The architectural features of Huizhou culture are: white wall and black tile horse head wall. When the ship was traveling in Xin 'anjiang, Baijia bumped into mountains and rivers, just like landscape painting.
If we want to talk about the cultural history of the emblem, it is the memorial arch. Here, there were 200 archways in ancient times, 80 of which have been preserved to this day. In ancient times, memorial archways were divided into four grades, namely, imperial system, honor, imperial edict and recommendation. Among them, the most famous one is Guo Xu Ten Square, which is an honor grade. It is the only octagonal archway in China, and is known as the "Arc de Triomphe" in the East. The memorial archway group in Tang Yue Village follows the principles of loyalty, filial piety and righteousness from the beginning to the end. There is a recommendation, an honor and four imperial edicts. 1 imperial system. It can be seen that the wisdom of the ancients is extraordinary.
I'm glad I learned knowledge in this trip!
2. What are the characteristics of Huizhou architecture? I have been crazy all my life and dreamed of Huizhou five times.
Beautiful Huizhou, distinctive Huizhou-style houses are dotted between green mountains and clear waters. See mystery from a distance and elegance from a close look.
Then, what are the characteristics of Huizhou architectural dwellings compared with other dwellings? (1) is characterized by Tianhou, White Wall and Horsehead Wall. ② Brick carving, wood carving and stone carving are decorative features.
③ Take tall houses, deep wells and halls as home features. To sum up, from the aesthetic implication, there are roughly the following points: First, the overall beauty of harmonious, smooth and unified planning.
This was closely related to the social background and regional environment of Huizhou at that time: Huizhou was the theoretical basis of the feudal patriarchal clan system-the birthplace of Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism, and the patriarchal clan system was stricter and more complete than other places. In order to maintain the purity of lineage and the cohesion of clan and prevent foreign invasion, Huizhou people live in groups.
At that time, Huizhou had become the center of the national geomantic culture. Officials, businessmen and people worshipped the feudal geomantic culture, and thought that the moral connotation of the topographic outline outlined by the layout of villages and towns directly reflected the "cultural" quality of a clan, which was related to the rise and fall of the clan. The unified planning of clan architecture is widely expected.
Although the group layout of Huizhou architecture is the product of the restriction of feudal clan rights and has a strong color of feudal superstition, its aesthetic effect is wonderful and eye-opening. Most of the ancient villages in Huizhou are white walls with black tiles, and the houses with cornices and corners are scattered with the height of the mountain terrain, orderly and spectacular.
The well-known Ziyuan Mountain Villa-all kinds of buildings are planned in an orderly way. Let the tourists who stop in the meantime feel refreshed and awe-inspiring.
The second is the natural beauty surrounded by mountains and rivers. Huizhou has complex and colorful terrain, steep mountains and criss-crossing streams, and its warm subtropical climate makes its forests lush.
Huizhou people who live in the unique humanistic environment of "Neo-Confucianism articles with mountains and rivers are quiet" have profound cultural attainments and are best at grasping mountains and rivers and writing articles when conceiving village blueprints. The mountain is the skeleton of the stream, which is the blood of the village, and the building has become a "cell" attached to the blood-stream and its tributaries.
Huizhou architectural groups pay more attention to the surrounding environment, refer to mountains and aquatic plants, or cross the mountains or pillow mountains, and strive to integrate artificial architecture with natural landscape, and the home environment is quiet and elegant, picturesque, and maintain the natural harmony between man and nature. Under the guidance of this architectural concept, Huizhou "Peach Blossom Garden" villages and towns can be seen everywhere.
They are either scattered on the sparkling river bank or dormant in a corner of the misty mountain, with elegant environment, fresh air and colorful vision. Shiwukeng Village, Wangcun Town, Xiuning County is a typical example. Here, there are many peaks, beautiful forests and valleys, and houses are arranged in steps, strewn at random in the arms of bamboo waterfalls of green fir. Vaguely, like a fairyland on earth.
The third is elegance and simplicity. For a long time, people's livelihood in Huizhou has been difficult because of the terrain.
Living in such a difficult environment, Huizhou people are well aware of the hardships of supporting their families and starting businesses, and have developed a good style of diligence and thrift, which has been written into family rules and family instructions and passed down from generation to generation as a compulsory teaching material for family style education. Therefore, even if the business is successful, wealthy businessmen and tycoons are not complacent and advocate thrift.
When building a mansion, it is often simple and simple, using local materials. On the basis of firmness, practicality and elegance, we seek simple, natural, elegant and simple aesthetic feeling.
Because of this, it is not difficult to understand that there are few magnificent mansions in Huizhou. Huizhou folk houses with rich local clay, lime, Yixian bluestone and Metasequoia as the main raw materials are exquisitely conceived, unique in shape, solid and beautiful.
From a distance, all the black tiles and white walls set each other off, and the mottled bluestone door (window) cover and exquisite and concise ink painting adorn them, which is even more quaint and elegant, with endless charm and light and simple style. Huizhou folk houses, aesthetics.
Then, from the technical characteristics, what are the characteristics of Huizhou architectural dwellings? Huizhou ancient buildings are made of brick, wood and stone, with wooden frames as the main materials. The beam is made of huge materials and pays attention to decoration.
The middle of its beam is slightly arched, so it is commonly known as "winter melon beam". Both ends are engraved with flat (Ming Dynasty) or round (Qing Dynasty) patterns, and the middle part is often engraved with various patterns, which makes the whole body look magnificent and magnificent. The material of the column is also quite thick, and the upper part is slightly thinner.
The pillars of the Ming Dynasty were usually spindle-shaped. Liang Tuo, claw column, fork hand, Baquan, Queti (Ding Tou Arch in Ming Dynasty) and diagonal braces are engraved with patterns and lines.
The ingenious combination and decoration of beam components make technology and artistic techniques integrate into one, and achieve a perfect and harmonious wonderful situation. Generally, the beam frame is painted with tung oil, without colored paint, which is particularly simple and elegant.
Corners, patios, railings, lighting walls, leaking windows, etc. It is built by cutting bluestone, red sandstone or granite into stone strips and slabs, and the natural texture of the stone itself is often used to synthesize patterns. The walls are basically built with Xiaoqing bricks to the horse head wall.
Brick, wood and stone carvings are widely used in Huizhou architecture, showing a superb level of decorative art. Brick carvings are mostly embedded in doorways, window lintels and zhaobi, and large pieces of blue bricks are carved with vivid figures, insects, fish, flowers and birds, eight treasures, Bo Gu and geometric patterns, which are very decorative.
Wood carving plays an important role in the carving decoration of ancient houses, which is manifested in the line carving pattern on the moon beam, the Lotus Pier on the pole bucket, the screen door partition, the sash and hanging board under the window, the arch fence on the floor, the watchtower around the patio, etc. Covering figures, landscapes, flowers and plants, birds and beasts, eight treasures, Bo Gu and so on.
There are many themes, including traditional operas, folk stories, myths and legends, as well as life scenes such as fishing, firewood, ploughing, reading, feasting, drinking tea, traveling, music and dancing. There are various techniques, such as wire carving, bas-relief, through carving, high relief, round carving and hollow carving.
The content and techniques of its performance vary with different building parts. These woodcarvings are not decorated with paint, but the details of carving are more vivid through high-quality wood colors and natural textures.
Stone carvings are mainly displayed in ancestral halls, temples, memorial archways, towers, bridges, courtyards, doorways, railings, pools, flower beds, leaky windows, zhaobi, column foundations, drum stones and stone lions. The contents are mostly auspicious dragons, cranes, tigers, lions, elephants, Kirin, Xiangyun, Babel, Bo Gu, landscapes and people's stories. Relief, through carving and round carving are the main features, which are simple and elegant.
3. How to describe Huizhou architecture 1? Huizhou architecture is one of the most important schools of ancient architecture in China.
2. In fact, Huizhou architecture refers not to Anhui architecture, but to Huizhou architecture, which is mainly popular in Xin 'anjiang river basin in the upper reaches of Qiantang River, as well as in Chun 'an and Jiande, including Wuzhou and Quzhou in western Zhejiang and Fuliang and Dexing in Jiangxi in the pan-Huizhou area.
3. Huizhou architecture in history was originally built by Zhejiang Dongyang craftsmen in Wuzhou (now Jinhua, Zhejiang).
4. Huizhou architecture embodies the aura of Huizhou landscape, integrates the essence of customs and culture, has unique style, rigorous structure and exquisite carving, and fully embodies the distinctive local characteristics, whether it is the planning concept of villages and towns, or the comprehensive application of plane space treatment and architectural carving art.
5. In the overall layout, Huizhou architecture is generally built on the mountain, with exquisite conception and natural appropriateness.
6. Huizhou architecture is flexible in scale and changeable in layout.
7. Huizhou architecture pays attention to rich modeling in modeling, spatial structure and space utilization, with the horse head wall and small blue tiles as the most distinctive features.
8. Huizhou architecture is magnificent in the comprehensive application of architectural carving art, integrating stone carving and brick carving.
4. Description of Huizhou architecture fragment Huizhou architecture is one of the main schools of ancient architecture in China, which combines the aura of Huizhou landscape and the essence of customs and culture, especially residential houses, ancestral temples and memorial archways. There are 37 ancient dwellings/kloc-0 in Hongcun, the most representative of which is Chengzhitang built by Wang Dinggui, a salt merchant in the late Qing Dynasty. It cost 602,000 silver to build Chengzhitang, including 65,438+000 silver plated wood carvings. All the wood carvings in the whole house were carved by 20 craftsmen for four years. Exquisitely carved, the oldest residential building in southern Anhui, is known as the folk Forbidden City. As another representative of Huizhou architecture, the archway is the mark of Huizhou people along the way.
5. Unit 2, Book 2, Grade 6: China, where people in southern Anhui live, has many characteristics. Folk customs, people's feelings and people's feelings are very distinctive. There are all kinds of folk customs, colorful folk customs and, of course, people's feelings. That's great. I don't know. In addition to these, of course, there are several houses. Having said that, let's get to the point. Today, I will introduce you to the folk houses in southern Anhui. Folk houses in southern Anhui refer to ancient villages located in the Yangtze River valley to Nanshan District in Anhui Province, represented by Xidi and Hongcun. Huizhou folk houses, represented by Huizhou (now Huangshan City, Jixi County and Wuyuan County, Jiangxi Province) style and Huaiyang style, have strong Huizhou cultural characteristics, while other folk houses in southern Anhui profoundly highlight their cultural transition zone style characteristics. Let me introduce Hongcun, Anhui. Hongcun is located in the northeast of yi county. It was in the period of Shao Xi in the Southern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1 13 1) and has a history of more than 800 years. Backed by the remaining veins of Huangshan Mountain, it is like a long scroll of mountains and rivers, integrating natural landscape and human landscape, and is known as "the country in Chinese painting". Ah! How beautiful the environment in Hongcun is! Then let's take a look at the houses in southern Anhui under such beautiful scenery. Let's take a look at the architectural structure of residential buildings in southern Anhui. The ancient buildings in Hongcun are all white walls and blue tiles, arranged neatly. Chengzhitang is one of the most magnificent and exquisite masterpieces, and it is known as the "Folk Forbidden City". It can be called a Huizhou woodcarving exhibition hall. All kinds of wood carvings are rich in layers, complex and vivid. More than a hundred years later, it is still magnificent. The folk houses in southern Anhui are known as the "Folk Forbidden City", and the craftsmanship inside is of course exquisite. However, no matter how exquisite the house is, its function will definitely be better. Next, let's see what its function is. The bull-shaped village and artificial water system planned and built by Guhong Village people are today's "great miracles in architectural history": the towering Leigang is a bull's head, the towering ancient trees are horns, and the scattered residential groups from east to west are like huge cattle bodies. Qingquan, named Niuchang, flows into the Moon Pool named Niuwei through the village, and then flows to the South Lake named Niudu outside the village after being filtered. People also set up four bridges as supports on rivers and streams around the village. This ingenious and scientific design of village water system not only solves the problem of villagers' fire-fighting water, but also regulates the temperature, which provides convenience for residents' production and living water, and creates a good environment of "there are clear springs in front of every household, so it is not necessary to prevent streams from being far away". Hongcun is built by mountains and water, with the green hills behind the village as the barrier. The terrain is Gao Shuang, which can block the wind from the north. There is no crisis of flash floods, and there is no joy of looking up at mountain springs. It seems that the ancients were still very clever. They spent a lot of time on fire fighting and water control, but it provided convenience for residents to produce and live water. How do people evaluate such a good house? People will naturally think of the blue bricks, tiles and horsehead walls of Huizhou architecture when they mention the folk houses in southern Anhui. In fact, there is also a kind of earthen wall house with hanging mountains and wooden frames that farmers like in Huizhou architecture. This kind of house is mainly made of wood, stone and glue which are abundant in mountainous areas in southern Anhui, with beam-type wooden frame as the structural system and earth wall as the enclosure system. Southern Anhui folk houses are inward-looking courtyards centered on deep patios. This basic form is the focus of people's attention. Rainwater falling on rainy days flows into the patio from four roofs, commonly known as "four waters return to the hall". At the same time, it also vividly reflects the mentality of businessmen in southern Anhui, which is similar to Shanxi folk houses. The site selection, layout and architectural form of ancient residential villages in southern Anhui are all guided by the geomantic theory of Zhouyi. It not only embodies China's traditional philosophy of harmony between man and nature, but also expresses his yearning and respect for nature. So much for today! You know something about the architecture structure, architectural function and people's evaluation of the houses in southern Anhui, but just look at other people's introductions. Why don't you take a look and experience it yourself?
Modify it yourself.
6. Composition of Folk Houses in Southern Anhui The most representative folk houses in Southern Anhui are Xidi and Hongcun Village in yi county, which was listed on the World Heritage List in 2000.
Hongcun has more than 40 well-preserved ancient dwellings in Ming and Qing Dynasties/KLOC-0. Rows of stacked courtyards in the village are in harmony with the beautiful lakes and mountains, with appropriate movements, scenery everywhere and step by step. Hongcun has wonderful rural scenery and is known as "the village in Chinese painting". Xidi has 124 ancient Ming and Qing dwellings and 3 ancestral halls. The "three wonders" (houses, ancestral halls and memorial archways) and "three sculptures" (wood carving, stone carving and brick carving) representing the architectural style of Huizhou folk houses have been well preserved here.
Blue tiles and white walls are the outstanding impression of Huizhou architecture. The patchwork horse head wall not only has the beauty of modeling, but also has the practical function of preventing fire and blocking the spread of fire.
One of the characteristics of Huizhou folk houses is high walls and deep courtyards. On the one hand, it is to prevent thieves, on the other hand, it is the need for mobile families suffering from displacement to gain psychological security.
Another feature of Huizhou folk houses is the inner courtyard centered on the deep patio, surrounded by high walls, with almost no tiles outside, and only the narrow patio is used for lighting, ventilation and communication with the outside world. This basic shape with patio as the center and high walls closed is the focus of attention. Rainwater falling on rainy days flows into the patio from four roofs, commonly known as "four waters return to the hall", which also vividly reflects the mentality of Huizhou merchants that "fat water does not flow to outsiders", similar to Shanxi folk houses.
Southern Anhui is famous for preserving a large number of ancient buildings in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Xin 'an is the hometown of culture, and there are many bureaucrats and businessmen in history. There are hundreds of non-commissioned officers in Shexian County alone. Huizhou merchants are all over southern Anhui. "The leaders of rich houses are the first to promote Xin 'an in the south of the Yangtze River", and their great wealth has created this exquisite museum of ancient houses in southern Anhui. The ancient buildings in Huizhou during the Ming and Qing Dynasties were mainly concentrated in yi county, Shexian, Jixi and Xiuning. Yixian has more than ten ancient villages such as Xidi, Hongcun, Bishan and Pingshan. There are many ancient buildings in Miancheng. The county has preserved hundreds of valuable ancient buildings. There is 122 building in Xidi alone. There are 365 ancient buildings, more than 0/00 precious buildings and 27 ancient ancestral halls in Shexian County, which are concentrated in Xiongcun, Chengkan, Qiankou, Tang Yue and Shen Du villages. Jixi now has more than 100 ancient buildings, concentrated in Xiangtou, Kengkou, fengcun and Shangzhuang. Ancient villages are generally composed of memorial archways, houses, ancestral halls, water inlets, road pavilions and workshops. Some villages are very large, for example, there are 99 streets and lanes in Chengkan, and strangers often get lost when they go in. Many villages are well organized, and the water system in Hongcun is an example. Hongcun dammed the mountain at the head of the village, and the canals in the village entered every household from both sides of the street and merged into the Moon Pond in the middle of the village. Then it is diverted to households and flows into South Lake. Every household has large and small canals for washing clothes and drinking water. The layout of residential buildings is generally a courtyard centered on the courtyard, with a height of two floors. Large and medium-sized houses adopt multi-courtyard combination, and the buildings are all white walls and tiles. In the old days, the buildings of many large families were large in scale, decorated with three sculptures in Huizhou, with exquisite layout and patchwork. Pieces of ancient buildings in southern Anhui are embedded in the vast mountains and beautiful waters of Huangshan Mountain, Jiuhua Mountain and Xin 'anjiang River. It is a world-class park without makeup.
Houses in southern Anhui are all buildings with more than two floors, surrounded by a small patio, and the hall is on the north side of the patio. There are no walls, doors and windows between the hall and the patio. It is an open space. In the north of the main hall, that is, behind it, there is a wooden Taishi wall with doors without doors on both sides. Furniture such as long tables and square tables are placed in front of the Taishi wall. On the east and west sides of the hall, there are several groups of armchairs and coffee tables, and people often put some utensils on them as decoration.
Ancient villages in southern Anhui refer to ancient villages located from the Yangtze River to Nanshan District in Anhui Province, represented by Xidi and Hongcun. They are historical and traditional villages with the same regional cultural background and rich Huizhou cultural characteristics.
The mountainous area in southern Anhui has a long history and profound cultural accumulation, and a large number of traditional buildings and their villages with similar forms and distinctive features have been preserved. The ancient villages in southern Anhui are not only ingeniously combined with topography, landforms and mountains and rivers, but also with the strong economic strength of Huizhou merchants in Ming and Qing Dynasties, culture and education are increasingly prosperous. After returning home, those Huizhou merchants conceived to build houses with elegant, cultured, lofty and detached mentality, which enriched the cultural environment of ancient villages and made the village landscape more prominent.
The biggest difference between ancient villages in southern Anhui and other villages is that the construction and development of ancient villages in southern Anhui have been separated from the dependence on agriculture to a considerable extent. The consciousness, lifestyle and taste of residents in ancient villages have greatly surpassed the ideology of farmers and the ordinary citizen class, and pursued the same taste of life as the literati class, so they have a strong cultural atmosphere. On the basis of the basic pattern, ancient villages in southern Anhui adopted different decorative techniques, such as building small courtyards, digging pools, arranging leaky windows, skillfully setting bonsai, carving beams and painting buildings, and creating elegant living environment, which all reflected the extremely high cultural quality and artistic accomplishment of local residents.
The site selection and construction of ancient villages in southern Anhui followed the geomantic theory of Zhouyi, which has a history of more than 2000 years. It emphasizes that man and nature live in harmony and fully respect the ideal realm of the natural environment. Paying attention to material and spirit is a dual demand, with scientific basis and high aesthetic concept. The architectural features of ancient villages in southern Anhui developed with the prosperity of Huizhou merchants in Ming and Qing Dynasties, which can reflect their exquisite thoughts and superb skills to the greatest extent in limited architectural space. This is really a clever architectural form. Later, Huizhou merchants gradually declined, but this Huizhou-style residential building retained its architectural characteristics because it was attached to ancient residential villages, so it has important historical and architectural value.
7. When writing the composition of residential buildings in southern Anhui, we should pay more attention to the festivals there. When you walk into the ancient villages in southern Anhui with special snacks, you will see rows of buildings and beautiful lakes and mountains complement each other, with appropriate movements, scenery everywhere and step by step.
Xidi and Hongcun in yi county are the most representative houses in southern Anhui. Xidi has 124 ancient Ming and Qing dwellings and 3 ancestral halls. Hongcun, with its wonderful rural scenery, is known as the "village in Chinese painting", with well-preserved ancient houses in Ming and Qing Dynasties 140 buildings. The "three wonders" (houses, ancestral halls and memorial archways) and "three sculptures" (wood carving, stone carving and brick carving) representing the architectural style of Huizhou folk houses have been well preserved here.
Blue tiles and white walls are the outstanding impression of Huizhou architecture. The patchwork horse head wall not only has the beauty of modeling, but also has the practical function of preventing fire and blocking the spread of fire. One of the characteristics of Huizhou folk houses is high walls and deep courtyards. On the one hand, it is to prevent thieves, on the other hand, it is the need for mobile families suffering from displacement to gain psychological security. Another feature of Huizhou folk houses is the inner courtyard centered on the deep patio, surrounded by high walls, with almost no tiles outside, and only the narrow patio is used for lighting, ventilation and communication with the outside world. This basic shape with patio as the center and high walls closed is the focus of attention. Rainwater falling on rainy days flows into the patio from four roofs, commonly known as "four waters return to the hall", which also vividly reflects the mentality of Huizhou merchants that "fat water does not flow to outsiders".
Folk houses in southern Anhui are not only unique in architecture, but also located at the foot of Huangshan Mountain in southern Anhui with beautiful scenery and pleasant climate. Pieces of ancient buildings in southern Anhui, with exquisite layout and patchwork, are embedded in famous mountains and rivers and are natural. White-walled tiles, simple and elegant, set each other off in harmony with green mountains and green waters, as if they were a paradise away from the noise.
8. The composition of the 200-character folk houses in southern Anhui refers to the ancient villages located in Nanshan District of the Yangtze River in Anhui Province, represented by Xidi and Hongcun. They are historical and traditional villages with the same regional cultural background and rich Huizhou cultural characteristics.
Huizhou, a mountainous area in southern Anhui, has a long history and profound cultural accumulation, and has preserved a large number of traditional buildings and villages with similar forms and distinctive features. The ancient villages in southern Anhui are not only ingeniously combined with topography, landforms and mountains and rivers, but also with the strong economic strength of Huizhou merchants in Ming and Qing Dynasties, culture and education are increasingly prosperous. After returning home, those Huizhou merchants conceived to build houses with elegant, cultured, lofty and detached mentality, which enriched the cultural environment of ancient villages and made the village landscape more prominent.
The biggest difference between the location of ancient villages in southern Anhui and other villages is that the construction and development of ancient villages in southern Anhui have been separated from the dependence on agriculture to a considerable extent. The consciousness, lifestyle and taste of residents in ancient villages have greatly surpassed the ideology of farmers and the ordinary citizen class, and pursued the same taste of life as the literati class, so they have a strong cultural atmosphere.
On the basis of the basic pattern, ancient villages in southern Anhui adopted different decorative techniques, such as building small courtyards, digging pools, arranging leaky windows, skillfully setting bonsai, carving beams and painting buildings, and creating elegant living environment, which all reflected the extremely high cultural quality and artistic accomplishment of local residents. The ancient villages in southern Anhui are located in ancient Huizhou (now Huangshan City, Jixi City, Anhui Province and Wuyuan City, Jiangxi Province). Xidi and Hongcun are the two most representative ancient dwellings, and they are also the typical representatives of the late feudal culture in China-the carrier of Huizhou culture. With exquisite craftsmanship, well-preserved village form and beautiful scenery, they embody the characteristics of Huizhou-style dwellings in southern Anhui.
Since ancient times, the village has respected Confucianism and attached great importance to education, and its style of writing is prosperous, which embodies the Huizhou cultural phenomenon that reached its peak in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as the feudal ethical culture of Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism, the clan culture that lived in groups, the geomantic culture of village construction, and the Huizhou merchant culture that was good at Confucianism, etc., with profound historical and cultural connotations. 65438-0999 At the 24th World Heritage Committee of UNESCO, Xidi and Hongcun, two ancient dwellings in yi county, Anhui Province, were listed in the World Heritage List because of their well-preserved traditional features. This is the second time that Huangshan's natural and cultural landscape has been listed on the World Heritage List, and it is also the second city in China that has more than two World Heritage Sites at the same time after Beijing, and it is also the first time that folk houses have been listed on the World Heritage List.
White walls and harmony are the outstanding impressions of Huizhou architecture. The patchwork horse-headed wall not only has the aesthetic feeling of the houses in southern Anhui, but also has the practical function of firewall to stop the spread of fire.
One of the characteristics of Huizhou folk houses is high walls and deep courtyards. On the one hand, it is to prevent thieves, on the other hand, it is the need for mobile families suffering from displacement to gain psychological security. Another feature of Huizhou folk houses is the inner courtyard centered on the deep patio, surrounded by high walls, with almost no tiles outside, and only the narrow patio is used for lighting, ventilation and communication with the outside world.
This basic shape with patio as the center and high walls closed is the focus of attention. Rainwater falling on rainy days flows into the patio from four roofs, commonly known as "four waters return to the hall", which also vividly reflects the mentality of Huizhou merchants that "fat water does not flow to outsiders", similar to Shanxi folk houses.
Southern Anhui is famous for preserving a large number of ancient buildings in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Xin 'an is the hometown of culture, and there are many bureaucrats and businessmen in history. There are hundreds of non-commissioned officers in Shexian County alone.
Huizhou merchants are all over southern Anhui. "The leaders of rich houses are the first to promote Xin 'an in the south of the Yangtze River", and their great wealth has created this exquisite museum of ancient houses in southern Anhui.
The ancient buildings in Huizhou during the Ming and Qing Dynasties were mainly concentrated in yi county, Shexian, Jixi and Xiuning. Yixian has more than ten ancient villages such as Xidi, Hongcun, Bishan and Pingshan.
There are many ancient buildings in Miancheng. The county has preserved hundreds of valuable ancient buildings.
There is 122 building in Xidi alone. There are 365 ancient buildings, more than 0/00 precious buildings and 27 ancient ancestral halls in Shexian County, which are concentrated in Xiongcun, Chengkan, Qiankou, Tang Yue and Shen Du villages.
Jixi now has more than 100 ancient buildings, concentrated in Xiangtou, Kengkou, fengcun and Shangzhuang. Ancient villages are generally composed of memorial archways, houses, ancestral halls, water inlets, road pavilions and workshops. Some villages are very large, for example, there are 99 streets and lanes in Chengkan, and strangers often get lost when they go in.
Many villages are well organized, and the water system in Hongcun is an example. Hongcun dammed the mountain at the head of the village, and the canals in the village entered every household from both sides of the street and merged into the Moon Pond in the middle of the village.
Then it is diverted to households and flows into South Lake. Every household has large and small canals for washing clothes and drinking water.
The layout of residential buildings is generally a courtyard centered on the courtyard, with a height of two floors. Large and medium-sized houses adopt multi-courtyard combination, and the buildings are all white walls and tiles.
In the old days, the buildings of many large families were large in scale, decorated with three sculptures in Huizhou, with exquisite layout and patchwork. Pieces of ancient buildings in southern Anhui are embedded in the vast mountains and beautiful waters of Huangshan Mountain, Jiuhua Mountain and Xin 'anjiang River. It is a world-class park without makeup.
The site selection, layout and architectural form of ancient residential villages in southern Anhui are all guided by the geomantic theory of Zhouyi, which embodies China's traditional philosophy of harmony between man and nature and his yearning for and respect for nature. Those elegant Ming and Qing residential buildings are closely combined with nature to create a scientific and interesting living environment, which is the essence of traditional residential buildings in China.
The unique water system in this village is a model of water conservancy project combining practicality and aesthetics, which profoundly embodies the outstanding wisdom of human beings in using and transforming nature. Its "exquisite layout, ingenious structure, exquisite decoration, exquisite construction and profound cultural connotation" is really rare in ancient Chinese residential buildings.
Hongcun is the most representative of many Huizhou residential villages in southern Anhui. From the overall appearance, Hongcun is a peculiar cow-shaped ancient village in the Peach Blossom Garden of the ancient Miao nationality, which has both the interest of Shan Ye and the scenery of water town, and is known as "the village in Chinese painting".
Every household in the village is connected by waterways, and gurgling spring water flows from every household. The buildings are stacked with lakes and mountains, with scenery everywhere, step by step, and the feeling of leisure is fascinating.