Generally, the staff who go to the bank for loan may ask whether the personal credit information is good, whether they have a stable job, family economic situation, specific use of the loan, etc. Specific loan process: 1. Apply for a loan. Customers can learn about the bank's credit products in advance to see if they are suitable for them. After understanding clearly, they can call the bank's customer service consultation or consult on the spot. Go to the bank to fill out the loan application form, and bring your ID card, household registration book, residence permit, work permit, marriage certificate and other relevant documents. 2. Pre-lending investigation. Banks are qualified to conduct a preliminary examination of the personal data of loan applicants. If it meets the requirements, it will enter the next loan link. 3. Loan approval. The approver decides whether to approve the loan according to the repayment ability, personal credit record and secured mortgage of the loan applicant. 4. Mortgage registration. If a loan applicant chooses a mortgage loan, he shall go through the relevant registration formalities after approval. 5. issue loans. Those who meet the conditions of bank loans and go through the formalities according to law can issue loans. Several common situations in which banks refuse loans: 1. Bad credit records lead to the failure of loan approval: most people now have multiple credit cards at the same time, and many people in the "card family" have records of overdue repayment. After enjoying the convenience of credit cards, they don't care about credit records. In recent years, there are many cases in which banks refuse to lend due to overdue credit cards. If the credit card is overdue for six consecutive times, it will be regarded as bad credit by the bank and the loan application will be rejected. Therefore, we should pay attention to the issue of credit reporting, repay in time, and don't become a blacklist of credit reporting. 2. With the development of the Internet and big data, many people around you have started to borrow money online, some doing business and some supporting loans. Although these people have good credit information, when the bank applies for a mortgage loan, the bank will ask you to pay it off in advance. Therefore, before buying a house, you should evaluate your debt ratio timely and accurately, unless your income can fully support microfinance and housing loans. However, according to experience, 95% of banks will ask you to repay when you actually apply for a loan. After the mortgage is approved, it can be handled. Therefore, you must consult relevant questions before buying a house, because there are many cases of unclear settlement and check-out. (The above refers to the loan on credit reporting). 3. Consumer loans: refers to some loans, such as computer installment and mobile installment, which must be paid off first, regardless of the amount, especially for single customers. 4. Car loan: Under normal circumstances, it is not difficult to apply for a car loan with a mortgage. If you have a car loan, it will be very difficult to apply for a mortgage loan. 5. Is there a low-rent house or a special welfare house for a certain period (regional policy): Before buying a house, make sure whether there is a low-rent house under your own name. Before buying a house, ask if there is such a house at home. If so, you'd better consult the Housing Authority in advance, whether it is necessary to cancel and whether it can be transferred. Then decide whether to buy a house. Don't be in a dilemma when you can't pay the bill after paying the money.

Second, the topic is SME financing. Accounting major is in urgent need of a graduation thesis, especially a complete thesis. If you give it to me, you can use it directly.

On Financing Difficulties of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in China

Abstract: As an integral part of the national economy, the contribution rate of small and medium-sized enterprises to the whole national economy is rising. Small and medium-sized enterprises have played an important role in regulating life needs, accelerating technological innovation, increasing economic vitality, promoting economic growth and economic restructuring. But at the same time, small and medium-sized enterprises also face many unfavorable factors in their survival and development, the most important of which is the difficulty in financing. Small and medium-sized enterprises, which account for 99% of the total number of enterprises, only account for less than 2% of financial resources. According to relevant research, insufficient funds are listed as the most unfavorable factor for enterprise development. Financing difficulty has become a bottleneck restricting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in China.

Keywords: small and medium-sized enterprises; Financing difficulties; financing channels

First, China's small and medium-sized enterprise standards

(1) The standard of small and medium-sized enterprises in China is 1, and the classification standard by industry is based on Document No.2004. China Economic and Trade Small and Medium-sized Enterprises [2003] 143 issued by the former State Economic and Trade Commission, the State Political Department and the National Bureau of Statistics: Industry: less than 2,000 employees, or less than 300 million yuan in sales, or less than 400 million yuan in total assets. Among them, medium-sized enterprises must have at least 300 employees, sales of 30 million yuan and above, and total assets of 40 million yuan and above; The rest are small businesses. Construction industry: less than 3,000 employees, or less than 300 million yuan in sales, or less than 400 million yuan in total assets. Among them, medium-sized enterprises must meet the requirements of 30 million yuan and above at the same time, with total assets of 40 million yuan and above; The rest are small businesses. Wholesale and retail: there are less than 500 employees, or the sales amount is more than1500,000 yuan, and the employees are more than1000,000 yuan; Small and medium-sized enterprises must meet the following conditions: fewer than 200 employees or less than 300 million yuan in sales. Among them, medium-sized enterprises must meet the number of employees 100 and above at the same time, with sales of 30 million yuan and above; The rest are small businesses. The flow is less than 000 people, or the sales volume is 30%, and the number of employees must be 500 or more; The rest are small businesses. Small and medium-sized postal enterprises must meet the following conditions: the number of employees is below 1000, or the sales volume is below 300 million yuan. Among them, medium-sized enterprises must meet the requirements of 400 or more employees at the same time; The rest are small businesses. Accommodation and catering industry: the number of employees is less than 800, or the sales amount is less than10.50 billion yuan. Among them, there are more than 400 employees and the sales amount is more than 30 million yuan; The position of small and medium-sized enterprises in China's economic layout, and the role and position of small and medium-sized enterprises can not be ignored by any country or region. Therefore, it has long been questioned by many governments and economists. By the end of 2006 10, the total number of small and medium-sized enterprises in China has reached more than 42 million, accounting for more than 99.8% of the total number of enterprises in China. The total industrial output value of small and medium-sized enterprises increased by 29.79% year-on-year, sales revenue increased by 30.46%, profits reached 825.539 billion yuan, up by 43.22% year-on-year, and taxes paid increased by 27.43%, which was higher than the national average. The industrial output value of small and medium-sized enterprises accounts for 66% of the total industrial output value, and the total import and export value exceeds 243.5 billion US dollars, accounting for 60% of all commodity exports, up 46.5% year-on-year, which is 22.7 percentage points higher than the national commodity import and export growth rate. In 2006, nearly 3,000 parent private enterprises in China made foreign direct investment, among which small and medium-sized enterprises accounted for a large proportion and have become an important force in overseas investment. At present, a number of powerful small and medium-sized enterprises and non-public enterprises have gone abroad and become a new force in implementing the "going out" strategy. Generally speaking, with the gradual improvement of China's market economic system, the role and status of China's small and medium-sized enterprises in social and economic development are becoming more and more important. (B) Problems in the development of small enterprises 1. According to the relevant data published by Fortune magazine, about 62% of enterprises in the United States have a life span of less than 5 years, only 2% can survive for 50 years, the average life span of small and medium-sized enterprises is less than 7 years, and the average life span of large enterprises is less than 40 years. The average life span of a multinational company is 10- 12 years; The average life span of the world's top 500 enterprises is 40-42 years, and the average life span of 1000 enterprises is 30 years. The life cycle of domestic SMEs is shorter. 2. Standardize development and risk control. Because most small and medium-sized enterprises have no clear development plan, their research ability on national industrial policies and industries is weak. Private capital in its infancy lacks understanding of the market. Weak risk control ability.

Second, China's SMEs financing status and problems

(A) China's SME financing status: First, less credit support. According to statistics, by the end of 2008, there were 97 1.46 million enterprises in China, of which over 99% were small and medium-sized enterprises. However, according to the data at the end of 2007, the amount of bank loans to SMEs only accounts for about 10% of the total loans. According to the survey, among the 5438+0 private investment in Zhejiang Province in 2006, the bank loan was only 20. 1%. Due to the high threshold of the securities market, the imperfect venture capital system and the obstacles in the issuance of corporate bonds, it is difficult for small and medium-sized enterprises to raise funds publicly through the capital market. Commercial banks are the most important source of external loans for SMEs. According to statistics, in the first half of 2006, loans from financial institutions accounted for 98.7% of the total domestic financing of SMEs, which was 8.4 percentage points higher than that of large enterprises, resulting in a long-term high asset-liability ratio of SMEs. The debt ratio of small and medium-sized industrial enterprises in China is 65.7%, which is 5.5 percentage points higher than that of large enterprises. Third, the lack of its own funds. China's non-public enterprises have grown from scratch, from small to large, from weak to strong, and their development mainly depends on their own accumulation and internal financing, which greatly restricts their rapid development and growth. According to the research data of IFC, among the capital sources of private enterprises in China, the owner's capital and internal retained earnings account for 30% and 26% respectively, while corporate bonds and external equity financing are less than 1%.

(2) The financing problem faced by SMEs in China is: 1, and there is a general funding gap. According to the data released by National Information Center and the State Council China Entrepreneur Survey System, the capital demand of SMEs in China is divided into two parts, among which the short-term loan demand is very short and the long-term loan demand is even more uncertain. 5 1% of enterprises think that "the liquidity within one year can't meet the needs" and 60.5% of enterprises "have no medium-and long-term loans". The longer the loan period required by enterprises, the lower the probability of obtaining it. In recent two years, with the adjustment of macroeconomic policies and the increase of interest rates, the financing gap of small and medium-sized enterprises has further widened. The survey on financing guarantee of small and medium-sized enterprises in China shows that more than 85% of the demand for financing loans of small and medium-sized enterprises has not been met in recent two years, among which 14.53% thinks that financing is easy, 58.25% thinks that financing is difficult and 27.22% thinks that financing is difficult. 2. SME financing channels are too narrow. There are two main ways of enterprise financing: internal financing and external financing. Internal financing refers to the process in which enterprises continuously convert their own funds or private savings into investment, which has the characteristics of primitiveness, autonomy, risk resistance and low cost. External financing is realized in the form of indirect financing and direct financing through the role of financial intermediary mechanism. Small and medium-sized enterprises mainly rely on internal financing in the initial stage of their business. Generally, SMEs have a weak foundation and limited internal financing. At present, the external financing of SMEs in China mainly depends on bank loans, accounting for more than 70% of the channels for SMEs to obtain external funds. The proportion of venture capital fund loans, rural cooperative funds and foreign loans is the lowest, only 2%~5%. This also shows from the side that the financing service system of SMEs in China is not perfect. On the one hand, there are few channels to provide funds for SMEs; On the other hand, there is no perfect credit evaluation system for SMEs in China, which makes it difficult for SMEs to obtain funds. 3. Unreasonable financing structure Because small and medium-sized enterprises can't raise funds in the form of issuing stocks or bonds like large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises, they can only apply for loans from banks, so exogenous financing is mainly manifested in bank loans, which leads to a serious imbalance between direct financing and indirect financing. In addition, in terms of financing with bank loans as the main channel, loans are mainly in the form of mortgage or secured loans, and credit loans have always been an unattainable thing for most small and medium-sized enterprises. Generally speaking, SMEs can only borrow short-term loans. If they apply for medium and long-term loans for fixed assets investment or technology development, they will often be rejected by banks.

Third, the analysis of the reasons for the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises in China analyzes the reasons for the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises, including their own problems, financial institutions and social environment problems, mainly in the following aspects. 1, SMEs have high debt ratio, weak solvency and low risk resistance. Due to the low level of financial management and the lack of financial credit, small and medium-sized enterprises have problems such as incomplete accounting books, lax internal control system and poor awareness of information disclosure, and they use various methods to evade debts. In addition, small and medium-sized enterprises have high operational risks, too small assets and weak self-accumulation ability, which leads to insufficient total assets that can be used for mortgage guarantee and directly affects the bank's lending to small and medium-sized enterprises. 2. Small and medium-sized enterprises have low industry barriers and imperfect corporate governance, and their business risks are greatly affected by the scale of operation. Small and medium-sized enterprises have low industry barriers and fierce competition, which greatly increases their business risks, restricts their solvency, and makes it difficult to win the trust of financial institutions, thus causing financing difficulties. Most of China's small and medium-sized enterprises originated from small family workshops, with a single ownership structure, and the owners generally have the final say on major issues in enterprises, and the corporate governance structure is not perfect or exists in name only. Although a considerable number of enterprises are committed to establishing a modern enterprise system after the completion of primitive accumulation of capital, family management is characterized by "close combination of ownership and management rights, and high concentration of decision-making and management rights". Important positions such as finance and marketing are generally held by the families of private owners, and "outsiders" rarely set foot in them. Business owners still play an important role in management decisions. According to relevant data, among private enterprises, 96% of the business owners are factory directors and managers, 39.7% of major business decisions are decided by major investors, 29.8% by major investors, 34.7% by major investors and 37.2% by major investors in general business decisions. The smaller the business owners, the less educated the business owners are, the more inclined they are to directly master the management right, and the more inclined they are to directly master the management right for business owners with paid-in capital of less than 200,000 yuan or primary school education. It can be seen that the defects of corporate governance of small and medium-sized enterprises can not really attract a large number of outstanding talents to stay in the enterprise, it is difficult to form a United and efficient management team, and the management level is low, which makes the development of enterprises lack stamina and directly leads to the financing difficulties of enterprises. 3. State-owned commercial banks are unwilling to lend to small and medium-sized enterprises. First of all, compared with loans from large enterprises, commercial banks' loans to small and medium-sized enterprises involve too high operating costs. Because the unit loan processing cost decreases with the increase of loan scale, large financial institutions are generally more willing to lend to large enterprises with large loan scale, and it is easy to ignore the loan requirements of small and medium-sized enterprises, which leads to the lack of long-term and stable cooperative relationship between commercial banks and small and medium-sized enterprises, thus leading to the problem of information asymmetry. At present, China's guarantee institutions and credit reporting institutions are not perfect, which leads to the increase of operating costs of commercial banks in all aspects of loans. Secondly, the loan right is levied. According to the overall plan of financial system reform, the institutional outlets of state-owned banks have shrunk to large and medium-sized cities, and the service targets have shifted to large and medium-sized enterprises. The credit management authority has been concentrated in the superior banks, especially the head office and provincial branches, while the small and medium-sized enterprises are mainly distributed in county-level cities, which leads to the serious dislocation between the management authority and institutional setup of state-owned commercial banks and the credit requirements of small and medium-sized enterprises. In addition, in the process of transformation, many policies are based on the nature of ownership because of the inertia of the traditional system and the inherent mindset of policy makers. Both state-owned commercial banks and state-owned enterprises are "state-owned", and the homology of property rights makes state-owned enterprises form a rigid dependence on the financial support of state-owned commercial banks. State-owned enterprises enjoy the government's "bankruptcy guarantee", which makes the risk of bank loans to state-owned enterprises far lower than that of private small and medium-sized enterprises. Although the loan may be difficult to recover, the unrecoverable loan can finally be written off through finance, which has been proved by the debt-to-equity swap policy of state-owned enterprises. Private small and medium-sized enterprises do not enjoy this special treatment. 4. The threshold of securities financing is high. There is a minimum capital scale requirement for issuing stocks in the formal capital market. The capital limit of listed joint-stock companies in China is 50 million yuan, which is usually higher than the capital scale of small and medium-sized enterprises. At the same time, for small and medium-sized enterprises, the listing cost is too high and the scale is uneconomical. The purpose of the establishment of China's securities market is to change the monetary and financial support originally realized by the credit market into the securities financial support realized by the stock market, so the private economy with small and medium-sized enterprises as the main body is actually excluded from the securities market, which is actually a unique phenomenon of ownership discrimination in China's economic system reform. In addition, it is difficult for SMEs to raise funds by issuing corporate bonds. At present, the bonds issued are mainly focused on key construction bonds, central enterprise bonds and local bonds, which are mainly used for large-scale industrial technological transformation, urbanization process and infrastructure. Investment in asset-intensive projects is driven by government-led monopoly, which has strong ownership discrimination and high barriers, making small and medium-sized enterprises discouraged. 5. The characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprises' borrowing are small, urgent and frequent, which leads to high financing cost and complicated procedures. Small and medium-sized enterprises have the characteristics of small amount, urgent time and many loans. At the same time, the business links of bank credit (including customer survey, credit evaluation, loan approval, post-loan supervision, etc.). ) Like lending to large enterprises, there is no shortage of links. Moreover, small and medium-sized enterprises are newly established enterprises, and the "hard information" of various financial accounting is not perfect, so banks cannot directly obtain reliable information of borrowers. Therefore, banks' understanding of small and medium-sized enterprises must be based on the understanding of soft information such as enterprise credit records and enterprise management, and the acquisition cost of these soft information is high. Therefore, the loan interest rate of banks to small and medium-sized enterprises is much higher than that of large enterprises. According to the survey conducted by the Research Bureau of the People's Bank of China (2005), the loan interest rate of commercial banks to SMEs is generally at least 20% higher than the basic interest rate, and the total financing cost of SMEs is as high as 12% when the registration fee, evaluation fee, notarization fee and guarantee fee are added. In addition, it is difficult for SMEs to obtain loans from formal financial channels. When enterprises are in urgent need of funds, they often raise funds from private markets outside the formal financial system at high interest rates. The cost is about 20%, which is several times higher than the loan cost of large enterprises 1.

Fourthly, how to solve the financing problem of small and medium-sized enterprises in China?

1. Establishing a special credit evaluation mechanism for SMEs is an important driving force for China's economic growth, but the long-standing financing problem has become an important factor restricting the development of SMEs in China at this stage. The main reason is that the credit status of small and medium-sized enterprises is difficult to be recognized by financial institutions. At present, with the issuance of short-term financing bonds for small and medium-sized enterprises, small and medium-sized enterprises have successfully entered the bond market for financing, and their credit status has attracted more attention in the market. So what factors should be paid attention to when evaluating the credit status of small and medium-sized enterprises? In terms of basic quality, compared with large enterprises, small and medium-sized enterprises have small scale, irregular rules and regulations, obvious family characteristics of some small and medium-sized enterprises and low transparency of governance structure. Moreover, some small and medium-sized enterprises have frequent contacts with affiliated companies, and capital occupation often occurs. Because of these circumstances, when evaluating the basic quality of small and medium-sized enterprises, we should first pay attention to the equity status of enterprises and its stability and transparency, including the background of shareholders and the shareholding status of executives. Secondly, we should pay attention to the related transactions of enterprises and the capital exchanges of related parties, and analyze the reasons in detail; Third, pay attention to the standardization of enterprise accounting and fund management mode, and analyze the internal control measures and their effectiveness. In addition, enterprises sensitive to safety and environmental protection should pay attention to the impact of possible events on their operating conditions; Other factors, such as the construction of enterprise quality assurance system, asset safety, including insurance purchase of important tangible assets, intellectual property protection, etc., are also more important. In terms of operation, many small and medium-sized enterprises focus on certain industry segments and gain certain competitive advantages through specialized operations. Therefore, the competitive situation of the industry, the relationship between enterprises and upstream and downstream industries, bargaining power and the settlement method of funds are the key points that need to be paid attention to in the rating work. At the same time, the singleness of the main business of small and medium-sized enterprises makes them greatly influenced by the external market environment and their operating conditions are unstable. These characteristics require us to strengthen our sensitivity to changes in supply and demand, technological changes and industrial policies, and analyze our ability to resist risks in the rating process. In addition, some small and medium-sized enterprises have a high concentration of downstream customers, which also has an impact on the stability of business operations. For specific enterprises, it is necessary to pay attention to the profit model, cost change trend and credit status of major customers of leading products or services. Under the current macro situation, we should pay more attention to the customers and orders of some export-oriented enterprises in order to accurately predict their future operating conditions. In finance, due to the weak financial supervision of small and medium-sized enterprises, the quality of financial information is not high and the transparency of financial situation is poor. Therefore, when evaluating the financial situation of small and medium-sized enterprises, we should not rely too much on the analysis of financial statements, but should pay more attention to the external financing ability and follow-up capital guarantee ability of enterprises; Secondly, we can pay attention to the attitude of enterprise management towards the use of financial leverage, the control measures of enterprise financial risk, the contingent risk situation and control measures arising from guarantee and litigation. In addition, while paying attention to the present situation of small and medium-sized enterprises, we should pay more attention to their future development potential and growth rate, and focus on predicting the future operating conditions of enterprises. In the future development period, the cash flow obtained by enterprises through business activities is an important guarantee for their solvency. At the same time, the latest information of enterprises should be obtained in time to evaluate the changes of their credit status and reflect the real credit status of enterprises.

2. Increase policy support for small and medium-sized enterprises to promote the healthy development of the market. At present, the difficulty of financing and loan has become a bottleneck restricting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, which needs to be solved urgently. While further improving the credit guarantee system for small and medium-sized enterprises, we should actively promote the innovation of business services and institutional mechanisms for small and medium-sized enterprises; Through the reform of scientific and technological management system and investment in scientific and technological innovation, technology and finance will be promoted to reform and innovate, and the financing support for small and medium-sized scientific and technological enterprises will be strengthened by comprehensively using five ways: government funding, scientific and technological loans, capital markets, venture capital and bond issuance. Guide small and medium-sized enterprises to improve their own quality, improve their strength and credibility, and make banks willing to provide loans.

3. Improve bank supervision and promote the development of small enterprises. The second is to establish differentiated systems such as loan classification and non-performing loan responsibility assessment that meet the characteristics of small business loans, and correctly guide, encourage and guide the banking industry to carry out small business loans. The third is to improve the statistical system of small business loans and unify the standards of small businesses. Fourth, according to the characteristics of small business loans, study and formulate differentiated loan policies, and encourage institutional innovation and mechanism innovation of banking lending institutions. Fifth, strengthen the research and innovation of laws and regulations, appropriately relax and cancel George W. Bush's enterprise credit loans restrictions, and guide banking financial institutions to pay more attention to grasping the source of the first link.

4. Promote the construction of GEM, and let SMEs launch GEM. First, some of the best entrepreneurial groups can obtain direct financing through listing; Second, by providing an exit mechanism, venture capital and private equity investment can be greatly promoted to invest in a wider range of small and medium-sized enterprises; Third, through the demonstration effect of the capital market, encourage more small and medium-sized enterprises to carry out shareholding system reform, improve corporate governance and standardized operation, and reduce the risk level, thus driving banks and other credit and guarantee institutions and local governments to increase their support for small and medium-sized enterprises. Therefore, the Growth Enterprise Market is the key link to build the financial support system for SMEs, which helps to fundamentally make up for the "short board" of the financing mechanism for SMEs.

refer to

Financing status and countermeasures of domestic small and medium-sized enterprises: Chen Xiaohong and Yang Huaidong; SME cluster financing; Economic Science Press; 2008 edition; Zhang Hang Liu Yanni; How to open financing channels for SMEs; International Finance News; March 2005; 14; Fourth edition; China Finance Network; China business times.

Third, the content of the return visit after requiring bank loans is mainly aimed at banking services. Thank you?

The main contents of the post-loan return visit:

1. Verify the customer's contact information, mainly to verify the mobile phone number and at least one other telephone contact information left in the system, as well as to verify the home address and bill delivery address.

2. Understand whether the borrower receives the bank statement and short message on time, whether the data in the statement and short message is correct and whether there is improvement.

3. Pay close attention to the changes in the value of collateral, and pay close attention to the factors that affect the value and safety of collateral.

4. Grasp the credit status and credit information of borrowers and guarantors, timely understand the changes of customers' repayment ability and guarantee ability, and timely prevent and control risks.

5. Investigate the income of borrowers and guarantors, including understanding the changes in solvency by understanding the income of various industries and occupations.

6. Collect market information, understand customer needs, and conduct appropriate customer satisfaction surveys.

This information comes from "Houhe Fortune"

I am in the field of loan now, and I am going to do a survey in the market. Please give me some questions about doing this survey. ...

It mainly details the age, monthly income, current living conditions (whether renting a house, owning real estate or others), and purchase intention (such as geographical location, construction area, unit price per square meter, etc.). ) investigators, and the proportion of daily expenses, etc. I believe these can be done.