China is rich in karst resources, and most of the magnificent and beautiful karst landscapes grow in remote and poor areas. With the development of karst tourism resources, the process of getting rid of poverty and becoming well-off in karst areas is accelerating. It is an important task for the Party committee and government in karst area to study the relationship between resource development and regional economic development and the law of resource transformation.
1. Characteristics of karst resources and its influence on regional economic development
Natural resources are an important foundation for human survival and an important factor in regional economic development. Including the geographical features, climatic features, hydrological features and natural resource conditions such as land, biological and mineral resources. Karst resource is a unique landscape resource. The so-called "karst" refers to a material geological process produced by the interaction between water and soluble rocks. When water circulates on the surface of soluble rock mass and cracks in different directions in the rock mass, it produces dissolution and mechanical scouring to a certain extent, which makes the surface and interior of rock mass form a unique karst landscape. Karst resources mainly have the following three characteristics:
Non-renewable karst landscape resources formed over hundreds of millions of years are not only very limited, but also non-renewable. Therefore, from the perspective of sustainable development of human society, it is particularly important to rationally utilize and effectively protect karst resources in view of their non-renewability.
ornamental, which is the most unique property of karst resources. Large-scale and magnificent peaks, various and lifelike stone forests and stalactites constitute a magnificent picture scroll that is amazing and pleasing to the eye. It is the key to fully understand and grasp the uniqueness of karst resources and promote the transformation of resource advantages into tourism industry advantages.
the distribution of any regional resources on the earth is unbalanced, and there are significant regional differences in quantity and quality. Every natural resource has its special geographical distribution law, especially karst resources. The distribution of Xingwen karst is different from that of Yunnan and Guizhou karst, and this difference in distribution and combination will have a great impact on the development and utilization of resources.
wholeness The various natural resource elements in each region are ecologically related to each other, forming a whole, that is, a natural ecosystem. The development and utilization of one of these resources may lead to the development and utilization of other resources in the system or karst water resources and animal and plant resources in the environmental area. This holistic feature requires people to adhere to the principles of reasonable research, comprehensive development and avoiding weaknesses in the development and utilization of natural resources.
Karst resources are very limited and precious landscape resources. Rational development and effective protection of this kind of resources have an important impact on regional economic development.
1. The quantity of karst resources affects the scale of regional tourism development. Natural resources are the natural material basis for regional production and development. The more natural resources there are, the larger the scale of production development by using them may be. The greater the distribution of karst landscape in a region, the greater the scale and potential of tourism development in this region. Tourism development in Guilin, Yunnan and other places is based on the amount of karst resources.
2. The quality of karst resources and the conditions of development and utilization affect the economic benefits of regional production activities. The same resource, with different quality and development and utilization conditions, has different ways of development and utilization, different cost input, labor productivity, product quality and market sales, and different economic benefits. For example, national scenic spots and world heritage sites are also scenic spots, but due to different tastes and quality of resources, different levels and ways of development, their benefits are different. Generally speaking, the higher the quality of resources, the better the conditions for development, and the greater the driving and influence on regional economy.
3. The regional combination of karst resources affects the regional industrial structure. Natural resources are the basis of industrial development. With a certain resource, it is possible to develop an industry that focuses on the development and utilization of this resource. Areas rich in karst resources often form a regional economic structure dominated by tourism. For example, in Xingwen area, the tertiary industry was underdeveloped in the past, and there were few hotels and restaurants. With the development of karst scenic spots in recent years, an economic structure dominated by agricultural and sideline products processing, tourism products processing and catering and entertainment industry has gradually formed. The regional distribution of production is very consistent with the regional distribution of resources.
second, the development and utilization status of Xingwen karst resources
Xingwen County, Yibin City, Sichuan Province is located in the transition zone between Sichuan Basin and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, and is a mountain range at the northern end of Wumeng Mountain. It is adjacent to Jiang 'an and Naxi counties in the north, xuyong county in the east, Weixin county in Yunnan in the south and Gongxian and Changning counties in the west. The county covers an area of 1,362 square kilometers, governs 21 townships and 322 villages with 428,411 people, including 5 Miao townships with a population of 36,111. It is the largest Miao settlement in Sichuan Province. Xingwen is a remote and poor mountainous county, which was once a national poverty-stricken county. In 2112, the county's GDP was 1.17 billion yuan, the fixed assets investment of the whole society was 327 million yuan, the local fiscal revenue was 29.76 million yuan, and the per capita net income of farmers was 2,176 yuan.
Xingwen is one of the typical karst geological and geomorphological areas in China. The widely distributed karst resources have formed many precious karst geological and geomorphological wonders such as Tian Quan Cave, large and small karst funnels, karst canyons, numerous surface stone buds, peak clusters and peak forests. Professor Zhu Xuewen, a famous cave expert, once commented on Xingwen Stone Forest: "World-class funnels, a large number of inflow caves, a complete karst basin, excellent karst development conditions and a long karst evolution history. Many experts who have visited Xingwen karst landscape also agree that such a complete karst landscape is the first in China and rare in the world. It can be called a karst museum and a rare karst textbook.
Nature endows Xingwen people with such a beautiful karst landscape, which creates a rich material foundation and favorable conditions for the development of Xingwen county economy. However, the development and utilization of karst tourism resources has experienced a long and tortuous history.
Xingwen used karst landscape resources to develop tourism, which started early and developed slowly. As early as May 1, 1981, Shihaidong Township Scenic Area was opened to the outside world. In 1986, the "Shihaidong Township" scenic spot became the first batch of provincial-level scenic spots. Hu Yaobang, Song Renqiong and Zhang Aiping, leaders of the Party and state, visited the site successively. Provincial and municipal leaders have visited the scenic spot for many times to guide the work. Historians, geographers and teachers and students of related majors in colleges and universities have visited the scenic spots and conducted intuitive teaching. The popularity of the "Shihaidong Township" scenic spot is constantly improving, and the number of tourists is increasing day by day. From 1981 to 1985, the number of tourists increased from more than 31,111 to more than 91,111, and in five years, * * * received more than 391,111 Chinese and foreign tourists.
with the deepening of China's reform and opening up and the continuous development of economy and society, many scenic spots in the country rose rapidly in the middle and late 1981s, and the level of development and construction of scenic spots gradually improved. Even Bamboo Sea in southern Sichuan, which is only 41 kilometers away from Shihaidong Township, accelerated its development pace and took the lead. However, since the late 1981s, Shihaidong Township has lagged far behind many scenic spots in China for various reasons. The number of tourists has decreased year by year, and in 2111, there were only 21,111 people, resulting in the tragic situation of being left out in the cold, employees wanting to leave, and career decline. Because the advantage of karst resources has not been transformed into the advantage of tourism industry, the development of county economy has not yet made breakthrough progress and fundamental changes strategically.
Looking back at the history of karst resources development in Xingwen, we can see that with abundant resources, it is not necessarily possible to cultivate good industries, and there is not necessarily a new breakthrough in the development of regional economy. How to change the advantages of karst resources into the advantages of tourism industry and regional economy really needs our serious reflection and summary.
1. In a remote and poverty-stricken area with rich karst tourism resources, how to accelerate the development of county economy requires us to clarify our thinking, define our goals, adjust our structure, break through key points, and transform resource advantages into economic advantages as quickly as possible, thus driving people in karst areas to get rid of poverty and become rich and run towards a well-off society.
2. The development of county economy must break away from convention, fully understand its own county situation, its own advantages and disadvantages, its own economic characteristics and its position in the whole country and even the whole world, find out the strategic breakthrough, and only by truly breaking through the breakthrough and making a fuss about its advantages and characteristics can the transformation of resources enter the track of benign development. If we can take advantage of the situation and innovate constantly, the development strategy of county economy can be implemented and realized as scheduled.
3. System, talents and capital are the three key elements in the development of karst scenic spots. And the system is the key. During the 21 years from 1981 to 2111, the investment in the development of Shihaidong Township was only 3 million yuan, and the key was the institutional obstacle. If we don't eliminate the system obstacles, break through the old framework, and reform and innovate, we won't be able to grasp the key and it will be difficult to solve the investment problem of scenic spot development.
4. The adjustment of industrial structure in karst areas should be driven and promoted from the strategic height of sustainable development and closely around the development of karst tourism resources. The key to structural adjustment is what kind of leading industries and auxiliary industries to cultivate. If the leading industries are not selected accurately or there are too many leading industries, it will bring immeasurable losses to the development of regional economy and even lead to the stagnation of regional economy. For example, the karst area is rich in tourism resources, and the underground mineral resources are also relatively rich. Is it mainly to develop tourism resources or coal and sulfur resources? Strategically speaking, from the trend of economic globalization and escalating consumer demand, the choice of leading industries is unquestionable. Karst areas must proceed from the strategic height of sustainable development and take the development of karst tourism resources as the leading factor. This is the basic conclusion drawn from Xingwen's 22-year development history.
Third, the development of karst resources in Xingwen and the leaping development of county economy
The acceleration of economic globalization and the opportunities and challenges brought by China's entry into WTO have once again impacted people in karst areas, especially leading cadres at all levels in karst areas. Faced with increasingly fierce market competition and severe challenges, they have to re-examine their strengths and weaknesses and have to re-choose and find their own development path.
(1) Selection and cultivation of leading industries
In the development of regional economy, what is to be developed first, and then how to develop it. Therefore, the very important task of local party committees and governments is to strategically study and decide what is the leading industry for regional economic development. How to accelerate the development of leading industries?
the so-called leading industry is the leading industry, that is, the industry or industrial group that can drive the industrial development of the whole region. Leading industry is the core of regional economy, which determines the development direction, speed, nature and scale of regional economy, and reflects the position of a certain region in the national regional division of labor. The method of determining leading industries should generally start from three aspects: quantitative, qualitative and comprehensive analysis. This paper mainly takes Xingwen as an example to discuss from the perspective of comprehensive analysis, and from the analysis and comparison of regional advantages and disadvantages, it is necessary and feasible for Xingwen to choose tourism as the leading industry.
first of all, from the perspective of location advantages. Xingwen is far away from the big market, 481 kilometers away from the provincial capital Chengdu, 118 kilometers away from the medium-sized cities Yibin and 86 kilometers away from Luzhou. It has almost no advantage in location and is a typical remote and poor mountainous county. Due to its remote location, the historical foundation of economic and social development in this area is relatively weak.
secondly, from the perspective of resource advantages. As mentioned above, Xingwen karst resources are extremely rich, and it is one of the famous karst tourist attractions in China. There are provincial-level scenic spots, including Bowang Mountain, World Geopark, National Geopark and National Scenic Spot Xingwen Shihai. At the same time, the region is also rich in mineral resources, including 1 billion tons of coal, 13.5 billion tons of pyrite and 4.8 billion tons of salt mines. Since coal mining has been going on for nearly 31 years, although the industry is still one of the main sources of fiscal revenue. However, the negative effects brought by coal mining, such as environmental damage and frequent safety accidents, have gradually transformed its resource advantages into resource disadvantages.
third, from the technical advantage. Xingwen has long regarded mining as its pillar industry, and its products are mostly primary products, with low technical content, backward production technology and equipment, low technical literacy of labor force and low mastery of new technologies. Strategically speaking, Xingwen's mining industry as the leading industry lacks comparative advantages and sustained market competitiveness.
fourth, from the perspective of industrial advantages. The primary and secondary industries in Xingwen County are relatively backward, traditional, small in scale, low in modern organization and not obvious in comparative advantage. The tourism industry has obvious characteristics, large scale and high grade. Especially with the improvement of people's living standards and the continuous upgrading of consumer demand, Xingwen tourism industry with karst natural landscape as the main body has outstanding industrial advantages. If it is well developed and cultivated, it is entirely possible to go to the whole country and the world.
thus, although Xingwen is rich in karst tourism resources and mineral resources, which are indispensable industrial pillars compared with other industries at present, it is obviously inappropriate to take the mining industry as the leading factor, regardless of the long-term consideration of sustainable development or the analysis of the comprehensive conditions of the industry itself. It is necessary to shift the focus of county economy to the development and construction of karst tourism resources, and find a new way to cultivate tourism-leading industries, so as to comprehensively promote the regional economy by leaps and bounds.
(II) Establishment of strategic breakthrough and protection of resources
The cultivation and growth of leading industries is a complicated and systematic project. In particular, karst areas should closely combine their own specific realities, prioritize and select strategic breakthrough points, make unremitting efforts to make breakthroughs, gradually realize the transformation from resource advantages to economic advantages, and finally promote the prosperity and virtuous circle of county economy. The characteristics and advantages of Xingwen County are concentrated in Xingwen Shihai, and the potential and hope of tourism are also in Xingwen Shihai. The development and construction of Xingwen Shihai has a certain foundation. It is a strategic breakthrough to realize the revitalization and development of tourism industry to play the card of Xingwen Shihai and build the leading role of Xingwen Shihai to drive the development of karst resources in the county. With a breakthrough in point, there will be a leap-forward development on the surface.
it is the key to declare national key scenic spots. Starting from 1996, the Xingwen County Party Committee and the county government restarted the declaration of Xingwen Shihai National Key Scenic Spot from the long-term strategy of economic and social development, and then successively started the declaration of National Geopark and World Geopark, devoting all the efforts of the whole county to extensively strive for it. After six years of hard work, Xingwen Shihai was officially approved as a national key scenic spot by the State Council in May 2112 and a national geological park in March 2114. In February 2115, it was approved as a world geopark, which laid a solid foundation for the development of Xingwen tourism and brought a golden historical opportunity for the economic and social leap.
it is an important measure to close the sulfur plant around the scenic spot. Chuanyan Plant and Xingyan Plant were the largest sulfur plants around Xingwen Shihai at that time, with more than 2,111 employees. They were once famous pillar enterprises in Xingwen. Due to the over-exploitation of Sichuan and Xing mines, Xingwen Shihai has not only become an important slag accumulation site, but also the whole Xingwen Shihai Scenic Area is almost barren due to serious air pollution. Therefore, in 1996, after the difficult choice of whether to close the mine or not, I made up my mind and made a decision to mine Sichuan and Xing.