1. What are the types of caves? 2. How about the cave kitchen Xu Hongzhong Middle Road Store? 3. The construction of the pit kiln is very clever. What is the ingenious design of the cave? 4, original prose reading: the story of the old house 5, the poem about the cave 6, what are the types of 611-word caves?

Longdong Loess Plateau is the place with the deepest loess in the world, and Qingyang is located in the typical Longdong Loess Plateau, where there are the most and densest caves for residents. Dense layers of caves, row upon row, have been described as: like a cave in the clouds, like pearls embedded in the Loess Plateau.

from the ancestor of Zhou dynasty, earth caves were all over the mountain valley. The Book of Songs is called "Tao Fu Tao Cave". During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the types of caves increased, and each cave had a clear division of labor. There were dark villages, bright villages and quadrangle villages. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, small castles appeared, and a group of caves or heatable adobe sleeping platforms were surrounded by tall earth walls to defend against the shortage of soldiers and thieves, commonly known as fortresses.

in the construction of cave dwellings, the face of the village is generally 9 meters high and 17-23 meters long. It is scraped into patterns such as water waves with a shovel head, and three to five holes are dug in the front, and one to three holes can also be dug in the side according to the terrain. The front soil is a flat space, and generally walls are built on three sides to build a gate and gatehouse. Cave dwellings are generally four meters high, eight feet to ten feet wide and three feet deep. The main cave on the front is slightly higher than other caves, and it is used as the main hall for the elders to live in. Windows and doors are installed on the wall of kiln mouth, which is generally a three-cave or a two-window. The window near the top of kiln is called skylight. There are heatable adobe sleeping platform on the back wall of the kiln, and the heatable adobe sleeping platform is next to the gable wall and the kiln wall, leaving the entrance of the adobe sleeping platform. "Burning firewood to light the adobe sleeping platform makes the kiln warm, and the main kiln sits on the adobe sleeping platform, which is pleasant." Generally, the cave building takes a mountain-like direction, and it is dry when avoiding dampness, high when avoiding low, and sunny when avoiding shade.

There are many kinds of caves in Qingyang, which can be divided into more than ten kinds, but there are three kinds according to the main categories, namely, Mingzhuang kiln, earthen pit kiln and hoop kiln.

Mingzhuang Kiln, also called Yazhuang Kiln, is generally located on the side of mountain and ditch. By using the cliff potential, the cliff surface is leveled first, and then the kiln is built. "Tao Fu" in "Tao Fu Tao Cave" refers to Mingzhuang Kiln, which has three kilns, five kilns and more than five. There is a thousand-year-old cave in Waxie Township, Ning County, which covers an area of 211 square meters and has five windows, and can accommodate hundreds of people. On the plains of Dong Zhiyuan and Caoshengyuan, there are also people who use hutongs to build villages. Because the cliff potential is not high, they have to dig a few meters and then dig a kiln, which often forms three sides high and one side low. This kind of Zhuangzi is called semi-bright and semi-dark village.

earth pit kiln: this kind of kiln is built on the big depression in the plain. First, a rectangular pit is dug in the flat, generally five to eight meters deep, and the four sides of the pit are cut into cliff faces. Then, caves are dug on the four sides of the cliff, and a long slope path or inclined hole is built on one side, which goes straight to the original face as a sidewalk. The "Tao Cave" in the "Tao Fu Tao Cave" is this kind of sunken pit village. This cave is actually a basement, and the characteristics of "warm in winter and cool in summer" are more obvious.

hoop kiln: hoop kiln is generally made of soil embryo and wheat straw yellow mud to build a foundation wall and arch the top of the kiln. The top of the kiln is filled with double slopes, polished with wheat straw mud, and short rafters are pressed in front and back. Rich people also cover the ceiling with blue tiles, which looks like a studio from a distance and a kiln from a distance. A cave with rectangular or square stone hoops is called a stone hoop kiln.

There are many kinds of cave dwellings in Qingyang according to their uses. Digging a hole in a small kiln on the upper part between the front of the main kiln or the front of the cliff in Zhuangzi, and building a ladder, can be far-sighted and mostly used for anti-theft, which is called a high kiln. Dig a small cave in one side of the kiln, mostly for storing valuables or food, called a turn kiln. Residential caves have different names for different purposes, such as guest house kiln, kitchen kiln, sheep kiln, middle kiln, firewood kiln, grain kiln, well kiln, grinding kiln, car kiln and so on.

How about the cave chef Xu Hongzhong Road?

The service is not bad, the environment is good, the business is good, and I like to wipe potatoes and drink fried noodles with Chinese hamburger, which tastes really good.

The pit kiln is very cleverly built. What are the ingenious designs of the cave?

Cave dwellings are characteristic buildings on high loess slopes, and local residents use the strong vertical loess to build them, saving space. The loess plateau has a high terrain, a wide loess area and a low groundwater level, so it became the general trend at that time to dig caves to build houses. Except for the difference in appearance, other houses are similar to ordinary houses, which can be divided into upper and lower floors, and each house can be independent of each other, with a kitchen and a warehouse. According to the different construction environment, it can be divided into cliff cave dwelling, sinking cave dwelling and independent cave dwelling.

The arch-shaped appearance not only enlarges the space in the middle of the building, but also allows the house to receive enough sunshine, so that residents will not be depressed. The construction of caves is not only as simple as digging a hole casually, but also involves many complicated steps, such as digging foundation, drilling caves, tying walls and installing windows, all of which are indispensable and careless. For example, if the cave is drilled too quickly or too hard, the cave will collapse, the wall will crack and leak. On the other hand, arched caves have strong bearing capacity. In order to ensure the stability and safety of caves, most caves are arched. In wartime, caves play an important role in avoiding the enemy and the Japanese bombing.

The biggest feature of the cave is that it is warm in winter and cool in summer, and it is built in the surface. The cave is surrounded by thick loess, and the cave is like a huge thermos cup, which minimizes the temperature change inside the cave. There is a thick soil layer on the cave roof, so the sunlight can't shine directly on the roof in summer, and some cave roofs will be planted with vegetation or crops, which not only saves land space, but also alleviates the problem of soil erosion on the Loess Plateau. There is a small hole at the top of the patio cave, which is connected to the ground and closed at ordinary times. When grain is harvested, it can directly enter the granary through the small hole.

Many hundred-year-old caves in the Loess Plateau are still well preserved. They are not only places where residents live or the best residential buildings according to local conditions, but also an ingenious art, representing the wisdom of ancient working people and the precipitation of China's 5,111-year history.

original prose reading: the story of the old house

in the morning, my wife and I went to the new land where the old house was still cultivated in the village to plant corn.

The old house was located in a north-south alley. In the old days, poor people had no money to build houses, so they painted neat walls on both sides of a small gully, and then dug caves on the walls. There should be a certain distance between the caves. A few caves, together with a yard, built a gatehouse, which was a family. People usually refer to this cave as "Ming House", which is different from "Heaven and Earth Kiln Yard" (also called "Square Kiln Yard"). My old house sits west to east, and the four-hole cave dwelling is a valuable property left by my grandfather (great-grandfather). Because there are few successors in my grandfather's generation, the two-hole cave dwelling near the south has become the target of distant imperial clan grabbing and occupying. During the Republic of China, several lawsuits were fought for this. Although my family was alone at that time, my grandmother's maiden (my uncle's Liu Lou was powerful, and the other party lost a lawsuit, sold the land and seized the cave dwelling. Later, my father joined the People's Liberation Army, and my family became a military family. The other side never dared to try to bully again. During the land reform, my family was classified as a middle peasant. Because our family was small, we gave the second cave in the south to a poor peasant. The first cave in the south formed an idle courtyard, which was my family's mill and cattle house in the early years.

Two empty caves in the north form a courtyard, which is my real hometown. My grandparents live in the middle cave, and my parents' bedroom in the north is also the birthplace of our brothers and sisters. There are two tile-roofed houses in the north of the courtyard, which were built in the early 1961s. Because of building houses, an old persimmon tree named "Yugu Luan" in the courtyard was cut down. These two tile-roofed houses used to be my brother's and my wedding room, where my eldest son was born. There are also two jujube trees in the yard, "edge of July, jujube circle". At the beginning of July every year, we will climb the tree to pick the crisp, sweet and delicious jujube. In 1984, we moved out of our hometown and never enjoyed the pleasant scenery when the jujube matured.

On the right side of the main cave in the courtyard, there is a cave with a depth of more than two meters. This is my kitchen. Later, because the area was too small, I built a stove and fire shed here. I cooked in the stove and fire shed in summer, and moved to the cave when it was cold. Every year, it was repeated. Before the 1981s, the average farmer's house was not well-off, and some families lived together in a yard, each of which was just a cave with one or two holes. In those days, children first asked their families how many holes they had and whether they had a place to live. Grateful for the big cave left by our ancestors, the cave is about 5 meters high and 21 meters deep, and it can be used as a kitchen, living room, living room and warehouse. It is warm in winter and cool in summer, especially in summer, which is better than air conditioning, and it is especially difficult to take a nap.

My gatehouse is well built, basically made of brick. There is a small attic above the doorframe, which can put some sundries. The threshold is two square meters inside and outside. When it rains, we often take shelter under the gatehouse, watch the flood on the road outside the door and sing "It's raining hard, but my father-in-law is carrying a wolf"

Cave dwelling has its advantages and disadvantages. I remember that in July of 1983, after a long period of continuous rain, my wife and children and I were asleep one day, and suddenly it seemed as if the sky were falling. A huge vibration and crash woke us up from our dreams. At that time, we didn't know what happened. When we put on our clothes and went outdoors, we realized that an old house in the east of Hutong collapsed outside the gate, and a huge clod like a hippo rolled in front of the gable of our house, and the earth blocked the gate. If the well walls were not strong, our family of three would be doomed. I have experienced three disasters in my life. One time I was rescued from drowning in an hour swimming. In addition, once again, in 1984, when building a house and transporting cement, it was almost squeezed on the wall of a narrow lane by a tractor trailer. Every time I recall these thrilling events, there is always a feeling of happiness for the rest of my life.

Today, I came to the old house. Except for the trace of a cave, all the other tile houses, trees, wells and water caves in front of the house have disappeared. Only the branch of an ancient Sophora japonica has not been buried, and it is struggling helplessly in the wind, as if telling the vicissitudes of life. Several of our old neighbors used it as a reference to roughly map out the boundaries between their old houses and their farmlands. When they saw this tree, they also remembered the trees that had grown on the foundation of my old house: the acacia tree that had been cut down to make a big bed, the old elm tree that curved across the road, the phoenix tree in the south yard, and the pomegranate tree that was like fire in bloom. The tree reminds me of people again, and my closest grandmother who took me to my uncle's house and aunt's house during the three-year difficult period; I think of the old neighbors in the past: the big sister-in-law who raised the "carrying child" widowed for a lifetime in the north; A doll boy who is good at carpentry; Si Niang who loves to hold my head and touch her forehead; Neutron Bo, who likes to stab me in the face with stubble, and dozens of vivid lives that can't be erased in my memory: the old captain, the old accountant, the attendance clerk, the agricultural technician, Li Lu, who can tell stories, and the Dequan couple who laugh and laugh harmoniously, as well as the memory and association of Nan Tou's "Sister-in-law", who especially likes to joke with people with low-level dirty words, inevitably make people deeper. Who knew that there used to be an "old hutong" third production team with 141 or 51 people here? Who would have thought there was such a story of an old house? This spring, bulldozers buried the vat and cow trough of the old house in the depths of the loess. After thousands of years, it may be a precious unearthed cultural relic. Isn't it, the twinkling of an eye, the more thousand years in the world! When people come from the land, they will eventually return to the land.

Poems about caves

1. Poems about caves

1, "Looking at Dongting"

Author: Liu Yuxi-Tang

The lake and the moon are in harmony, and there is no wind mirror on the pond surface.

Looking at the Dongting Lake from afar, there is a green snail in a silver plate.

2,

Crossing the Dongting

Author: Li Yu-Song

Vast notes cross-flow, thousands of pools and thousands of miles.

Half flood invaded Chu Yi, and one branch belonged to Wutou.

the moving shaft is the new Ji, and it is mid-autumn in the air.

the momentum turns over Jing Kou, and Yueyang floats.

the distant pulse zi heng yue, slightly cool scattered orange island.

the stars are moving together, and the blue and green flowers are gathering in every corner.

gradually drop the geese, and add them while accompanying the boat.

it's unpredictable to rise, so why worry about a safe road?

the difference between qi and dust is like searching outside.

this body is thick. let's give it a rest.

3,

Fu Dongting

Author: Ke Peng-Spring and Autumn Period

Zhou Ji is 811 Li, and it is tiring to gaze at it.

the water culvert has a wide sky shadow and high terrain.

Jia Ke didn't stop for a long time, but the fisherman turned around several times.

where the wind is rustling, there are drums and waves.

4,

Autumn Night in Dongting

Author: Zhang Mi-Tang

At the beginning of sailing, the wine was hung at the beginning, and the twilight scene was unbearable.

a thousand miles of sunset clouds dream in the north, and a continent of frost and orange caves in the south.

the stream wind sends rain through the autumn temple, and the stone dragon falls into the night pool.

don't hang on to the soul, and nine doubts and worries will never lock the haze.

5,

Cave Dwelling: Yezhou-Modern

The eaves grass is swaying in the sunset glow, and the empty space in threshing ground is silent.

Home is just a cave, watching the dry wind all day.

Chili burns your face red, and towels bury your head as an antique.

The furrows and wrinkles are all longing, hoping that the soil will always be warm.

put the horse on the top of the mountain, and the yellow sand on the poor ridge will make it look far.

Yesterday's wheat pile is gone, and a car full of people has gone far away.

The broken wheels are covered with moss. Can the floating clouds lightly support the lonely geese?

whose child cries and shivers is poor.

2. A fragment describing the cave dwelling in northern Shaanxi

Cave dwelling is a unique residential form on the Loess Plateau in northern China, where the ancestors of the Chinese nation lived, multiplied and grew. Cave dwellings are divided into earth caves, stone caves, brick caves, earth-based caves, Liurafter Liubazi caves and interface caves.

Cave dwellings are the product of the Loess Plateau and the symbol of farmers in northern Shaanxi. Here, the people who deposited the ancient yellow soil and deep culture created the cave art (folk art) in northern Shaanxi. In the past, a farmer worked hard all his life, and his basic wish was to build a few caves. Having a kiln and marrying a wife is considered a family business. Men dig in the yellow land, while women do housework and have children in the cave. Small caves have concentrated the unique customs of the yellow land.

The loess, which is as deep as 1211 meters, extremely difficult to penetrate water and highly upright, provides a good premise for the development of caves. At the same time, the natural conditions such as dry climate, cold winter and less wood have also created opportunities for the development and continuation of caves that are warm in winter and cool in summer, very economical and do not need wood. Due to the influence of natural environment, geomorphological features and local customs, caves have formed various forms. However, from the layout and structural form of the building, it can be divided into three forms: cliff-leaning, sinking and independent.

The caves in Yan 'an, northern Shaanxi, are mixed with cave-style flat-roofed houses. Cave dwelling is an organic combination of natural landscape and life landscape, which permeates people's love and attachment to the yellow land.

The cave is fire-proof and noise-proof, warm in winter and cool in summer, which not only saves land, but also saves labor economically. It is indeed a perfect architectural form according to local conditions.

people make use of the characteristics of loess to build caves called earth caves, which are usually 7-8 meters deep, more than 3 meters high and about 3 meters wide, and the deepest can reach 21 meters. There are two kinds of windows, one is a small square window of about 1 square meters; The other is a round window of about 3-4 square meters. It is characterized by warm winter and cool summer. Stone is used as building material, 7-9 meters deep, 3 meters wide and 3 meters high.