China has entered an accelerated period of urbanization. It is estimated that nearly 200 million farmers will change their identities in the next decade. The mode of urban expansion and development through land expropriation has become the main way of urbanization. Properly solving the problem of landless peasants is an important guarantee for the smooth implementation of the urban-rural integration strategy.

In other words, it is necessary to ensure social stability and the smooth progress of urbanization, but also to ensure that the labor force among the landless peasants is "not unemployed", and there is room and possibility for further development. The landless peasants who reach retirement age should feel safe. This involves direct compensation for land expropriation, employment training and social insurance. This topic studies the resettlement methods of landless peasants in China and puts forward policy suggestions.

First, compensation: from monetary compensation to social security resettlement

Monetary compensation: Generally speaking, there are several problems in monetary resettlement: First, monetary resettlement is a life-oriented arrangement, not an employment-oriented arrangement. Land-expropriated farmers are permanently pushed to the labor market after receiving the living resettlement fee for the replacement of land use rights. Under the condition of imperfect labor market mechanism, fragmentary and distorted employment information and excessive competition of pure labor sellers, landless farmers who lack non-agricultural industrial skills can rarely find jobs. This has left a hidden danger of unemployment for farmers whose land has been expropriated. Many "farmers" are unwilling to accept this practice. Secondly, the monetary resettlement focuses on the immediate living arrangements of the land-expropriated "rural to non-agricultural" personnel, which is out of sync with the social security system. "Rural to Africa" can only rely on their own efforts to solve problems involving their own social security. Faced with the uncertain prospect of re-employment, it is easy for "rural to non-rural" people to worry about their future life, thus creating potential social instability factors.

Social insurance: land for security is a restriction based on pure monetary compensation. In recent years, local governments have been exploring different social insurance policies and measures to establish and improve the social security system. Social insurance resettlement will no longer pay land compensation fees and resettlement subsidies to the village collectives and individual farmers who have been expropriated, but will be approved for those who have changed from rural areas to non-rural areas. The expenses will be included in the special account of "resettlement subsidy" set up by the labor and social security department, which will sign a resettlement agreement with the land-expropriated object, and establish a social insurance personal account for the land-expropriated personnel who meet the requirements of paying social endowment insurance co-ordination fees, and pay them a monthly pension when they reach retirement age. Under the current policy conditions, bringing landless peasants into the urban social security system will increase the social security burden, but it will help solve the worries of landless peasants and promote the smooth implementation of urban-rural integration, which is worthwhile in the long run. The provinces and cities with relatively developed economy and tense relationship between human and land in China have done a lot of work, gained some experiences and lessons, and reflected a big trend.

Land reserve and resettlement: refers to the long-term stable guarantee for the production and life of landless farmers in the process of land acquisition; Arrange a certain area of construction land within the scope of construction land determined by the plan; Supporting rural collective economic organizations and villagers to engage in production and management is an important supplementary form of monetary resettlement. Sometimes it is also called land allocation and resettlement, that is, a certain area of land is set aside to leave room for the survival and development of landless peasants, which can not only solve the employment of some landless peasants through the development of secondary and tertiary industries, but also provide various guarantees for landless peasants through the expansion of collective economy and truly benefit the people. Also known as development and resettlement, it is an innovation of resettlement method to solve the production and life outlet of landless "farmers" through the construction of development projects. Through the investment in development projects, this resettlement method transforms the resettlement expenses obtained by farmers' replacement of land use rights into productive material capital, so that the land-expropriated "rural to non-agricultural" can be combined with productive material capital to realize re-employment. The specific operation shall be carried out according to the development and resettlement land index 10%.

Second, employment: from recruitment and placement to employment guidance

1. Recruitment and placement

Recruitment and resettlement refers to the arrangement of "rural to non-agricultural" employment by local governments or land units according to the proportion of land acquisition. This is an old method that has been continued from the period of planned economy system, and it is difficult to implement at present. With the deepening of the reform of state-owned enterprises and collective enterprises, the original planned employment model has gradually been replaced by the market-led employment form. The state no longer cares about the employment problem of "rural to non-agricultural", and local governments have fewer and fewer channels for employment of landless farmers. Monetization has become a common choice everywhere. This makes the traditional recruitment and placement have little effect, which is embodied in:

First of all, the cultural quality and skills of the "farmers" whose land has been expropriated can not meet the requirements of the land-using units. In the newly developed industrial park, enterprises have high scientific and technological content, and it is difficult for a large number of "rural to non-agricultural" personnel who lack high school education to meet many requirements of these enterprises for labor quality. According to the development plan of urban industrial parks, all the original agricultural registered permanent residence within the unified expropriation scope will be converted into non-agricultural registered permanent residence, which will make farmers, especially young and middle-aged laborers, face the urgent situation of secondary employment. The education level of the existing rural labor force is generally low, mainly engaged in agricultural labor and other jobs with low professional and technical requirements. The enterprises in the park planning are mostly urban industrial enterprises with low energy consumption, low emission, low pollution, high output, high technology content and high added value, represented by electronic information, new material processing, biopharmaceuticals and food production. The contradiction between the post demand and the low professional quality of the existing rural labor force is prominent, and it is very difficult to realize the recruitment and resettlement of land acquisition units.

Secondly, there is a contradiction between the market-oriented reform of employers and the institutional arrangement of recruitment and placement. With the gradual implementation of the competitive employment system, the space left by the employer for the "rural-to-urban" personnel for land acquisition and resettlement is getting less and less. Because enterprises choose their own people, the labor and social security departments have no jobs and have no right to resettle farmers' employment. So far, the government's policy of promoting the employment of "landless farmers" has not been introduced. How to solve the employment problem of "landless peasants" is a difficult problem.

Third, infrastructure projects cannot provide jobs. In the process of urban expansion, the share of infrastructure land in land acquisition is relatively large, and these lands can hardly provide jobs, and it is impossible to recruit and resettle the land-expropriated "rural-to-urban" personnel through direct construction projects.

In addition, it is also an important reason that the employment concept of landless farmers is difficult to change. There is still a clear gap between the job-seeking expectation of the landless peasants and the jobs provided by the land-using units. "Going from rural areas to non-rural areas" overestimated their own quality and found fault with the remuneration and working conditions of their new jobs. They are generally homesick, unwilling to work outside their own areas, lazy and unaccustomed to corporate discipline. These behaviors are hard for employers to accept.

Although the local government mentioned the method of unit resettlement for the labor force in the land acquisition and resettlement measures, in practice, a very small number of unit resettlement places are a drop in the bucket for the employment needs of a large number of landless farmers. Older laborers (men aged 50-60, women aged 40-50) are not considered in recruitment and placement. As a result, a large number of landless peasants can't find jobs for a while, causing social instability. The survey shows that 60% of the "rural to non-agricultural" in five suburbs (including high-tech zones) in Chengdu in recent three years are unemployed and hidden unemployment; Su Po Township, Qingyang District, has "urbanized" more than 8,000 people in the past three years, 70% of them are unemployed, 30% rely on renting houses and working to make a living, and some of them are under the jurisdiction of the office and can only eat subsistence allowances. This shows that it is difficult to solve the employment problem of landless farmers only by relying on traditional recruitment and resettlement.

2. Re-employment training expenses

For land-lost farmers, they have lost their land, and correspondingly they have lost their employment opportunities on the land. Therefore, they need to obtain corresponding employment opportunities in urban non-agricultural sectors to ensure their future livelihood. A landless farmer working in the primary industry is a skilled worker. After losing his land, he worked in the secondary and tertiary industries in the city and became an unskilled worker. In order to obtain equal employment opportunities and income levels with citizens in urban non-agricultural sectors, he should reach the average cultural quality and work skill level of citizens.

According to the theory of human capital, the employability is closely related to the cultural quality of job seekers. Land-lost farmers should have similar cultural qualities to citizens if they want to obtain employment opportunities and income levels similar to those of citizens in urban non-agricultural sectors. However, in order to obtain the cultural quality similar to that of citizens, landless peasants need to undergo certain vocational training. Because the cultural quality of landless peasants is relatively low, in order to make them adapt to the jobs created in the process of urbanization and industrialization, they must be given corresponding job-transfer training to improve their cultural quality. This vocational training cost is the transfer training cost of landless peasants, which can be calculated with reference to the following formula:

F=(Ec-Ep )(Fd+Fi)

Among them, F is the employment training fee for landless farmers; E and Ep are the average years of education of citizens and landless peasants respectively; Fd is the direct cost of job-transfer training for landless farmers, that is, the tuition and fees paid; Fi is the annual indirect cost of job-transfer training for landless peasants, that is, the expected salary income lost during the training period. At present, the average educational years of urban labor force is 12.2 years, while the average educational years of rural labor force is 7.7 years (Cai Fang, 2002), with a difference of 4.5 years. In other words, an ordinary landless farmer needs about 4.5 years of education and training, and his employment ability can be equivalent to that of an urban worker. The education and training expenditure in these 4.5 years includes direct expenditure and indirect expenditure. Direct expenses include tuition fees, materials fees, etc. Indirect expenditure is the salary income reduced because of study, which is the expected salary income of 4.5 years. However, it would be unfair if the cost of these 4.5 years were entirely borne by the state and land users. Because farmers have not fully enjoyed the nine-year compulsory education provided by the state, they should bear certain responsibilities. Obviously, we can set Ep at least 9 years, and then calculate (Ec-Ep) as 3.2 years. Obviously, this part should be borne by land requisitioners and land users, thus forming a part of land requisition compensation.

3. Chengdu experience

Chengdu, as a big city in the west, is facing great pressure of rural labor training and employment. According to the statistics of Chengdu Rural Labor Force Training, Development and Employment Leading Group Office, by the end of March 2004, there were 3.95 million rural laborers in the city, including 480,000 landless peasants. The number of rural laborers and landless peasants transferred to the secondary and tertiary industries 1.78 million, including 240,000 landless peasants who went out to work. Of the rural labor force, 46. 1% have no skills, 20.2% have specialized agricultural skills, and 65,438+02.2% have industrial construction skills. In the rural labor force, 3 1.5% have a desire for training, among which 47.4% have landless peasants and 80. 1 have a junior high school education or below.

In view of the characteristics of Chengdu's own strength, in 2004, the Municipal Party Committee and the Municipal Government issued the Opinions on Strengthening the Training and Employment of Rural Labor Force in Chengdu and related supporting measures, which clarified the overall thinking, objectives and tasks of training and employment of rural labor force. In the reemployment arrangement of landless peasants, the principle of "workers choose their own jobs, the market regulates employment, and the government promotes employment" is implemented. According to the regulations, landless and unemployed farmers in Chengdu will enjoy the same reemployment support policies as laid-off workers in cities and towns, and enjoy these preferential policies with the "Re-employment Certificate for Landless and Unemployed Farmers in Chengdu" that I applied for at the district and county employment service agencies. According to statistics, from 5,438 in June to September, 2004, * * * issued 43,329 reemployment certificates, accounting for 9% of the total number of landless farmers. The re-employment support policies enjoyed by the certificate include: free participation in employment skills training; Free job introduction; Engaged in self-employed (except for industries restricted by the state), all administrative fees such as registration, licensing and management will be exempted within three years; Enjoy the re-employment micro-loan support provided by the government [④]; Employers who employ people who hold the re-employment certificate of landless and unemployed farmers in Chengdu enjoy the preferential subsidy policy of the state for laid-off workers in cities and towns.

According to the idea of "overall planning by the government, departmental cooperation and social participation", the five urban districts of Chengdu take the skills training of landless and unemployed farmers as a breakthrough to promote their reemployment, and adopt the combination of financial subsidies and social financing to raise 4 million yuan to build a three-level training network at district, township and village levels, and establish a rural labor force vocational training base with district party schools, staff schools, township vocational education centers, agricultural technology extension centers and village adult technical schools as carriers. Enterprises can also "place an order" for each training point to train the required talents for themselves.

In order to promote the implementation of this work, Chengdu Labor and Social Security Bureau, Finance Bureau and other departments jointly issued relevant notices, and landless farmers engaged in self-employment will enjoy preferential policies of exempting 88 fees from 23 departments including industry and commerce, public security, customs, construction, transportation, civil affairs, taxation and health. Existing or newly established community employment entities, service-oriented enterprises, and economic entities set up by large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises with separation of main and auxiliary industries and restructuring of auxiliary industries, and newly recruited land-expropriated farmers and newly recruited farmers who engage in self-employment have reached more than 30% of the total number of employees and signed labor contracts with them for more than three years, also enjoy these preferential policies. By the end of 2004, 120 landless and unemployed farmers had received re-employment concession cards. Where the implementation of preferential scope of tax reduction and exemption of administrative organs, institutions and intermediaries (including other service agencies), in performing official duties and providing service charges, must implement the provisions of tax reduction and exemption, and in its service hall (window) publicity tax reduction and exemption items and standards, and public complaints. Those who fail to reduce or waive fees and other arbitrary charges according to regulations will be revoked their "License for Charging" once verified, and their qualification for charging will be cancelled, and they will be exposed to the public. If the circumstances are serious, the relevant departments and leaders will be held accountable.

At the beginning of 2004, the Chengdu Municipal Government signed the target responsibility letter for rural labor training and employment with the district and county governments for the first time, and implemented the methods of combining target assessment with project management and combining target assessment with financial subsidies. The Municipal Agriculture and Industry Office conducts target supervision and assessment according to the overall goals of the city and the targets undertaken by districts and counties issued by the provincial party committee, the provincial government, the municipal party committee and the municipal government, assesses the number of trainees, the completion rate, the number of holders, the number of recommended employment and other indicators, conducts monthly statistics on the training institutions and training tasks undertaken by districts and counties, gives financial subsidies according to the completion of training objectives and tasks, and deducts financial subsidies for units that have not completed the target tasks.

All districts and counties in Chengdu have increased financial investment in employment training, issued free training cards for rural laborers, strengthened employment training, focused on key points, implemented step by step, and carried out training in various forms and channels. For landless peasants who have the ability to work and the desire to find a job, it is recommended to find a job at least twice for free. Land-lost farmers who have the ability to work and desire to find employment but have difficulties in finding employment (hereinafter referred to as the elderly with difficulties in finding employment) are the main targets of reemployment assistance. Public welfare posts invested by the government and developed by the community, and logistics posts of government agencies and institutions should give priority to the elderly with employment difficulties. Give free re-employment concessions to landless farmers who enjoy the minimum living guarantee and are unemployed for more than 1 year. To recruit qualified personnel, the employing units within the jurisdiction shall enjoy the following re-employment support policies before the end of 2005: including tax incentives, administrative fee reduction and exemption, small secured loans, social insurance subsidies, cash subsidies, vocational training subsidies, and vocational introduction subsidies.

Various districts and towns in the suburbs of Chengdu have opened posts such as property management, cleaning, security, patrol, caboose and kitchen workers. We treated the landless and unemployed farmers equally, and increased the number of jobs by building posts and buying posts, which has solved the employment of more than 4,000 people. With the support of the municipal and district labor and employment departments, in 2004, more than 20 towns and streets with a large amount of land acquisition and demolition held 26 job fairs for landless and unemployed farmers, and contacted more than 200 employers. By the end of August, more than 900 people had received the application notice. In addition to district and township work, suburban administrative villages have also set up re-employment service centers for landless peasants, adhered to the principle of training on demand and paying attention to actual results, and actively carried out pre-job training based on market demand and improving employability. The center has formulated a personalized order-based training plan, and hired teachers to carry out targeted practical technical training, vocational certificate training, community service skills training and housekeeping service skills training according to the different age groups and academic qualifications of landless farmers, so as to improve their skills and enhance their income-generating ability.

However, some problems have been found in the implementation of the current policy and need to be further solved. First of all, the current training is through social organizations, which is obviously different from professional schools in terms of qualification, equipment and practice base, and it is impossible to complete the training objectives and tasks in large quantities. However, the existing professional schools can't afford the training funds. Secondly, the training funds and social insurance subsidies after employment are difficult for the government to bear. According to preliminary estimates, the training fund for 50,000 rural laborers in the next five years will be as high as more than 45 million yuan. However, subsidies such as social insurance subsidies cannot be accurately calculated at present, and it is very difficult to solve them only by district finance. Whether they can bear it is still a question.

4. jinniu district case study.

Jinniu district is one of the five urban districts in Chengdu, with a total agricultural population of 9663 1, including 56788 laborers (male 18-60 years old, female 18-50 years old). Among the rural laborers in the whole region, there are 1776 1 person who have been employed inside and outside the region, 6,006 who are self-employed,13,482 who are working at home, and19,539 who are surplus rural laborers. Due to the large rural population, jinniu district occupies a very important position in the strategic layout of urban-rural integration in Chengdu. How to ensure the reemployment and skills training of a large number of landless farmers has become a top priority for the government. In this regard, jinniu district has done a lot of research and policy research, which has certain reference significance.

1) Organization, personnel and funding arrangements

A leading group for labor security of land-lost farmers in jinniu district was established, which is responsible for the organization and leadership of training, employment placement and social insurance of land-lost farmers in the whole region. The director of the District Labor and Social Security Bureau is the leader, one deputy director, the director of the District Employment Bureau and the director of the District Social Security Bureau are the deputy heads. The leading group consists of three offices, namely, re-employment training, employment placement and social insurance for landless farmers. Its main responsibilities are: investigating the situation of farmers in the whole region, integrating training resources, informatization construction, employment information collection, vocational skills training, employment introduction, vocational guidance, employment placement, employment management and social insurance. The office is located in the district employment bureau and the district social security bureau, and the directors of the office are the heads of relevant departments respectively. Among them, the re-employment training office of "landless peasants" is co-located with the rural labor development office of the District Employment Bureau, and another four people are added. The employment placement office of "landless peasants" is co-located with the employment guidance section of the District Employment Bureau, with an increase of 4 personnel. The social insurance office of "landless peasants" and the collection department of the District Social Security Bureau are co-located, with two additional personnel. The office staff shall be employed, and the employment period shall be determined according to the needs of the work, and shall be employed once a year. All towns and villages should establish employment training centers for landless peasants, and increase 3-5 personnel to specialize in training, employment placement and social insurance for landless peasants.

2) Training planning

According to the "landless peasants" training and employment willingness, enterprise employment demand and training resources, a five-year training and employment plan for landless peasants was formulated. Training should be "six unifications" and "one combination". That is, the training institutions (outlets), training types and practical technical schemes, training outlines of various training projects, teaching plans, training courses and practice contents, and the provision of corresponding teaching materials should be unified; Combination of training and employment. Adhere to the national vocational qualification certificate system. Establish a multi-level employment training system with the training institutions of labor and social security departments as the leader, social forces as the basis, and employer training as the supplement. Determine the training institutions for landless farmers, add teaching points, and form a training network covering the whole region.

It is planned to train 56,788 farmers in five years, including 1 1000 in 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007. In 2008, 12788 people were trained. Including migrant workers and junior high school graduates who can't continue their studies (they must undergo 1 to 3 years of training before employment and obtain vocational qualification certificates in corresponding industries). In terms of funds, it is stipulated that the district-level finance will be 80% and the street (township) finance will be 20%. According to the initial calculation, the training fee is 800 yuan per person. It is estimated that the investment in the whole region will be 45 million yuan in five years, with an annual investment of about 9 million yuan.

The contents and methods of training include two aspects: first, if the employer organizes on-the-job training, the required funds shall be paid from the staff training funds, which shall be extracted according to the ratio of 65,438+0.5% of the total wages of the staff and workers, included in the cost and paid before tax. Second, under the business guidance of the district labor and social security department, if the streets, towns and enterprises are responsible for organizing and implementing training, they will carry out the following three types of training for landless farmers who intend to transfer to non-agricultural industries and towns: guiding training, vocational skills training and development entrepreneurship training. Guidance training is to train landless farmers in basic rights protection, legal knowledge, common sense of urban life, and the concept of job hunting and career selection. Vocational skills training is to carry out job-transfer vocational skills training according to the employment training wishes of landless farmers and the needs of employers, including skills training in computer operation, commodity management, marketing, cooking, hairdressing, home appliance maintenance, auto repair, property management, decoration, washing and sewing, domestic service and catering service. Development-oriented entrepreneurship training is to train all kinds of entrepreneurial leaders in combination with project development.

3) Employment placement

The district government will bring the reemployment project of "landless peasants" into comprehensive target management. The district labor and employment department is responsible for the guidance, management, organization and coordination of the re-employment project of "landless peasants" in the whole region, and formulates the phased implementation plan of the re-employment project of "landless peasants"; The financial department is responsible for the training and employment of landless farmers, and the required funds are fully included in the annual budget; According to the training plan, the district education department actively organizes education and training institutions in the whole region, provides various educational resources, and strengthens vocational skills training and entrepreneurship training for "landless farmers"; Agriculture-related streets and towns specifically organize the implementation of the objectives and tasks of the re-employment project for landless peasants.

In practice, a registration system for "landless peasants" should be established, that is, the labor and social security departments should make a unified form, and the land department should register the peasants who are about to "turn from agriculture to Africa". Land-expropriated farmers, male aged 16 but under 60 years old, female aged 16 but under 50 years old, shall apply for unemployment registration at the local street and township labor and social security institutions with their certificates of peasants' conversion to non-agriculture and household registration materials, and apply for unemployment certificates free of charge, and apply for the Re-employment Certificate of Land-expropriated Farmers in Chengdu at the District Employment Service Administration Bureau for free, and establish files for them. Landless farmers enjoy the following preferential policies:

First, the government matches the land according to the proportion of 20% of the land requisition, and establishes new markets and intensive industries. The land provided by the government belongs to the state, and no unit or individual may buy, sell or transfer it, and it shall be used by the economic cooperation organization for farmers' employment.

Second, all land-expropriated units in this region should undertake the obligation of receiving and resettling land-expropriated farmers. It is suggested that 0/-2 people per mu be employed and sign labor contracts for more than three years. Relevant enterprises that employ and resettle land-expropriated farmers in proportion and sign labor contracts of more than 1 year can enjoy policies such as tax and industrial and commercial management fee reduction and exemption, social insurance subsidies, etc.

Third, industrial and commercial enterprises founded by farmers themselves or enterprises run by farmers in partnership. Land-expropriated farmers account for more than 30% of the total, and can apply for business licenses free of charge with the "Re-employment Certificate of Land-expropriated Farmers in Chengdu", reduce taxes according to regulations, and handle small loans.

In terms of funds, all districts, towns and related streets arrange special funds for the employment and resettlement of landless farmers every year. It is estimated that the employment subsidy will be around 500 yuan per person per year, with an annual income of 5 million yuan, a small loan of 500,000 yuan, and social insurance subsidies.

4) Training and employment guidance for rural labor force.

The above training and employment guidance for landless peasants is only one aspect of the work. On the other hand, jinniu district has formulated relevant training and employment support policies (Jinniu Committee [2004] No.4 1) for rural laborers who have not been requisitioned by the state, and issued more than ten thousand copies of preferential employment for rural laborers in jinniu district. Rural laborers with this certificate can enjoy four free job introductions and 1 vocational skills training, and relevant employment training institutions can get relevant policy subsidies. In the long run, this policy has promoted the transfer of the existing rural labor force to non-agricultural industries and cities and towns, weakened its dependence on land, thus actually alleviating the problem of landless farmers that may be caused by land acquisition in the future, and is a very good supporting measure.

Third, housing: from monetary resettlement to centralized residential resettlement and central village construction.

1. Housing resettlement policy

Land compensation, resettlement compensation and social insurance resettlement all involve the long-term livelihood of landless farmers, and they are also the most prone to contradictions. Relatively speaking, housing placement is easier to operate, but there are also many specific problems to be solved, which is also a policy-oriented process. From the experience of Chengdu, it is from monetary resettlement to centralized housing resettlement. Try to adopt a relatively uniform standard in the way of resettlement.

According to the "Measures for Compensation and Resettlement of Land Expropriation in Chengdu" formulated by Chengdu in 2000, farmers with rural homestead use certificates will be resettled according to the construction area of 35 square meters per person; The housing placement method is monetized, and the existing (built) housing placement can be implemented if conditions permit.

Where monetary resettlement is implemented, the land acquisition unit shall sign a monetary resettlement contract with the farmers. If the original residence is less than 35 square meters per capita, the compensation shall be 35 square meters per capita, and the settlement shall be made according to the affordable housing price of the adjacent lots; The original residence per capita is more than 35 square meters, and the excess is compensated by the land acquisition unit according to the 600 yuan per square meter.

The implementation of the current (built) housing placement, the original residential per capita more than 35 square meters, is an approved area by the land acquisition unit according to the cost of self-construction, the maximum does not exceed the 300 yuan per square meter to give compensation; The original residential per capita reached 35 square meters, but the per capita area of resettlement housing was less than 35 square meters, and the insufficient part was compensated by the land acquisition unit according to the 600 yuan per square meter; The original living area is less than 35 square meters per capita, and the excess is purchased by farmers at 600 yuan per square meter; The part of resettlement housing that exceeds 35 square meters per capita shall be purchased by farmers at commodity prices. In the case of partial expropriation of land, farmers who hold certificates for the use of rural homesteads within the scope of land expropriation and whose family members are not all urbanized can be given one-time compensation according to the monetized resettlement method, and no longer enjoy the right to use rural homesteads; It can also be paid by the land-expropriated units to the rural collective economic organizations whose land has been expropriated according to the 300 yuan per square meter, and they can choose to build their own houses or be solved by farmers themselves.

In 2003, the Municipal Bureau of Land and Resources further explained the specific problems related to housing resettlement during the implementation of the Measures for Compensation and Resettlement of Land Expropriation in Chengdu. Mainly take preferential incentive measures to reduce the resistance in land acquisition and demolition and encourage monetary resettlement; Encourage timely relocation to ensure the smooth progress of land acquisition and demolition. Specific measures include: 1) If monetary resettlement is selected, 8,000 yuan/person will be rewarded at one time. 2) If monetary resettlement or existing (built) house resettlement is selected, and the resettlement agreement is signed and handed over to the old house within 10 days from the date of the demolition announcement, the reward is 3,000 yuan/person; If the resettlement agreement is signed within 20 days and the old house is handed over, the reward will be 1000 yuan/person; No reward will be given for more than 20 days. 3) If the resettlement of existing (built) houses needs transition, the transition fee shall be paid to 200 yuan per person per month. 4) Choose the existing (built) housing placement method. If the per capita area is less than 35 square meters, the land acquisition unit can settle the make-up payment in one lump sum within the time limit specified by the land acquisition unit, and the land acquisition unit can settle the make-up payment at a discount of 50%. In addition, housing placement for spouses of rural residents and housing placement for married people of childbearing age have been determined. Spouses of rural residents with five urban areas and high-tech zones, non-agricultural registered permanent residence, holding rural homestead use certificates, not participating in housing reform or having no housing elsewhere are included in the housing resettlement calculation.

Generally speaking, although monetary resettlement is encouraged in policy, it is still very difficult to operate in practice. First of all, the cost of farmers building their own houses or buying new commercial houses is much higher than the compensation for house demolition. In the upsurge of real estate development in big cities, it is difficult for landless farmers to find a place to live. Secondly, if the landless peasants can only find some temporary simple houses because they can't enter the more formal real estate development zone, they will face the risk of secondary demolition and cannot settle down, which will become a hidden danger of social stability. Another factor is the dilemma of monetary resettlement, that is, farmers' financial management ability and experience are likely to lead to the failure to achieve the purpose of housing resettlement, and finally have to find the government to solve it. For these reasons, the local government finally tends to adopt the way of centralized planning and centralized construction of new houses for farmers when solving the housing resettlement problem of landless farmers.

2. Construction of farmers' new homes

From the experience of Guangdong Province, if the housing resettlement planning is not good, it is easy to cause the phenomenon of "village in city". In recent years, one of the measures to resettle landless peasants in Chengdu is to build "new houses for peasants". The purpose is to make rational use of land, effectively solve the housing problem of landless peasants, gather some landless peasants and their relocated households together, and establish a residential center in the suburbs. "Farmers' New Houses" are directly planned by the local government, and the land-lost farmers in the process of urbanization are centrally resettled, which fully embodies the characteristics of settlements (Luo Rong 2002). The "new residence" project adopts unified planning and design, unified site selection and centralized construction, actively develops into the air, and accumulates more farmers with less geographical space. For example, the total planned land for suburban residential buildings in Jinniu Township is 3 1.96 hectares.