How old is the Waibaidu Bridge in Shanghai

The first generation of the bridge

The first generation of the Waibaidu Bridge was built in 1856 as a wooden bridge called "Wells Bridge". It was built by the "Suzhou River Bridge Company" (the first bridge-building company in China), which was formed by the British Wells of Jardine Matheson and 20 people (mostly managers of foreign banks or opium dealers) of Bao Shun, who were the first bridge builders in China. The bridge is 137.25 meters long and 7.015 meters wide, with a movable deck in the middle, which must be lifted when the ship sails over.

The second generation of bridges

Wells and others who built bridges purely for profit once claimed that the Shanghai Daotai had granted them a patent to pay a "bridge tax" on foot traffic, and the tax was only levied on the Chinese, and foreign nationals' vehicles and servants were exempted. Following the Shanghai residents were indignant and protested, the Cantonese Zhan Ruoyu set up in today's Shanxi intersection, free transportation between the two sides of the Chinese crossing, to show their defiance. Because the public no longer paid for the ferry, it was called the "White Ferry". In 1876, the Bureau of Public Works of the Concessionary Government was forced to build a wooden pontoon bridge near the Wells Bridge in response to the public's anger, and it was free to cross the bridge. Because of its proximity to the Bund Park, the British called it "Garden Bridge" (Garden Bridge), and set up a bronze monument at the end of the bridge to inscribe the record (after 1949, the bronze monument was destroyed), and the people called it "Wai Wai Ferry Bridge". Since then, there is no longer a toll to cross the bridge. The Wells Bridge was dismantled by the Bureau of Public Works. This is also the origin of the second generation of bridges - "Waibaidu Bridge". Later decades, folk oral error, pronounced "outside the Baeduqiao", so, the customary inheritance, and then later, history to today, which "covers" has been more than just the name of a bridge.

The third generation of the bridge

By the Guangxu years, the wooden bridge after several repairs, to not adapt to the needs of the development of transportation. The Ministry of Public Works Bureau decided to build a new bridge instead. Preparation for the construction of steel bridge, wooden bridge two design drawings and budget program for the Ministry of Public Works Bureau for reference. Both bridges have the same width and are designed to withstand the loads that a first-class city bridge can usually bear. Among them, the wooden bridge service life of 20 years, the cost of 83,000 taels, annual maintenance costs calculated at 4% of the cost of 3,320 taels. Steel bridge service life of 50 years, the cost of 200,000 taels, annual maintenance costs calculated at 0.35% of the cost of 700 taels. Charles Mayne, an engineer and surveyor of the Bureau of Public Works, believed that although the steel bridge was a large upfront investment, the construction of the steel bridge would yield long-lasting benefits due to the importance of the Waibaidu Bridge's location, the high volume of daily traffic, and the need to lay duplicate tram tracks. At the same time, the British Tramways Company expressed its willingness to contribute ￡3,500 to the reconstruction costs of the steel bridge. After comparing the different costs of the proposed steel and timber

Waibaidu Bridge

bridges and the amount of money to be gained after 50 years at a compound interest rate of 6% per annum, the Public Works Bureau chose the steel bridge and advertised for tenders for the design and construction of the new

Waibaidu Bridge

bridge. Out of 17 tenders, the final one was awarded to Howarth Erskine Ltd. for ￡17,000, and the steel parts were fabricated by Cleveland Bridge Builders of Darlington, England, with Paley & Beedle of Westminster supervising the fabrication in England on behalf of the Works Bureau.

The first piles were driven in Guangxu 32 and the bridge was completed the following year. The bridge superstructure for the lower bearing simple support riveted steel honed frame, substructure for the wooden pile foundation reinforced concrete abutment and concrete hollow thin plate piers, two holes spanning the combination of 52.12 meters, beam bottom elevation of 5.75 meters, the bridge deck paved with tram tracks. This is the third generation of Waibaidu Bridge. The new bridge was delivered in the thirty-third year of Guangxu (1907), eleven years later than the French Eiffel Tower. The bridge was 60 feet wide (with 36 feet of lanes and 24 feet of sidewalks) and 171 feet long, and was the most technologically up-to-date steel structure of its time. As a result of the Industrial Revolution and the development of science and technology, iron bridges emerged in the 18th century in Britain and steel bridges in the 19th century in the United States. The Baidu Bridge was the first all-steel bridge in China, constructed under the auspices of the Bureau of Public Works of the Shanghai Public **** Concession at the time, with all steel materials imported from the United Kingdom, and the design and structure of the entire bridge completed by British engineers and technicians. Similar steel structure bridge, at that time, in addition to Shanghai, there are across the Haihe River in Tianjin, Wanguo Bridge (now known as Jiefang Bridge), built in 1902, than the completion of the Waibaidu Bridge time 5 years earlier, by the Tianjin French Concession Bureau of Public Works under the auspices of the construction, so it is also known as the "French Bridge".

Second, the history of Shanghai Shikumen

Shanghai's Shikumen residences emerged in the 1860s, when the Taiping Army, led by the loyal King Li Xiu-cheng, launched an eastward march in 1860, conquering cities in southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang such as Zhenjiang, Changzhou, Wuxi, Suzhou, Ningbo, and forcing tens of thousands of refugees from southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang to enter the Shanghai Concession to seek refuge. In order to accommodate the refugees, the Concession mobilized businessmen to invest in residential construction. In order to fully utilize the land, most of these houses were built as rows of Shikumen lilong houses.

In order to cater to the traditional Chinese form of family residence, the layout of the Shikumen is roughly modeled on that of an ordinary residence in Jiangnan, with the exception of some of the designs which are modeled on the Western style of row-connected houses. After entering the door, there is a patio, behind which is the living room (called "guest room" by Shanghainese), followed by the back patio, which is followed by the stove and the back door. On both sides of the patio and the living room are the left and right compartments, and the layout of the second floor is basically similar to that of the ground floor, except that above the stove room is the "pavilion room", and above that is the sun deck. Its representative buildings are the east side of Henan Middle Road, Ningbo Road, Beijing Road, between the 1.33 hectares of Xingrenli, and Zhongshan South Road, New Pier Street, Dunrenli, cotton Yangli, Jixiangli and so on.

After the beginning of this century, with the changes in the structure of Shanghai residents' families to small families, the living habits of the residents also changed significantly, the structure and style of the Shikumen houses changed, there are suitable for small families to live in the "single" (i.e., no rooms), "two" (one guest room, one room) (i.e., no compartment), and "two-in" (one guest room and one compartment), which were suitable for small families. The scale was large, the width of the alley was about 4 meters, and the floors were mainly 2~3 floors; pavilions were set up at the staircase landing, and balconies were used on the fa?ade; and sanitary equipments were generally installed after the 1920s. The representative buildings are Jing'an Villa on Nanjing West Road and Continental New Village on Shanyin Road.

After the 30s, due to the housing shortage in Shanghai, some tenants rented out their extra rooms to others, so most of the Shikumen changed their design and became multi-family dwellings with one door.

From childish to mature, Shikumen houses constitute a lilong community where private and public **** spaces are intertwined. In this community, residents enjoy personal space, but it is also easier to cultivate a more harmonious and closer relationship with the neighbors. They know exactly what this family is cooking today and what that family is doing tomorrow. As the density of living continues to increase, residents gradually move their family activities to the communal **** space in the alley, further solidifying the original neighborhood intimacy. And between here, the friction is more and more, whether it is between young people, or between young people and old people, and these friction quarrels for just "you use more of my gas", "you invade my territory" and so on and so forth.

At its peak, there were more than 9,000 shikumen lilongs, which accounted for more than 60% of the total residential area in Shanghai. From a purely architectural point of view, Shikumen is a product of a specific historical period, going through more than a hundred years of history, and some Shikumen's spatial structure is no longer suitable for modern people's concept of living, so the disappearance of the normal. in the early 90's, Shanghai began a large-scale redevelopment and development. Many old Shikumen houses were demolished and replaced by high-rise buildings, and one after another old houses full of nostalgia gradually disappeared, and people realized that they had to keep these unique "works of art" in Shanghai.

Third, the oldest existing bridge in Shanghai, such as the Lupu Bridge and Yangpu Bridge, etc. to have a specific introduction

Shanghai's steepest existing single-hole arched stone bridge, the oldest --- Tai'an Bridge

Tai'an Bridge, commonly known as the Hejia Bridge, was built in the Ming Dynasty Wanli twelve (1584), for the single-hole arched stone bridge, the bridge was built in the Ming Dynasty, and the bridge was built in the Ming Dynasty.

Tai'an Bridge, commonly known as Hejia Bridge, was built in the 12th year of the Wanli reign (1584) of the Ming Dynasty. It is the steepest stone arch bridge in the whole town. Two pieces of flagstones are erected on the bridge, which are used for hanging the street lamps and are the navigational markers for the ships, and the relief carvings of "Feiyunshi" on the handrails on both sides of the bridge are simple and ancient.

The materials used to build the Hejia Bridge, is the green stone, and the carved bridge railing relief "Flying Cloud Stone", are like the work of the Yuan Dynasty, the bridge in front of the Yuanjin Zen Garden was also built in the Yuan Dynasty, so the history of this bridge, the bridge experts have a different point of view.

The Qing Dynasty famous scholar had a poem: "Sunset hot Wei retreat, pond light moon; Tap song heard on the city, fishing flute in the east of the river, bushel fan light shake the summer, banana shirt short by the wind; evening cool idle walk alone, the ancient temple a bridge". The poem describes the sunset and dusk, the fishermen sing in the evening, after a day of summer heat, people lightly shake the bushel fan, step on the bridge, enjoy the evening cool. It is really a vivid picture of the ancient summer cooling. Here wrote "an ancient temple a bridge", "ancient temple" that is the Yuanlv Zen Center, "a bridge" is the Tai'an Bridge.

Fourth, how many years of history of Shanghai City God Temple

The old City God Temple in Shanghai was built in the Ming Dynasty during the Yongle (1403-1424), nearly six hundred years of history.

From the Ming Dynasty Yongle (1403-1424) to the Qing Dynasty Daoguang (1821-1850) Shanghai City God Temple's temple base continues to expand, the palace buildings continue to increase, the most prosperous period, the total area of 49.9 acres of land, about 33,000 square meters. As an important Taoist temple in Shanghai, Shanghai City God Temple naturally suffered a major blow during the "Cultural Revolution" period, the statue of the god was destroyed, the temple was diverted to other uses. 1994, with the gradual implementation of the policy of freedom of religious beliefs, Shanghai City God Temple has been restored to become the management of Taoist temple by the Zheng Yi School of Taoist priests. 2005, the main hall of Shanghai City God Temple was opened to the public by a Taoist priest. In 2005, the right to use the front room of the main hall of Shanghai City God Temple was returned, and the second phase of the restoration project began immediately. Today's Shanghai City God Temple, including Huoguang Hall, Azi Hall, God of Wealth Hall, Cihang Hall, City God Hall, Niangniang Hall, Parents Hall, Guansheng Hall, Wenchang Hall nine halls, a total area of about two thousand square meters.

V. History of Suhewan

Internationally famous cities often have one or two famous rivers running through. Paris has the Seine River, London has the Thames River, Montreal has the St. Lawrence River, New York has the Hudson River ...... These quietly flowing rivers feed a city at the same time, but also for the city to add unlimited scenery.

Shanghai, there is also such a belong to their own mother river - "Suhewan". The meandering river has nurtured Shanghai's early prosperity and witnessed the city's historical changes. In the flow through the Zhabei Wuzhen Road to Zhejiang North Road, Suhewan elegantly drew a kilometer-long bright arc.

"Suhewan" Shanghai national industrial and commercial development of the pulse, in the early 1900s, it became the Shanghai national capital agglomeration and an important material distribution center. There are 17 banks and warehouses in Jincheng, Zhongnan, Salt, Continental, China Industrial, Zhejiang Industrial, etc., known as the "Golden Corridor". There is also the first Chinese silk factory in Shanghai and the first factory of the Rong family, the Fuxin Flour Mill, the pioneer of national industry, as well as the famous "Tin Hau Palace" and so on. In the 20s and 30s of the last century, "Suhewan" was once known as the "Qingming Riverside Map" in Shanghai.

What is the history of Xu Xing Town, Jiading District, Shanghai

Jia Ding decade of the Southern Song Dynasty (1218), from the eastern territory of Kunshan County, Chunshen, Anting, Linjiang, Pingle and other five townships to set up a new county, the name of the county in the name of the year for the name of the "Jiading", belonging to the Pingjiang Prefecture (prefectural seat of present-day Suzhou).

The Xu Xing area was under the Chun Shen Township of Jiading County, which was renamed Shouxin Township in the following year. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Xu Coronation, a Ming Dynasty celebrity, created a city in Xu Xing, which was originally called Xu Jia Xing.

In the first year of Xuantong in Qing Dynasty (1909), it was renamed as Xu Xing Township, and in 1949, it was set up as Xu Xing District, with 1 township and 16 townships under its jurisdiction.

In 1958, Xu Xing People's Commune was established, covering an area of 64.8 square kilometers, and in 1959, Huating People's Commune was established.

In 1961, Cao Wang People's Commune was established, and in 1983, it was renamed Xu Xing Township.

In early 1993, the township was abolished, and in October 2001, the two towns of Xuxing and Caowang were merged to form the town of Xuxing, which is under the control of the township and village system.

Xu Xing Town now has 10 villagers' committees under its jurisdiction, including Xiaomiao, Qianqiao, Xu Xing, Dashipi, Fuhu, Heqiao, Hongxing, Cao Wang, Labor and Anxin, as well as the Xuxing Resident Committee and Cao Wang Resident Committee.