The regional division of Shaanxi folk culture and the development of Qin and Han dynasties
Shaanxi folk customs are divided into Guanzhong area, northern Shaanxi area and southern Shaanxi area.
Regarding the geographical features, historical position, early management and the legacy of attaching importance to agriculture in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, Biography of Historical Records Huo Zhi said: "Guanzhong is a lotus from east to east, with fertile soil for thousands of miles, and it has been cultivated for thousands of miles since it started. Gongliu is suitable, the King of Thailand is in Wenqi, Wang Zuofeng is in Wen Qi, and the King of Wu is a pickaxe. Therefore, his people still have former Wang Yifeng, and they are good at planting crops and cultivating grains. "
Regarding the new face, regional characteristics and academic style of northern Shaanxi culture, Yuangui Bookstore said: "Qin Shihuang left Meng Tian to repel the Huns. It is very good to be thousands of miles north of Henan, so I built a city and moved a residential building and named it' Xinqin'. " "Geography of Hanshu" said: "Anding, Beidi, Shang Jun and Xihe are all near Rongzhai, so we should practice combat readiness, be energetic, shoot hard and shoot first." This background is related to the sound and image of the waist drum in northern Shaanxi, which can confirm each other.
As for the early customs in Shaanxi, Hanzhong Fu Zhi said: "Hanzhong Fu has a strong and simple custom and is keen on agricultural shooting. Wudu people are strong and brave, and semi-Qin is brave; The land is dangerous, people are half Chu, and the customs are slightly the same as Jingzhou and Zhangzhou counties. " "Tales on Earth" said: "Emperor Gaozu sent Bashu, cut Sanqin and moved Shu to Shangluo. Most of its customs are mountain hunting and logging, which is deeply Chu style. " "Ningqiang County Records" also said: "Ningqiang County" has both north and south, and the languages are mixed with Qin and Shu. They all fully show the mutual influence of wind and habits in adjacent areas and the regional characteristics of wind and habits.
On the evaluation of the pre-Qin customs, Xue Si 'an (Wild Record) said: "Reading Qin Feng makes you feel happy to avoid lewdness and be good at Qin Feng's poems. "It shows the origin of the inheritance of good customs in qi zhou.
At the end of Qin Dynasty, Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang marched into Shangluo, crossed the dam, entered Xianyang in the west and Hanzhong in the south. Fighting back against Sanqin, building Chang 'an as its capital and joining forces with Shanhaiguan, the development of folklore has entered a new historical period.
On the changes, characteristics and great significance of customs in Qin Dynasty, Zhu, a Neo-Confucianism scholar in Song Dynasty, made a profound summary and discussion in Shi Zhuan. I would like to copy it as follows: "The custom of Qin Dynasty is to be brave first and forget life and death. The rich land was promoted by Wen Wang from the beginning, and the transformation of' Er Nan' was as loyal as the other side. Qin people used it, and soon changed its customs, brazenly recruiting eight States with the same face. What? Yongzhou is thick in soil and deep in water, and people are thick and straight, without Kevin·Z's habit of arrogance and extravagance. Guide it with kindness. It is easy to rise, but it depends on righteousness; If we drive it with courage, it will be enough to win the enemy's capital and strengthen the industry of agriculture and enriching the people, which is beyond the reach of Shandong countries. "
This comment is a generalization and summary of historical development, and it is also of great reference significance for understanding future historical development.
Second, the development of Shaanxi folk customs and production customs from Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to Tang and Song Dynasties.
In the historical stage of Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties, the activities of local rangers, Taoism and Buddhism appeared in society one after another, which had a corresponding impact on folk culture, added new factors to social life to varying degrees, and changed customs accordingly. By the Han Dynasty, local rangers had gradually merged with folk entertainment or appeared in the form of folk entertainment, which was quite common in cities. "geography with the book" said: "Hanzhong people are simple, uneducated, do not make much money, and are addicted to their mouths and stomachs. Although the tent room is Chai Men, the food will be delicious. Worship ghosts and gods, especially avoid confusion, family members have died and need to leave their homes. Advocating Taoism, there is still Zhang! " The characteristics of local customs are still strong; The influence of Taoism and Buddhism is also obvious.
In the Tang Dynasty, the relationship between folk customs and the government was also very close. Qin Zhong Ji Nian said: "It was the end of the Tang Dynasty, and Qujiang gave a banquet. Everyone drinks Jiangtou together and steps on the grass, which is called' outing'. " "When I was one year old" said: "Every year in Chang 'an, soup cakes, chicken blankets and cold dishes are often recommended in tombs, and Lei Zi cars are also recommended; Tomb-Sweeping Day, the officials and children in the inner garden drill fire in front of the temple, and the one who gets the fire gets in first. Give me three silks and a golden bowl, and everyone will watch my wife sweep the floor out of the city at the gate of the wild goose, and the horses and chariots will be noisy. The new Jinshi will hold a blanket banquet in Deng Yue Pavilion, or give the wine to the minister, that is, the re-brewed wine. "
In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the products were abundant, the Silk Road was smooth, and merchants from Chang 'an gathered in all directions. There are many restaurants, restaurants and tea shops. In the prosperous food market, Hu Feng's cooking skills and Hu Ji's restaurant are also frequently enhanced and become folk wonders.
Li Bai's "Youth Travel" once described the scene at that time and said: "Wuling Mountain is young and the gold market is east, and the silver saddle and white horse are in the spring breeze; Where to swim in bloom? Laugh into Hu Ji's restaurant. " At that time, Hu Ji learned to use pasta to make Hu cakes with her own national characteristics, which was also famous throughout the country. Bai Juyi has a poem "Learn Kyoto with Hu Bingbing". According to the test, the present sesame cake evolved from the Hu cake at that time. Pasta is the traditional staple food of Shaanxi people since ancient times. This is also closely related to agricultural production in Shaanxi. Shaanxi agriculture has a long history, and its production customs are constantly developing in the social and historical development.
In Guanzhong area, people praise the mystery of waterwheel. The inscription on the riddle reads: "Cao Cao sat alone in the Central Plains, dressed in eight clothes, and led the troops in Qian Qian!"
As for the water towns in southern Shaanxi, the production customs are even more impressive. "Chenggu County Records" said: "Before and after Xiaoman, farmers planted rice seedlings, and the proverb goes:' Water holds seedlings and inserts them into Noda, and heads down to see the water; Six cleanness is rice, and retrogression is progress!' "It creates and reflects another quite high spiritual realm. His philosophical thought and artistic expression are also impressive, which deserves deep appreciation. It can also be seen that people's creativity is indeed infinite and worth learning.
Connotation and function of customs related to production and life in Shaanxi folk customs
(1) There are activities related to production customs in Shaanxi, such as praying for blessings and welcoming the gods. For example, the Song of Tianlu said: "In the Qin Dynasty, there was a custom of taking drum music to the suburbs on February 2 and returning at dusk, which was called' welcoming the rich'. In ancient China, the country was the soil, the valley was the god, and the country (temple) was set up for sacrifice, "spring worships autumn and tastes", praying for a bumper harvest.
(2) There are many customs related to ethics. In the aspect of "looking for a distant place carefully", Tomb-Sweeping Day visited the grave, "sweeping the grave", "clearing away the summer heat" and "offering sacrifices to ancestors in the Central Plains and Magu" to send cold clothes on October 1st, and offering sacrifices first from winter solstice to twelfth day and twelfth day.
There are also many customs in respecting ethics, living in harmony and attaching importance to in-laws. For the next of kin, in addition to the first day of the New Year, the whole family should pay New Year greetings to their elders, brothers, uncles (daughters-in-law) and sisters-in-law, and there are also "lucky money" for children on New Year's Eve. Every Spring Festival, when the wheat is ripe, married daughters, sons-in-law, nephews and uncles should pay New Year greetings to their parents, their families and the Mid-Autumn Festival. Mother's family, Yue's family and uncle's family will send lanterns, explore summer, send (Dragon Boat Festival) and send (Double Ninth Festival) cakes to their daughters, sons-in-law and nephews on Lantern Festival, Summer Summer Summer, Dragon Boat Festival and Double Ninth Festival! In addition, in terms of harmonious countryside, many habits of "being good neighbors" have also been formed. During the Spring Festival, family worship is followed by going out to worship and inviting each other to hold a banquet. Xianning county theory; "On the first day of the New Year's Day, the scholar-officials were very happy to worship their ancestors, their stepfather's history, and they became their new home; So is Qi Min. "
In addition, in Guanzhong area, there is a custom of "newly married women paying homage to their families" after marriage.
(3) In terms of health, hygiene, cultural and sports activities and customs, "sweeping the house" to welcome the Spring Festival after the 23rd day of the twelfth lunar month can be seen everywhere. When winter goes and spring comes, women go out in time to improve their health, which is similar everywhere. When winter goes and spring comes, women go out in time to improve their health, which is similar everywhere. When winter goes and spring comes, young men and women and the whole people engage in cultural and sports activities in various names and forms to entertain their bodies and minds and improve their health, each with its own characteristics.
(4) During the Lunar New Year season, there are many customs of comforting orphans, giving alms and carrying out public welfare activities. Such as Tomb-Sweeping Day's offering sacrifices to sweep solitary graves and ownerless graves. There are also many places where meals are delivered during festivals.
(5) With the development of social history, the increase of cultural exchanges inside and outside the province and at home and abroad, as well as the needs of people's spiritual life, legends, figures, historical figures and even foreign figures gradually entered folk life, so that special meetings were held to commemorate them. Among them, for example: ① Nu Wa's "mending the sky by refining stones" is very common and came into being earlier. ② February 2nd is the meeting of Wang Yao Temple: Xixiang County records said: "On February 2nd, the meeting of Wang Yao Temple was held in Gaoping Temple, where both men and women arrived, taking a walk to choose the winner and picking wild vegetables for food". Other places, such as Wang Yaoshan in Yao County, have such meetings. It is said that February 2nd is Sun Simiao's birthday. (3) Qingming cold food can sweep graves, in addition to injecting the significance of commemorating mesons, it can also sweep graves. ④ Eating brown rice, racing dragon boats and drinking realgar wine during the Dragon Boat Festival, except the former, are all infused with the significance of commemorating Qu Yuan. The latter further confirmed the efficacy of drinking realgar wine to ward off evil spirits and avoid disasters with the story of The Legend of the White Snake, which made this custom more deeply rooted in people's hearts. In many places, the Dragon Boat Festival is also very warm.
Everything in life is inseparable from mathematics. As long as you are good at observation, you will find that mathematics cannot be separated from you. After studying the knowledge of proportion for six years, I deeply realized that mathematics has brought us many benefits. It's a sunny afternoon. My brother and I have an appointment to meet at 2 o'clock in the forest park, and then we will go to the zoo to play together. After arriving at our destination, we had to buy a map of the park, because this was our first visit to the zoo in Forest Park. After I got the map, my brother crept up to me and grabbed it. I have no choice but to restrain my unreasonable behavior towards this "little naughty boy" Then my brother solemnly said to me, "Brother, today my guide will take you to see the lion!" " "At this time, I thought to myself: I hope it won't be the opposite! Then my brother took me everywhere like a headless fly. After about an hour, I finally couldn't help it. I shouted, "What are you doing? I'm exhausted. Why haven't I arrived yet "I took the map back directly, and when I saw it, I suddenly realized that it was my pushy brother who made up numbers and interpreted the scale of the map as 1: 5000 on the map as 1 cm representing the actual 5000 cm." Well, learning a skill is really important! If you are as self-righteous as your younger brother and don't study hard, the consequences are often self-defeating! "Then, according to what I learned, soon, we came to the lion. Look at my brother's envy. He's begging me to accept him as an apprentice! Knowledge is the key to success, students, study hard! Let's create a better tomorrow with our own efforts!
What are the customs in Shaanxi? The representative of Shaanxi customs is the' ten eccentrics'. 1, surface like a belt; 2, the pot helmet is like a pot cover; 3. Chili pepper is a dish; 4, the big names in the bubble are sold; 5, bowls and basins are difficult to divide; 6. Dad wears it on his head; 7. Half of the house is covered; 8, the girl is not external; 9. Don't do it; 10, singing and shouting.
400 words will go to the east of Shaanxi, and people will scramble to eat mutton. Of course, I am no exception. The day before Dongzhi, I ate mutton at my grandmother's house. As soon as the delicious mutton soup is served, I want to drink it all at once. I smell it, ah! I feel like I am in a fairyland. That smell! "Sweet! It smells good! Dad, can I eat? " I said hopefully. Who knows, dad criticized me and said grandpa wouldn't eat, so what would you eat? My grandfather has passed away, so let him eat first before every meal, otherwise it is disrespectful to the older generation. But I couldn't help it, so I ate some while they weren't looking. Ah! How delicious! I once again entered the fairyland. Unexpectedly, the next day, I was unlucky in everything. Oh, dear! I was shocked when I remembered what my father said yesterday. Could it be that Grandpa was angry with me and made me unlucky? So the next day everything was careful and finally escaped a disaster. Now there are superstitions in the scientific community!
The custom of Chinese New Year in Shaanxi is the first day of the first lunar month, commonly known as "Chinese New Year". This is the biggest festival in urban and rural areas of this county. In the old society, people began to buy new year's goods, clean the courtyard and decorate the inner room from the 23rd of the twelfth lunar month, which is called "sweeping the house". On the 30th, all industries except pharmacies were closed, and all families posted Spring Festival couplets. This day was called "New Year's Eve". At that time, the family will be reunited and jiaozi will be included. At the same time, provide meals for ancestors and burn incense to "sacrifice to God". At the dawn of the first day, men, women and children put on new clothes and fired guns to welcome the spring; Burn incense for ancestors first, and then "kowtow" to elders; In order to show concern, the elders gave lucky money to the younger generation. There are few people in the neighborhood. Visit your elders to "pay New Year greetings" (commonly known as kowtowing). Then, everyone eats jiaozi. Since then, gongs and drums have been loud, social fires have been played and yangko has been danced until the fifteenth day of the first month.
Dragon Boat Festival is the Dragon Boat Festival on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, also known as Duanyang Festival, Noon Festival, May Festival, Ai Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Chongwu Festival, Noon Festival and Summer Festival. Although the names are different, the customs of people everywhere are the same. Dragon Boat Festival is an old custom in China for more than two thousand years. On this day, every household hangs bells, hangs mugwort leaves and calamus, races dragon boats, eats zongzi, drinks realgar wine, travels in all diseases and wears sachets. Today is the Dragon Boat Festival. Do you know the origin of Dragon Boat Festival? I don't know! Then I'll tell you! Do you remember Qu Yuan, the patriotic general of Chu State? Let me talk about him! Qu Yuan, who went abroad during the Warring States Period, was very knowledgeable. He is an official around the king of Chu, and his image makes his country rich and strong. The bad king Chu listened to the traitor and exiled Qu Yuan. When Qu Yuan was in exile, he heard that the capital of Chu was occupied by the enemy, and the people suffered greatly. On the fifth day of May, he came to the Miluo River and jumped into it with a stone in his arms. People who go abroad are very sad to hear that Qu Yuan jumped into the river. they ...
The customs, clothing, food, shelter and transportation in Shanxi are the main folk customs in a region, and they are also important factors in forming local living habits and humanistic characteristics. Among them, clothing and travel have great variability, but diet is different. For example, people in southeastern Shanxi want to eat small rice after eating white flour for three days, while people in southern Shanxi who are used to eating white steamed bread may not even get used to a sorghum meal. People in Jinzhong love pasta, and vinegar is always the best food on the table. Another example is folk houses, and the characteristics of Shanxi folk houses are very obvious. Now introduce the typical customs of food, clothing, housing and transportation. Shanxi people's daily necessities-folk art of rubbing fish with oat flour >> folk art >> folk paper-cutting, folk dough sculpture, folk toys around the kang, folk sculpture, folk woodcut, Taiyuan folk art, Shanxi opera, singing tickets, and Shanxi folk embroidery: embroidered purse, embroidered clothes, children's hats, earmuffs, Chinese-style chest covering, waistcoat, children's shoes and embroidered shoes. Spring Festival door paintings, Spring Festival couplets, window grilles, and folk social fires in Shanxi: lanterns, fireworks, stilts, dry boat running, bamboo and horse running, car dancing, chair-picking dancing, lion dancing, dragon dancing, dragon boat, Chinese Huangtai, upside-down flower drums, iron bars, fishermen playing mussels, Master Shen sitting in a sedan chair, Jinnan Blood Society Fire Yellow River Lantern Festival,
Customs and Traditional Diet in Changwu County, Shaanxi Province
Folk eating habits are mainly wheat, corn and sorghum, supplemented by miscellaneous grains such as buckwheat and glutinous rice. Home-cooked meals are mainly steamed bread, rice soup or noodles. It is customary in the countryside to have two meals a day, three meals when busy, and soup for dinner. It tastes sour and spicy, and the workmanship is fine. Taking wheat flour as an example, steaming, rolling, branding, frying, baking, washing, pressing and spreading have various patterns and styles. Changwu people are hospitable, and the banquet is fried, fried, stewed and fried. Guanzhong and Longdong have both tastes, and they are very particular about color and taste. Generally, there are five kinds of banquets, eight Ku five, eight heavy, nine heavy and ten full. People pay attention to etiquette, ostentation and extravagance, and rich festivals. They eat noodles, meat dishes and hot pot in the New Year, zongzi in the Dragon Boat Festival, moon cakes in the Mid-Autumn Festival, jujube cakes and laba porridge in Chongyang.
Etiquette communication
Changwu people pay attention to etiquette and friendship in their communication. Send a welcome and be hospitable. Relatives, friends or teachers will hold a banquet to welcome you. Close relatives and friends who go to the exam, take office and travel abroad will hold a banquet to see them off. When opening a business, building a house, moving to a new house, recruiting apprentices, marrying men and women, celebrating the birthday of the elderly and making coffins, we should congratulate each other, give gifts and treat guests, and we should have a "gift book" for future reference.
Folks have always regarded respecting the old and loving the young as a virtue. Worship ancestors and kowtow to elders on holidays. Bow and greet each other with peers. No matter in public or in daily life, the names are cordial and orderly. Walk, enter the door, talk, eat, ride, and be polite to the elderly. When sitting at the table, the younger generation toasted the elders and guests and advised them to eat.
People pay attention to appropriate gifts in their communication. When getting married, give the woman a "box", including clothes, sheets, quilt cover, glasses and so on. Give gifts to the man, including clothes, sheets, quilts, photo albums, vases and cash; Send birthday couplets, birthday wishes, etc. For the elderly who celebrate their birthdays; Baby's full moon presents baby's hat, shoes, children's clothes, toys, etc. Funeral wreath, elegiac couplet, plaque, libation, etc. ; If relatives and friends are killed in the disaster, they will go to condolence or support the property. On other festivals, gifts are given according to the distance and financial ability of relatives and friends, with different thickness.
Changwu people attach importance to family ties, frequent contacts and warm hospitality. Every visitor was warmly received by the host, with at least one cigarette and a cup of tea. Be modest and polite when eating and drinking. Banquets or ordinary simple meals, with the position of the crossbar and the back wall of the house as the top, are polite to guests. During the dinner, the host toasted diligently, persuaded Lai, and shouted "Eat well". When the guests leave, the whole family will be sent out to thank each other and say goodbye.
In an emergency, it has become a traditional fashion for neighbors to help and care for each other. Farmers build houses, rush to harvest and sow seeds, and help workers return to work without compensation. In case of natural and man-made disasters, one place is in trouble, and support is provided from all directions.
Festival custom
the Spring Festival; Chinese New Year
The "Spring Festival" on the first day of the first lunar month is commonly known as New Year, Spring Festival, New Year's Day and New Year's Day. I always have noodles and soup for breakfast. Before meals, the younger generation bowed and kowtowed to their elders. After dinner, men of the same race get together and go to the village to pay New Year greetings to the elderly. After meeting, relatives and friends will bow down and congratulate each other, no matter in the yard at home or on the roadside at the head of the village. After entering the house, when you encounter a necromancer card that is less than three years old, you should worship it first and then worship it from generation to generation. The elders also showed humility and set the table for them. There are seven dishes and eight bowls for lunch, and there are more than enough hot pots. You can also drink yellow wine.
On New Year's Eve, our family got together, laughed and spent the night together. At midnight, radio stations and TV stations rang the annual bell, and firecrackers sounded deafening. Worship the ancestors in the morning and the old people. Adult dolls are beaming and in high spirits. From grade one to grade three, eating long noodles for breakfast increases jiaozi and dullness. Lunch is richer in fat and wine. Visiting relatives and friends, an endless stream, full of warm atmosphere of civilization and peace everywhere.
the Lantern Festival
The Lantern Festival on the fifteenth day of the first month is also called "Lantern Festival". Spend the Lantern Festival and play with lanterns. There is a folk saying that "the first day is the fifteenth day of high school". People steam steamed buns and make various images according to the zodiac to worship God to "see the light". The bride's family, fiancee's in-laws and baby's uncle's family should send lanterns and steamed bread in advance. The new wife went back to her family to "hide from the rain". There is also the custom of young daughter-in-law "stealing" calf buns to give birth early. Pay attention to eating bean jelly at night, and also have the habit of eating Yuanxiao. Every year from the 14th to 16th of the first month, the red light is hung high every night, and children play together. Lantern Festival was held in the town of the county seat, and balloons and ribbons were flying all over the sky, which made people see things in a blur. At night, the screen is lit, fireworks are set off, riddles on lanterns are solved, and social fires and theatrical performances are held. On 16, people are playing around and all walks of life are happy, which is called the "journey of all diseases", hoping to get rid of diseases and prolong life.
Dragon Boat Festival
Dragon Boat Festival on the fifth day of May, also known as Duanyang, is commonly known as "Dragon Boat Festival". Generation after generation, people attach great importance to it. Get up early at dawn and sweep the dust. Collect mugwort and hang it on the lintel. Children wet their hair with dew, tie mugwort leaves on their heads, and tie sachets on their chests, commonly known as "purses", as playthings. Rubbing nose and ear holes with realgar has the meaning of avoiding plague and expelling insects. For breakfast, we will eat jiaozi, oil cakes, mung bean cakes and steamed bread in the shape of mugwort leaves. Eat stir-fry for lunch, hold a banquet and drink realgar wine. Folk relatives and neighbors exchange zongzi and wormwood steamed bread. When getting married, the man must give the woman a gift, which is called "chasing the festival". Women and children wear colorful "flower ropes" on their hands, feet and wrists, put on flower shoes and wrap their stomachs with flowers. Men, women and children are equipped with wallets with novel shapes, and brothers, sisters and unmarried people exchange wallets as a symbol of friendship.
New Year's Eve
The night on the last day of the twelfth lunar month is called New Year's Eve. On the same day, we thoroughly cleaned the house, pasted the panes of stick grilles, prepared incense sticks and firecrackers, pasted couplets (commonly known as couplets), door gods (Qin Qiong, Jingde) and New Year pictures. In the courtyard, "Spring returns to the earth" is posted, outside the gate, "Going out to see happiness" is posted, on the kang wall, "All diseases are not born" is posted, and indoors, "Life is blessed", "Dragon and Phoenix are auspicious" and "Kirin is sending children" are posted. In the morning, cook the meat, cooking, pressing noodles, was busy eating for the New Year. In the afternoon, parents took their children to visit the grave to worship their ancestors. Anyone who has been dead for less than three years should have a memorial tablet sealed for the hall. Hang a red light in front of the door at night and simmer gently. The whole family smiled and got together to eat "New Year's Eve". The elders give the younger generation "lucky money", and the younger generation kowtows and prays for the elderly. On New Year's Eve, the whole family sat together, talking and laughing, and watched the Spring Festival Gala with great interest.
Social usage
marry
Before marriage, both men and women are introduced by relatives and friends and are free to propose marriage or fall in love. After a period of contact, both sides have no opinions and can perform the engagement formalities. When engaged, the man invited relatives and friends to hold a banquet. The woman and her relatives go to the man's house to receive his clothes and bride price, which is called "meeting relatives". After the engagement, every Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Double Ninth Festival and Spring Festival, the relatives of the man will go to the woman's house to give gifts, which is called "chasing the festival". After the establishment of marriage, men and women have frequent exchanges and deepened their feelings. Before marriage, both men and women registered marriage and got marriage certificates. The wedding date is decided by both parents, and the day before the wedding date, the woman's family holds a banquet to entertain the guests. On the wedding day, the man put up couplets and hung red cloth at home, beaming, set up tents, slaughtered pigs and sheep, and held a banquet to entertain guests. After the bride enters the room, the wedding ceremony is held, the marriage certificate is read, the witness speaks, the bride and groom enter the bridal chamber, and the old and new customs blend. At the banquet, the bride presented cigarettes, wine and candy. And prepare gifts to thank the media, commonly known as "Grandpa Red". Wedding night, the prevalence of inverted happiness, bridal chamber commonly known as "play house." The bride and groom introduce their love stories, singing and dancing, laughing and laughing. Three days after their marriage, the newlyweds took cakes and candy to their daughter's house to meet their parents-in-law. After 7- 12 marriage, the bride goes back to her family for the same number of days, which is called "pride". Going back to her husband's house and going to her mother's house for one month each is called "flying the moon".
grow
On the second and third day of the month when her daughter was in labor, the woman's mother came to her daughter's house with a cauldron helmet and a baby wrapped in a belly, buckled the pie on the lid, smashed it with boxing, threw the wrapped belly out of the window of her daughter's house, and then entered the house to press the wrapped belly on the bottom of the mat, which was called "beating the pot" to ensure smooth production and safe mother and child. Three days after delivery, the bride's family went to her daughter's house with noodles, commonly known as "milking"; 10- 20 days after delivery, two close relatives and friends of my mother-in-law came to visit the parturient and the baby, bringing pancakes, eggs, dried noodles, red pond and clothes to wish them peace. Having a baby in January means "full (full) month". At the full moon, rich meals will be prepared, relatives and friends will come to congratulate, and the baby's uncle and family will give away sheets, children's clothes, strollers and clothes. General relatives and friends send cloth, children's clothes, toys, etc. At the luncheon, when not prepared, the baby's parents and grandparents will paint red and chase after it. Everyone is very happy.
funeral
After death, family members usually invite Yin and Yang teachers to see Feng Shui and potholes first, and then "collect" the memorial service another day. People attending the memorial ceremony will present gifts (steamed stuffed buns), wreaths, lacquers, couplets, plaques, filial piety accounts, etc. The mourning hall is equipped with portraits of various meals. Dai Xiao, the dutiful son, wore mourning clothes and white shoes. Relatives and friends wear black gauze, black sleeves and white flowers. Hospitality depends on family situation. Blood soup in the morning, meat cooked at noon, ready to burn yellow wine. Before burial the next morning, the soup and vegetables were served together, which was called "wind stirring snow". Apart from the eight sedan chairs, popular tractors and cars escorted the coffin to the funeral, which was majestic and sad. After burial, take back the spirit tablet and offer it at home. The word "death" is taboo in Changwu folk customs. All the dead are called "death" when they are old, "death" when they are mature, "mourning" when they are young and "abandonment" when they are young. More than 50 people are "old mourners" and more than 70 people are "dead". Funerals are all grand. Small mouth less death or abnormal death, more immediate burial. Unmarried men and women do not prepare coffins when they die. They nailed "four walls" around or swept the grass. There is no dark hall in the grave, and the clothes are unbuttoned and buried on the stomach. In a place where two people died in a family 100 days, the coffin can't go out. It is usually broken walls or buried by hanging coffins from behind cliffs.
Regarding the festival customs in Shaanxi, the following are Shaanxi.
Some western customs:
Spring Festival: According to historical records, in the Qin Dynasty, the first day of October of the lunar calendar was the beginning of a year, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed to a duration, that is, the first day of the first month was the beginning of a year. The custom of "celebrating the New Year on the first day of the first month" has continued from the Han Dynasty to the present.
Lantern Festival: It also originated in the Han Dynasty and is called Shangyuan Festival. According to historical records such as Hanshu, on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent people to worship Taiyi God with lanterns, and there are still sites in Ganquan Palace (now Chunhua County). Shangyuan Festival was very popular in the Tang Dynasty. People went out to watch lanterns and play social fires, which was very lively.
Tomb-Sweeping Day: People had this custom in the Han Dynasty. Every year at the beginning of the third month of the lunar calendar, Chang 'an people go to Bahe Empty Lane to bathe, which was then called Shangsi Festival. In the Tang Dynasty, "Shangsi Festival" merged with the "Cold Food Festival" which originated in Jiexiu, Shanxi, and became today's Tomb-Sweeping Day. According to the Book of the New Tang Dynasty, Tomb-Sweeping Day's main activity is to sweep graves, which shows that the country pursues "ruling the country with filial piety".
Valentine's Day in China: Chang 'an is the birthplace of Valentine's Day in China. The stone statue of Cowherd and Weaver Girl in Nanfeng Village, Doumen, Chang 'an District is one of the earliest existing large-scale stone carvings in China. Qiao Qi activities on Qixi originated in the Western Han Dynasty, and by the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, it had become an important national festival, which has been concluded by historians.
Mid-Autumn Festival: According to historical records, the Mid-Autumn Festival originated in the Han Dynasty, when Yue Bai people had the custom of enjoying the moon, and this folk festival became more prosperous during the Xuanzong period of the Tang Dynasty. According to research, Tang Xuanzong's birthday is on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month. In order to celebrate the emperor's birthday, this day is called "Qian Qiu Festival" in the court, and large-scale song and dance activities will be held. Later, the folk Mid-Autumn Festival and the Qian Qiu Festival in the palace influenced and blended with each other, and many activities in the Qian Qiu Festival spread to the people, making the Mid-Autumn Festival more lively. Eating moon cakes in the Mid-Autumn Festival was very popular at that time, and many famous poems by poets in the Tang Dynasty were related to enjoying the moon in the Mid-Autumn Festival.
The custom of Dragon Boat Festival in Shaanxi Province: eating zongzi on Dragon Boat Festival.
Eating zongzi on Dragon Boat Festival is another traditional custom of China people. Zongzi, also known as "millet" and "Zongzi". It has a long history and various patterns.
According to records, as early as the Spring and Autumn Period, millet was wrapped into horns by leaves of zinia latifolia, which was called "horny millet". Rice packed in bamboo tubes is sealed and baked, which is called "tube zongzi". At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, millet soaked in plant ash water. Because the water contains alkali, the millet is wrapped in leaves into a quadrilateral, and when cooked, it becomes Guangdong sour rice dumplings.
In Jin Dynasty, Zongzi was officially designated as Dragon Boat Festival food. At this time, in addition to glutinous rice, jiaozi also added Alpinia oxyphylla, and the boiled jiaozi was called "Yizhi jiaozi". According to the "Yueyang Local Records" written by Zhou people, "It is customary to wrap the millet with leaves, cook it and cook it thoroughly. From May 5 to the summer solstice, one is Zongzi and the other is Xiaomi. " During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, miscellaneous zongzi appeared. Rice is mixed with animal meat, chestnuts, red dates, red beans and so on. And there are more and more varieties. Zongzi is also used as a gift for communication.
In the Tang Dynasty, the rice used for zongzi was "white as jade", and its shape appeared conical and rhombic. There is a record of "Da Tang Zongzi" in Japanese literature. There was a kind of "candied zongzi" in the Song Dynasty, that is, fruit was put into zongzi. The poet Su Dongpo has a poem "See Yangmei in Zongzi". At this time, there were also advertisements for building pavilions and wooden chariots and horses with zongzi, indicating that eating zongzi was very fashionable in the Song Dynasty. In the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the wrapping material of zongzi changed from leaves to leaves. Later, zongzi wrapped in reed leaves appeared, and additional materials such as bean paste, pork, pine nuts, dates and walnuts appeared, and the varieties were more colorful.
To this day, at the beginning of May every year, people in China have to soak glutinous rice, wash zongzi leaves and wrap zongzi, with more varieties of colors. From the perspective of stuffing, there are many dates in the north, such as jiaozi; There are many kinds of fillings in the south, such as red bean paste, fresh meat, ham and egg yolk, among which Zhejiang Jiaxing Zongzi is the representative. The custom of eating zongzi has been popular in China for thousands of years and spread to South Korea, Japan and Southeast Asian countries.
Pei Xiang Bao:
Children wear sachets on the Dragon Boat Festival, which is said to mean to ward off evil spirits and plague. Actually, it is used to decorate the inner head. The sachet contains cinnabar, realgar and fragrant medicine, wrapped in silk cloth, and the fragrance is overflowing, and then tied into a string with five-color silk thread, with different shapes, exquisite and lovely.
Acorus calamus:
There is a folk proverb that says, "Willows are inserted in Qingming Festival, and Ai is inserted in Dragon Boat Festival". On the Dragon Boat Festival, people regard inserting wormwood and calamus as one of the important contents. Every family sweeps the court, puts calamus and moxa sticks between their eyebrows and hangs them in the class. Acorus calamus, Folium Artemisiae Argyi, Liu Hua, Garlic and Dragon Boat Flower are made into human or tiger shapes, which are called Ai Ren and Ai Hu. It is made into garlands and decorations, beautiful and fragrant, and women compete to wear it to ward off evil spirits.
Artemisia argyi, also known as Artemisia argyi and Artemisia argyi. Its stems and leaves contain volatile aromatic oils. Its unique fragrance can repel mosquitoes, flies, insects and ants and purify the air. Chinese medicine uses wormwood as medicine, which has the functions of nourishing qi and blood, warming uterus and dispelling cold and dampness. Processing Artemisia argyi leaves into "moxa wool" is an important medicinal material for moxibustion treatment.
Acorus calamus is a perennial aquatic herb, and its long and narrow leaves also contain volatile aromatic oil, which is a good medicine for refreshing, strengthening bones, eliminating stagnation, killing insects and sterilizing.
It can be seen that the ancients inserted wormwood leaves and calamus to have a certain disease prevention effect. Dragon Boat Festival is also a "health festival" handed down from ancient times. On this day, people sweep the courtyard, hang mugwort leaves, hang calamus, sprinkle realgar wine, drink realgar wine, stir up turbidity, remove rot, sterilize and prevent diseases. These activities also reflect the fine traditions of the Chinese nation. It is a common custom for all countries and ethnic groups in China to collect herbs on the Dragon Boat Festival.