Classical gardening techniques
summary
As far as the relationship between man and nature is concerned, China entered the affinity stage as early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Therefore, various means are used to express nature in gardening and landscape construction, so as to achieve the ideal state of getting better and better, seeing the big from the small and blending scenes, and to achieve natural, indifferent, quiet and subtle artistic effects. There are many means of garden construction, such as paying attention to the purpose of garden construction, the name of garden, the conception of garden, the layout of garden, and the micro-processing in garden. In micro-treatment, there are usually the following landscaping methods, which can also be used as ornamental means.
Suppress the scenery
China's traditional art has always been implicit, and landscaping will never let people see the best scenery as soon as they enter the door. The best scenery is often hidden behind. It's called. Hide first and then show? 、? Want to promote first? 、? There's a village where there's no road. Only by restraining the scenery can the garden show its artistic charm. For example, the entrance to the garden is often blocked by rockeries, which is called mountain suppression.
Tianjin
When a scenic spot is far away, or a natural mountain, or a cultural tower, if there are no other scenic spots in the middle or nearby for transition, it will appear empty and without layers; If there are trees and flowers in the middle and nearby as the transitional scenery between the middle and nearby, the scenery will be layered.
The tree in the middle and the flowers nearby are called Tim Jing. For example, when people stand under weeping willows on the south bank of Kunming Lake in the Summer Palace in Beijing and watch the scenery of Wanshou Mountain, Wanshou Mountain is lifelike because of the upside-down willows as decoration.
Jiajing
When a scenic spot is far away, or a natural mountain peak, or a humanistic building (such as a tower, bridge, etc. ), which is of great aesthetic value in itself, is monotonous if the two sides of the line of sight are too big to use; If the two sides are blocked by buildings or trees and flowers, making the scenic spot A more poetic, this landscape construction technique is called landscape clipping. For example, boating on Suzhou River in the back hill of the Summer Palace, the main scene of Suzhou Bridge in the distance is sandwiched between the rolling hills and beautiful forest belts on both sides, which constitutes a beautiful and moving landscape.
Duijing
In the garden, or climb pavilions, terraces, buildings, pavilions and pavilions, you can enjoy churches, mountains and rivers, bridges and trees? Or you can watch pavilions, terraces, buildings, pavilions, pavilions, bridges, corridors and so on. This method (or landscape construction method) of viewing the second viewpoint from the first viewpoint and viewing the second viewpoint from the second viewpoint is called opposite view.
Surrounded landscape
Doors, windows and holes of buildings in gardens, or landscape frames formed by trees and branches often contain distant landscapes or humanistic landscapes, which are called framed landscapes.
Leak site
On the wall of the garden, or on one side or both sides of the corridor (single corridor or cloister), leaky windows are often set up, or various geometric figures with national characteristics are carved, or plants such as grapes, pomegranate, Lao Li and bamboo pruning are carved, or animals such as deer, cranes and rabbits are carved. Through the crack of the leaky window, you can see the beautiful scenery outside the garden or courtyard. It's called a missing scene.
Borrow a scene
From royal gardens to private gardens, space is limited. Let visitors expand their horizons and associations horizontally or vertically, and let them see the big picture from small places. The most important way is to borrow scenery. Therefore, Ji Cheng pointed out in "Yuanye"? Does the garden have the skill to take advantage of the situation . Borrowing scenery can be divided into distant borrowing, neighboring borrowing, upper borrowing, leaning borrowing and timely borrowing. Borrowing a distant mountain is called borrowing far; Borrowing neighboring trees is called neighboring borrowing; Borrowing birds in the air is called borrowing; Borrowing fish from the pond is called leaning; Borrowing flowers from four seasons or other natural scenery is called timely borrowing flowers.
Gardening characteristics of classical gardens
Learn from nature
The art of gardening naturally includes two aspects: first, the overall layout and combination should conform to nature. The relationship between mountains and water in rockery and the combination of landscape factors such as peaks, streams, slopes and caves should conform to the objective law of natural landscape formation. Second, the image combination of various landscape elements should conform to the laws of nature. For example, rockery peaks are made up of many small stones. When stacking, we should imitate the texture of natural rocks and minimize the traces of artificial stacking. Swimming pools often have natural twists and turns. The arrangement of flowers and trees should be dense and natural. Trees and shrubs are also mixed, pursuing natural wild interests.
Harmony with nature
Ancient gardens in China used various methods to separate spaces, among which buildings were mainly used to enclose and separate spaces. Separated space strives to break through the limitations of limited space of garden entities from the perspective, so that it can be integrated with nature and express nature. Therefore, we must deal with the relationship between form and spirit, scenery and emotion, meaning and environment, emptiness and reality, movement and quietness, cause and borrowing, truth and falsehood, finiteness and infinity, impossibility and impossibility. In this way, garden space and natural space have been integrated and expanded. For example, the use of leaky windows makes the space circulate and the vision smooth, so it is continuous and plays a role of mutual penetration in the space. Looking through the leaky window, exquisite floral decorations and colorful patterns have a strong national flavor and aesthetic value; Through the leaking window, bamboo trees are blurred and swaying, pavilions are hidden from time to time, and blue sky and white clouds are flying in the distance, creating a profound and broad space realm and interest.
Comply with nature
Ancient gardens in China have mountains and waters, and buildings such as halls, corridors, pavilions, pavilions, buildings, platforms, pavilions, pavilions, pavilions, restaurants, boats and walls. Artificial mountains, stone patterns, caves, stone steps, stone peaks, etc. All show natural beauty. Artificial water, the shore twists and turns freely, and the water ripples step by step, showing the natural scenery. All buildings are in harmony with the natural environment in the sky and underground, and all parts of the garden are naturally connected, so that the garden embodies the artistic characteristics of nature, indifference, tranquility and implication, and receives ornamental effects such as changing scenery, getting better and better, and seeing the big from the small.
Show nature
Different from the systematic gardens in the west, the ancient gardens in China pay attention to the expression of nature in the treatment and arrangement of flowers and trees. Pines and cypresses soar into the sky, willow branches hang gracefully, peach blossoms bloom for miles, branches bend freely, and flowers are overflowing. Its shape and spirit are very important in expressing nature. Learn from nature, blend in with nature, conform to nature and show nature? Is this the embodiment of ancient gardens in China? Harmony between man and nature? National culture is the biggest feature of independence from the world and the fundamental reason for the eternal vitality of art.