1. There are many kinds of tour dealers, the most important ones are

1. Different concepts: there are differences.

1. Tour operator:

It refers to a travel agency which mainly engages in the combination and wholesale of package tour products and also engages in the retail business of tour products.

2. Tourism wholesaler:

refers to the business mainly engaged in organizing and wholesaling tour groups.

3. Tourism suppliers:

It refers to the travel middlemen who buy tourism products and then resell them.

Second, the characteristics are different:

1. Tour operators:

Through the investigation of tourists, tour operators predict the development trend of the tourism market and the demand for tourism products and the consumption level of hobbies, design a combination of products that meet the market demand and sell them in the tourism market through travel agents.

2. Tourism wholesalers:

Sign agreements with hotels, transportation departments, tourist attractions and other departments involved in package tourism, purchase these services in advance, and then design package tourism products with different characteristics according to the different needs and consumption levels of tourists, and sell them in the tourism market through tourism retailers.

3. Tourism suppliers:

The most striking feature is that the ownership of tourism products is transferred between the buyer and the seller. Dealers obtain the ownership of tourism products through purchase, and their income comes from the difference between the purchase price and the selling price of tourism products.

2. A travel retailer is relative to a travel wholesaler.

A distributor is an agent in the designated area of a commodity manufacturer, and its commodities can be supplied to lower-level wholesalers or directly wholesale to terminal retailers. Wholesalers are a way to supply more goods at one time, and their prices are cheaper than retail prices.

:3. The main function of tourism retailers is to provide combined tourism products to the tourism market

1. Definition and characteristics of retail industry

2. Main functions of retail business

3. According to industry classification, retail industry classification.

4. Main formats of Chinese and foreign retail businesses

5. Analysis of environmental factors of retail industry.

6. Combination of retail elements

7. Characteristics of retail marketing

8. Theoretical hypothesis of business change

9. Development trend of China. Retail business

4. The main source of income of tourism dealers is

many tourism-related industries, which are briefly introduced as follows:

Accommodation, with the booming tourism market, catering and accommodation around tourist attractions.

transportation is a prerequisite for tourism. First, there must be tourist attractions and scenic spots that attract tourists. Secondly, there must be convenient and efficient transportation facilities and environment. With excellent transportation facilities and environment, more tourists can be added and accommodated.

wholesale tour operators refer to travel agencies or tour companies mainly engaged in wholesale business. The so-called wholesale business means that travel agencies order products and services from transportation companies, hotels, destination travel agencies, tourist attractions and other tourism-related enterprises in large quantities according to their own understanding and prediction of market demand, and then combine these one-way products into different package tour line products or package holiday products, and finally sell them to tourism consumers through certain sales channels;

Travel retailers refer to travel agencies mainly engaged in retail business. Travel retailers are mainly represented by travel agencies, including other relevant booking agencies. Generally speaking, the role of travel agencies is to buy their products from wholesale tourism operators and related tourism enterprises on behalf of customers in travel, accommodation, tourism and entertainment. On the contrary, it can be said that the business of travel agencies is to sell their products to customers on behalf of the above-mentioned tourism enterprises.

5. Briefly describe the types of tourism marketing channels

(1) Comparison of tourism marketing between China and foreign countries

1. Comparison of marketing management between Chinese and foreign travel agencies

There are certain differences in marketing management between Chinese and foreign travel agencies due to their different markets, national conditions and development processes.

(1) Comparison of marketing ideas of travel agencies

Influenced by historical reasons, Chinese and foreign travel agencies have obvious differences in marketing ideas. The marketing concept of western travel agencies is deeply influenced by its mature market economy, and has experienced the whole development and evolution process of marketing, from traditional marketing concept to modern marketing concept. In the market competition, they firmly established the concept of marketing strategy and global marketing, and the progress of the concept strongly supported their competitiveness in the market. Influenced by the late start of tourism, especially by the planned economy, the marketing of American Travel Service in China is still in the initial stage of development. Although China draws on many western marketing theories and experiences, due to the imperfect market development and other factors, most of their marketing concepts are in the process of changing from traditional marketing concepts to new marketing concepts, and some travel agencies do not even have traditional marketing concepts. Comparatively speaking, establishing and updating the marketing concept should be one of the efforts of China's travel agencies.

(2) Comparison of marketing strategies of travel agencies

Different product strategies. In terms of product strategy, China American Travel Service undertakes the function of product production, first selling abroad and then selling at home, with a single product category; Generally speaking, western travel agencies do not undertake the function of product production. They sell products at home first and then abroad. There are many kinds of products, including ready-made series of tourism products, temporary product requirements and even individual services designed according to tourists.

the channel strategy is different. In the west, travel agents support nearly 91% of sales, and travel retailers are chained, specialized and technical. American travel agencies in China are both organizers and receptionists (figuratively called travel agencies and receptionists), and they mainly enter the international market through indirect channels.

different pricing strategies. Chinese and foreign travel agencies are basically the same in cost, competitive demand, exchange rate and inflation, but there are great differences in pricing technology. Our travel agencies basically adopt cost-plus pricing process, while western travel agencies flexibly price according to changes in market supply and demand. Under the influence of the government on prices, there are also great differences between China and western countries.

different promotion strategies. The promotion strategy of western travel agencies is customer-centered, targeted marketing and encouraging all-staff marketing; However, China's promotion strategy: American travel agencies pay more attention to the international market than the domestic market, and tend to pay more attention to middlemen than tourists. The means of communication depends on advertising, competition depends on price reduction, and the promotion form is single and the promotion level is low.

from the above comparison, it can be seen that although there are similarities and great differences in marketing between Chinese and foreign travel agencies, it also shows that there are great shortcomings in the marketing of travel agencies in China. Facing the future market competition, we must effectively improve our marketing ability.

2. Comparison of tourism marketing development between China and foreign countries

Compared with western tourism, the developed level of China is higher in the United States than in China. Accordingly, the marketing level of China and the United States lags behind that of the West, with a big gap. In the rapid development of western tourism, it has gone through the same process as the material product industry. From the early stage of capitalist development to the present, it has experienced the evolution of marketing concepts such as production concept, product concept, marketing concept and social marketing concept. The application of marketing in tourism has also developed to a higher level.

China's American tourism started late, and it began to develop in an all-round way in the 1981s, reaching its first climax in the mid-1981s. Due to the sharp increase in the number of international tourists, the tourism industry is facing unprecedented fierce competition. In this context, travel agency S's own active sales behavior began to appear, and marketing was formally introduced into tourism. Especially in the late 1991s, there was an oversupply situation in the tourism market, and the consciousness management market of travel agencies moved from awakening to maturity. The viewpoint and method of comprehensive marketing began to be recognized by travel agencies, the traditional sales marketing became more mature, and the market behavior of travel agencies also changed from simple sales behavior to marketing behavior. Travel agencies began to investigate, study and predict the market demand, design baiji products, adjust their product structure, determine the realistic daily market and promotion strategy, predict the future potential market, carry out early market cultivation, take care of tourists' reflection and treatment on the quality of tourism products, and do a good job in after-sales service.

3. Comparison of marketing strategies

Influenced by perfect marketing theory and market environment, the development of marketing strategies in western tourism marketing management has been quite perfect. In terms of product strategy, the production function is clear, the main body of the product is clear, the development model is from domestic to foreign, the product types are diverse, and the product serialization and individualization are outstanding; In terms of channel strategy, the west has formed a complete four-level system, in which channels support each other and networks communicate with each other; In terms of price strategy, the pricing foundation is solid (depending on market supply and demand), travel agencies have strong autonomy, relatively few interference factors, little dependence on policies, diversified product price forms, large customer choice space and strong price competitiveness; In the promotion strategy, the promotion strategy is designed around customers, and the marketing is highly targeted. Coupled with the huge financial support and the promotion of all-staff marketing, promotion has become the driving force for the success of travel agencies.

In short, although the tourism marketing in China and the United States started late, it has developed rapidly in recent years and performed well in both domestic and international markets on the basis of successfully learning from western progressive marketing theories and experiences. However, as far as the overall development level of marketing is concerned, there is still a big gap between China and the West. In terms of products, the production and marketing functions are unclear, product development is slow, innovation is insufficient, product types are single, and sightseeing still occupies half of the product market. In terms of product price, the decision-making method is still based on the cost-plus process, with many interference factors, and the coordination between price adjustment and market demand is not high. In the channel strategy, too much reliance on intermediaries, direct sales channels have not been well utilized and developed. In terms of promotion, the form is single, the advertising promotion means are over-dependent, and the competitive tendency of price reduction needs to be further overcome.

Through the comparative analysis of Chinese and foreign tourism marketing, although there are still some shortcomings in China compared with the West, the tourism marketing in the United States has begun to develop rapidly in all aspects. With the support of China, rich tourism resources, increasingly relaxed development policies and sufficient human resources, the development of China, American tourism marketing and even the whole tourism industry is just around the corner.

(2) market portfolio strategy of international tourism

1. Product strategy of international tourism market

(1) Similarities and differences

There are two kinds of tourists: domestic tourists and international tourists. Due to the differences in cultural traditions and living environment, there are great differences between these two different types of tourists in aesthetic tastes, values, ways of thinking and codes of conduct. These relatively stable social concepts permeate their psychological quality, dominate their thoughts and actions, and make them have obvious differences in the value judgment and consumption preference of tourism products.

The reason why tourists spend a lot of money and go to great pains to go abroad for sightseeing is to appreciate the exotic atmosphere, experience the customs of other nationalities and enjoy the exotic atmosphere.

It is an important product strategy of the international tourism market to make a good combination of tourism products. When developing international tourism products, it is very important to adhere to the principle of market orientation and redesign, and plan and combine tourism products without changing tourism products, so as to meet the needs of tourists more effectively. There are two ways: one is to use the existing basic scenic spots in China, or to combine some of them with the same aesthetic style or similar nature to form a special tourism product. For example, Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand launched in China in recent years all adopt this combination method. Another method is to combine some tourist attractions or projects with great contrast to form another tourism product with two or one scenic spot.

(3) adjust measures to local conditions

The prison area is vast, and under the control of regional differences in the local environment, it has formed a rich and colorful natural landscape; China is also an ancient cultural country with a long history of 5,111 years and rich cultural heritage. Terracotta warriors and horses, the ancient Great Wall, etc. It is an irreplaceable advantage of tourism resources in the world. To develop international tourism, we should make use of these advantages according to local conditions.

(4) Rich and colorful

In recent years, China's tourism product structure is still dominated by sightseeing and business tourism, which account for more than 2/3 of the total tourism products, while other tourism products account for less than 1/3. The single form of tourism products greatly restricts China's market attraction and American tourism products. Moreover, sightseeing, vacation and business travel only stay in the surface development of resources, which affects the value-added ability of tourism products. Therefore, it is imperative to further develop sightseeing, vacation and business tourism and continuously develop new tourism products.

At present, China and the United States spend about $4.2 billion annually on international business travel, accounting for about 17% of the Asian business travel market. If domestic business travel expenditure is added, the total market expenditure is about 211 billion yuan. The Olympic Games to be held in China in 2118 and the World Expo in 2111 will create huge development space for China. The sense of smell of capital is undoubtedly the most sensitive. American Express, Rosenbruce and other major professional business travel service companies all set foot in China business travel market in various forms. At present, the most urgent problem in the field of business tourism in China is to cultivate professional business tourism companies.

In addition, efforts should be made to develop new tourism products, and new tourism products such as culture, leisure, education, transportation, exploration, ecology, festivals, health preservation and themes should be continuously introduced to increase the market appeal of China to American tourism products. 2. international tourism market pricing strategy

(l) state price strategy

In the pricing decision of international tourism marketing, the travel agency must first decide whether the product price is consistent with other parts of the world, or whether to set different prices according to different situations in different countries. The implementation of unified pricing by travel agencies is conducive to establishing a unified image of products in the world, formulating a unified market positioning strategy and controlling the whole marketing activities. However, due to the differences in price competition, exchange rate and tax, it is more suitable for different countries to implement differential pricing. What kind of pricing strategy the travel agency adopts depends on the following situations: the daily standard of the travel agency. If the marketing objectives of travel agencies in different countries are the same, unified pricing should be adopted; However, if the marketing objectives of travel agencies in different countries are different, differential pricing should be adopted.

competitive conditions. If the competitive position of tourism products in the markets of different countries is the same, a unified pricing strategy can be adopted; On the contrary, differential pricing strategy can be adopted.

the life cycle of tourism products. If tourism products are in the same life cycle stage in all countries, travel agencies should adopt a unified pricing strategy; Instead, we should adopt a differential pricing strategy.

sales channels. If different countries have the same sales channel structure and efficiency, they should adopt a unified pricing strategy. If it is different, in countries with better sales channel structure and efficiency, the price should be set lower < P > The price strategy when the exchange rate rises. The rise of RMB exchange rate means the appreciation of RMB, which is equivalent to the increase of foreign exchange price of products, thus increasing sales income; At the same time, a stable RMB will reduce the cost of tourism products, and the combined effect of the two will increase the sales profit of tourism products. At this time, you can choose RMB as a quotation to increase your income, and you can also lower the price of your products to attract more tourists. Price strategy when exchange rate falls. The decline of RMB exchange rate means the depreciation of RMB, which means the increase of product cost. At this time, we either use foreign currency quotation to increase revenue or use RMB quotation to attract more tourists.

3. Channel strategy of international tourism market

The traditional sales channel is a loose network composed of travel suppliers, travel wholesalers and travel retailers. Channel members operate independently, since