invades the host to absorb nutrients after germination.

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