The peak of China's feudal dynasty was the Song Dynasty, not the Tang Dynasty. Song Dynasty is the dynasty with the most prosperous economy, the most advanced science and technology, the most prosperous culture, the deepest art and the richest people's living standard in the history of China. Song Dynasty was the most brilliant dynasty in China, and it was also the country with the most inventions in the world at that time. The Song Dynasty was also the period when China made the greatest contribution to the world. More than half of the important inventions in China's history appeared in the Song Dynasty. At that time, three of China's so-called four great inventions were invented or began to be applied on a large scale, including gunpowder, compass, printing, paper money, vertical textile and important reforms in porcelain-making technology. In the Song Dynasty, navigation, shipbuilding, medicine, technology and agricultural technology all reached unprecedented and unparalleled heights in ancient times. The Song Dynasty also developed a new science, technical science. These brilliant achievements are directly related to the overall civilization of the Song Dynasty. The GDP of Song Dynasty accounts for 50% of the world. The comprehensive strength of a country, both in quality and quantity, was the largest in the world in Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty has reached the peak of the feudal dynasty, and the seeds of capitalism have emerged.
I. [Economy and Commerce in Song Dynasty]
Song Dynasty was the only dynasty in ancient China that didn't implement the policy of "restraining business" for a long time. Since the Song Dynasty, it has been managing pits and organizing the development of tea salt. As a result, a large number of farmers liberated from the land invested in commercial handicrafts, and the private economy was stimulated and developed by leaps and bounds. Created unprecedented wealth and prosperity. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, Song Taizu Zhao Boxin called on people to "accumulate more money, live in a city house to bequeath their children and grandchildren, and sing and dance until the end of their lives". Song Taizong also wrote a letter "Let the two systems know how to discuss politics and prosperity", so that officials can learn how to manage money and seek wealth. Song Shenzong, on the other hand, believed in "managing money first" and promulgated the imperial edict of "managing money first". These policy orientations led to the vigorous development of the commercial tide, the rapid development of commerce and the rapid development of banking, which prompted the earliest paper money and banks in the world history to appear for the first time in the Song Dynasty. Banks can make loans and pay in different places. During the Northern Song Dynasty, a large number of mineral deposits such as gold, silver, copper, iron and coal were mined, and the earliest manufacturing plants and processing plants in the world history also appeared all over the country. Such as shipyards, firearms factories, paper mills, printing plants, weaving factories, official kilns and so on. The workers in this factory are paid on time. In the Southern Song Dynasty, there were seven or eight thousand craftsmen in the Military Equipment Institute. There are more than 1200 apprentices in the branch of the association. Jin Ling College has more than 400 weavers. In addition to public factories, some private factories have also appeared and flourished in large numbers. Due to the unprecedented economic prosperity, the number of coins minted in Song Dynasty was very large, such as 5.06 million coins minted in Song Shenzong. At the peak of the Tang Dynasty, Kaiyuan minted 320,000 coins.
The forms and types of money in Song Dynasty were too rich. Copper coins and silver ingots were the standard currencies in the Song Dynasty. Copper coins and iron coins were used together in the Song Dynasty, and some of them contained alloy components. Besides, there are some silver coins. The coins of the Song Dynasty were the highest and best coins in the ancient history of China in terms of variety, quantity and quality. The exquisite calligraphy engraved on the coins of the Song Dynasty was mostly written by famous artists and emperors, and the seals were covered with grass, ancient seals and thin gold seals. All kinds of exquisite coins make people fondle them, and the art of coins in Song Dynasty is the highest. At that time, Song Qian was the favorite and strongest currency of neighboring countries. Song's money became a treasure of the national treasury. Although there are imitations of Song coins in Liao countries, Jin countries and other countries, Song coins are the most widely circulated in Jin countries. Up to now, the most Song money has been unearthed. Today, it has been unearthed in many areas, as far away as Japan and as far west as Europe and Africa. It serves to show the prosperity and strength of the Song Dynasty. In order to avoid the trouble of carrying a lot of copper coins, the earliest paper money "Jiaozi" appeared in Sichuan around 998 AD (the first year of Xianping). This is the earliest paper money in China and the world. But this kind of paper money is only equivalent to a guaranteed token. There are several kinds of banknotes printed and issued by the Song government, such as Jiaozi, Yin Qian, Guanzi and Huizi. 1023 (the first year of Tiansheng), the Song government opened the first official institution in charge of issuing paper money-Yizhou Jiaozi Department, which was the earliest central people's bank in the world. In A.D. 1024, the Song government began to print and distribute "Jiaozi". This kind of "Jiaozi" copper plate, with birds and animals, patterns, patterns or stories in color printing, is extremely exquisite. This kind of paper, like public debt, is issued at different levels. The jiaozi was originally divided into two years, and the old jiaozi was abolished and recycled when the new jiaozi was issued. Since A.D. 1072 (the fifth year of Xining), although it still occurs every two years, the circulation period of each crossing has increased to four years. Jiaozi face value is a fixed face value from consistent to consistent, based on iron money, with issuance reserve, which has basically the characteristics of modern standard currency. Its application is more and more extensive. The use of bills provides convenient conditions for commercial prosperity. In the fourth year of the Northern Song Dynasty, a new type of paper money called "Yin Qian" was issued in Jiangbei and North China, but it was printed only once, and it stopped printing because of poor circulation. 1 107 (the first year of Daguan), Sichuan Jiaozi was renamed Yin Qian, and Jiaozi service was also renamed Yin Qianyi. A large number of banknotes were printed and issued, resulting in a serious devaluation of Yin Qian. 1 1 10 years (the third year of Daguan), the circulation is limited to1250,000, and the circulation areas are also limited to Sichuan, Shaanxi and Hedong, using iron money. Later, various methods were adopted for exchange, and the old coins were stopped and the reserves were increased, so that the value of the currency was restored. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the Song government set up Huiji in Hangzhou to manage its printing. One thousand, two thousand, three thousand, two hundred, three hundred, five hundred and six denominations were printed. The meeting takes three years as the "boundary", which expires when it expires, and the old and the new alternate. From A.D. 1 17 1 to A.D. 1240, * * * issued the 18th Society. Later, the government stipulated that the 17th and 18th clubs could circulate permanently. This is pure paper money issued by the government in the true sense. Paper money has gradually replaced copper coins as the main medium of exchange. The rapid development of commerce has played a driving role.
In Song Dynasty, the traditional practice of heavy punishment and light people was adjusted, and both justice and benefit were paid equal attention, and economic legislation was attached great importance. Laws and regulations cover all aspects of social and economic activities, and specially set up monopoly laws, such as salt law, wine law, tea law and so on. The Song Dynasty became the most active period of economic legislation in ancient China, with frequent legislative activities. The content of laws and regulations involved all aspects of social and economic activities, and the formulation and implementation of laws and regulations had unprecedented imagination. Song's economic laws and regulations pay attention to the distribution of interests between the state and economic activists, which accords with the law of commodity economy. The huge financial revenue in Song Dynasty was the result of the rapid development of national economy, the extremely prosperous industry and commerce and the improvement of productivity. Abundant social and financial resources enable the government to ensure government revenue without imposing excessive taxes on the people. This eased social contradictions and entered a virtuous circle of governing the country. In Song Dynasty, the economy, especially the secondary and tertiary industries developed greatly, and people's living standards reached an unprecedented height. In A.D. 1077, the total tax revenue of the Northern Song Dynasty was * * * 70.7 million yuan, including 21620,000 yuan for agricultural taxes, accounting for 30%, and 4911000,000 yuan for industrial and commercial taxes, accounting for 70%. It is no longer agriculture that constitutes the main body of national fiscal revenue, but industry and commerce. By the Song Dynasty, China's agricultural society was already moving towards the industrial and commercial society. There were also advertisements for copperplate printing in handicraft industry in Song Dynasty. It is more than 300 years earlier than the advertisements printed by western capitalism. Su Dongpo, a great scholar, once wrote an advertisement poem for an old woman who cooked oil, and her business improved greatly. Shen Kuo's theory of money circulation speed has reached the level of modern money theory. In addition, "tabloids" similar to modern newspapers appeared in the Song Dynasty. The earliest seeds of China capitalism in the world were born in the prosperous commercial tide of the Song Dynasty.
The Song Dynasty was the period when the citizen class in China was formally born. A large number of craftsmen, businessmen and small business owners formed the middle class in the Song Dynasty. They are rich in economy and have their own independent value pursuit. The rich and leisurely life, aesthetic taste and life taste of the citizens contributed to the high prosperity of the Song Dynasty culture, and opera, acrobatics, music, poetry and novels all prospered and developed in the Song Dynasty. Large-scale urbanization began in the Song Dynasty. For the first time, there appeared a big city in China, which was dominated by commerce rather than administration. The traffic development in Song Dynasty was the highest in the feudal history of mankind. In the Song Dynasty, there was a postal kiosk every ten miles and a post station every thirty miles. Official roads are scattered all over the country, extending in all directions. The Song government attached great importance to postal services and ensured their normal operation. "By the Baita Bridge, selling land classics, the pavilion is short and appropriate." Geodetic scriptures are maps, and the maps of the Song Dynasty are quite accurate. The four capitals in Song Dynasty were Kaifeng in Tokyo, Luoyang in Xijing, Daming in Beijing and Yingtianfu in Nanjing. The population of big cities in Song Dynasty was concentrated, and the capital city of Bianliang in Northern Song Dynasty and Lin 'an in Southern Song Dynasty were both big cities with a population of more than one million. In the Song Dynasty, there were six people with a population of more than 200,000, such as Quanzhou. The number of cities with more than 100,000 households in the Song Dynasty increased from a dozen in the Tang Dynasty to 46. Venice, the largest and most prosperous city in the west at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, had a population of only100000. The clock is hung on the towers of all the main roads in this city. Every clock is watched. He knocked on the bronze bell, which echoed even in the narrow alley, and then he showed people the time in words. The Northern Song Dynasty was rich and powerful 160 years. The capital of song dynasty (now Kaifeng, Henan province) is "ten times the capital of Han and Tang dynasties". The capital of song dynasty is not only developed by dry road, but also by water transport. "Every year, the title is clear" and "Lianpian Cao Ge walks into China". "There are millions of households on the side, and no one burns wages." In the Song Dynasty, the capital of song dynasty used coal (called burning stone in the west) instead of wood to make a fire for cooking and heating. At that time, the west used wood to chop firewood for cooking and heating. 1949 After liberation, all major cities in China did not reach this point. The birth of the new citizen class and the rich and comfortable life made the Song people have a strong sense of consumption, which greatly stimulated the prosperity and development of the tertiary industry such as teahouse, wine market and entertainment industry. Unlike the cities in the Tang Dynasty, the cities in the Song Dynasty were dark at night, and Song Cheng was a bright city in the dark. Because the Song Dynasty did not impose a curfew like the Tang Dynasty, the Song people had a nightlife. In the evening, the Song people lit lights in their rooms, homes and yard doors, so there were lights everywhere. People who walk at night carry all kinds of lanterns. So the whole city is flashing at night. At night, the whole city is brightly lit and sold until dawn. Hundreds of operas and performances were staged in fixed entertainment places such as "Wazi" and "Goulan", which were watched by the public. In the evening, the restaurant business is booming until the sun rises again and the streets are crowded with people. "One or two noodle restaurants on the street and noodle restaurants in the west of the city have been buying and selling all night and have been making friends." "In the rest of Qiaodaofang Lane, there are also night markets selling fruit candy and other things, and some people sell divination on the street, such as selling food on a stretcher above the table until midnight." Although it rains and snows heavily in winter, there are also night markets to sell. "."Wine is full of miscellaneous songs, and every night is like the first half of the first month. ","Liangyuan romantic singing and dancing, wine like a knife. "I remember how happy I was when I was a teenager. I lit up Fan Lou at night. Suddenly looking back, the man was in the dim light. " When will the West Lake Dance stop outside the Qingshan Building outside the mountain? "Warm winds make tourists drunk, and Hangzhou has become a Bianzhou." Tourists are not only a few Song people such as royalty, dignitaries, but also the general public and most Song people in the city. Song lived such a rich and happy life. In the Song Dynasty, there was no poverty of "frozen bones on the road" and "although the country was torn apart, mountains and rivers lived forever, and vegetation came back in spring". Pessimism and despair. When will the West Lake Dance be optimistic and prosperous?
The development of the South in the Song Dynasty was actually a territory. In order to make southerners more like China people, they have made unparalleled contributions in previous dynasties. Although it was developed in ancient times, the south is still a wilderness compared with the north of the Central Plains. This development is not the development of war, but the infiltration and aggression of culture and economy. The prosperity of the Song Dynasty made Renye Fang a real China native. The ethnic minorities in the south gradually merged into the Chinese nation. After the Song Dynasty, there was no distinction between the north and the south in China. People from the Central Plains, the north and the south in China gradually kneaded into a whole in the prosperous Song Dynasty. Northern Song Zhenzong and Renzong broke the tradition that southerners don't work for each other. Linjiang Wang Yinruo and Suzhou Ding Wei served as prime ministers. In the ninth year of Kaibao, Yuelu Academy, the first of the four academies, was built in Changsha, Hunan, which was once the hometown of Sanmiao. Song Zhenzong personally inscribed the four characters "Yuelu Academy" on the front door of the book, which has been handed down to this day. Scholars in the Song Dynasty, such as Zhu and other literary thinkers, came here to give lectures and teach Confucian classics, build the country and enrich the people, and value the people over the monarch. 1autumn of 2024-1spring of 2028, Fan Zhongyan personally led more than 40,000 migrant workers to build and complete the seawall defense project in Taizhou, which exceeded one hundred and fifty miles. Since then, salt fields and farmland have been guaranteed, enabling thousands of families affected by disasters in previous years to return to their homes. To commemorate Fan Zhongyan's contribution, this seawall is called "Fan Gongdi". When Fan Zhongyan was demoted to Suzhou, together with the vast number of migrant workers, after more than a year of hard work, he completed the Suzhou water conservancy project. Suzhou, which is relatively barren, has become a big granary for drought and flood protection. Su Dongpo was demoted to Hangzhou on 1085. At that time, Hangzhou was still a relatively backward area. Su Dongpo drilled six wells to solve the city's water use. And comprehensively improve the West Lake, dig out a lot of silt at the bottom of the lake and use it to build a willow embankment connecting the north and the south. People commemorate Su Dongpo with "Su Causeway", and "Xiao Chun on Su Causeway" is still one of the scenic spots of the West Lake. Su Dongpo traveled all his life to Mizhou, Xuzhou, Huzhou, Hangzhou, Yingzhou, Yangzhou, Yingzhou, Huizhou and other places, and reached Hainan Island in the south. It can be said that along the way, he advised the people to plant crops, build water conservancy projects and solve problems for the people. Officials who made mistakes or were demoted because of political disharmony in the Song Dynasty were generally exiled to backward areas in the south. In this way, they will have the opportunity to serve the country, prove themselves and benefit the people there.
The Song Dynasty is a crucial period for the socio-economic development level of Taihu Lake Basin to leap to the forefront of the country. Before and after Yongxi (984-987 AD), the cultivated land in Suzhou did not exceed 1.40 million mu at most, and Suzhou paid taxes of 3.4 million mu during the Jingyou period (AD 1.034- 1.037). In the past 50 years, the amount of cultivated land has increased by nearly 1.5 times. In the second year of Duanping (AD 1235), the total cultivated land in Suzhou was about12 million mu, which was 3.5 times that of Jingyou and 8.5 times that of Yongxi. Song government attached great importance to dredging and weir engineering, and often carried out large-scale water conservancy projects, which greatly improved productivity. Created a successful experience. First of all, dredge the water conservancy projects in rivers, lakes and harbors, so that the vast farmland can be flooded and benefit from irrigation. For example, in A.D. 1055 (to the second year of Harmony), the civilian workers156,000 people were mobilized to dredge Zhujing 64, Pu44 and Tang6 and build a harmonious pool. "There is no place to store, and the people are not involved in the disease." Millions of hectares of fertile land on both sides of the strait have benefited from it. In A.D. 1 19 (the first year of Xuanhe), Zhao Lin employed more than 2.78 million laborers, which lasted for 1 9 months, and managed1mouth,1mouth, 4 Pukou and 58 blasphemies. In A.D.11/5 (the fifth year of Zheng He), after the reclamation of Henghe River, Shidun River, Dongxinhe River and Daihong Port in Jiangyin, the nearby "fields of ten townships suffered from repeated droughts and floods, and all of them were extinct", benefiting 6,573 hectares of farmland. 1 167 (the second year of the main road), the Guhuipu River was dredged, "so tens of thousands of acres of farmland destroyed by water are still fertile." The opening of the dredging port not only ensures that the Taihu Lake water system can smoothly flow into the rivers and seas, but also enables local farmland to effectively fight floods and droughts. Under the comprehensive action of various water conservancy projects, the farmland construction in Taihu Lake Basin benefited a lot, and it was the most intensive water conservancy area in the country in Song Dynasty. Some people have made statistics on various water conservancy projects, water conservancy fields and their total cultivated land in Xining period of the Northern Song Dynasty. The two Zhejiang roads where Taihu Lake Basin is located both rank first, with 2,294 water conservancy projects and water conservancy fields10,484,842 mu, accounting for 28.8% of the total cultivated land. Around Xichun in the Southern Song Dynasty, there were more than 2 100 water conservancy projects in West Zhejiang Province, with Taihu Lake basin as the main body, which was close to the sum of the two places in Xi 'ning period. "History of the Song Dynasty, Records of Food Goods" said: "After crossing the south, the Central Plains was a field of water conservancy, so water conservancy flourished." Taihu Lake water conservancy makes "low fields often have no floods, high fields often have no droughts, and Fiona Fang often has a bumper harvest within a few hundred miles". After treatment, the Taihu Lake Basin has different veins and scattered original fields. Between mounds, irrigation by machinery; The noisy shore is surrounded by shackles; Then the diarrhea is true, and it becomes a field of cream; Flat algae and reeds, cultivated as rice fields, became the first fertile fields for intensive cultivation in the Song Dynasty.
After the Song Dynasty passed through Hangzhou as its capital, a large number of people from the north and the Central Plains moved south. National elites gathered in Hangzhou. Make the south more prosperous. People who migrate are afraid that future generations will not know where their ancestors came from, and ancestral temple culture has developed. The population of Hangzhou was only 200,000 in 1 102, and reached1240,000 in 1274. Most of the population in Hangzhou is from outside. The development and management of the Song Dynasty in the south laid the foundation for the prosperity of the south. Since then, the South has been the most economically developed area in China.
Second, [Song's Science and Technology]
Song porcelain was the national symbol of China at that time. The five famous kilns in Song Dynasty are Ru kiln, Guan kiln, Jun kiln, Ge kiln and Ding kiln. It can be said that the first commercial industry in the human world was the porcelain industry in the Song Dynasty. Song porcelain is the perfect combination of the most exquisite art and precise craftsmanship. Clever integration and unification of charm civilization of Song porcelain and popular culture. Porcelain from famous kilns in various places is produced in large quantities, which is not only used by royal nobles, but also cherished and used by officials, scholars and citizens. Porcelain varieties produced by various kiln methods of Song porcelain emerge in an endless stream. Amazing everyone who sees it. Many techniques of Song porcelain have been lost. Many technological levels of Song porcelain are difficult to achieve even in modern times. The porcelain of the Song Dynasty is very exquisite, and it can be said that the famous kiln porcelain left over from the Song Dynasty is almost priceless. In the Song Dynasty, the popular silk craft in China changed from practical to exquisite and precise. Silk in the Song Dynasty was extremely developed. Very complicated loom, including 1800 moving parts. Various embroidery methods make China's silk more artistic and aesthetic. Rich foreigners wear coarse cloth, while civilians in China wear soft silk and satin. Some farmers also put on silk. "The pawn wears a suit and the farmer walks on tiptoe."
Shen Kuo, a famous scientist in Northern Song Dynasty, studied astronomy, calendar, medicine and mathematics. Shen Kuo wrote "Meng Qian Bi Tan", which recorded a lot of scientific and technological achievements and discoveries, such as the discovery of geomagnetic angle, the recording of triboelectrification, and the discussion of optical problems. Shen Kuo also put forward the idea of land collision, which didn't appear in the west until19th century. Meng Qian Bi Tan is praised by the west as the earliest encyclopedia of science and technology in the world. With the development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline and fishery in Song Dynasty, the viewpoint of material cycle of agricultural ecosystem in Song Dynasty is completely consistent with the viewpoint of modern ecological agriculture being built by human beings today in principle. Compared with the Tang Dynasty, the medical scale and level of the Song Dynasty have been greatly improved, and the Song Dynasty also created forensic medicine. Injustice Collection is the first systematic forensic work in China, which is more than 300 years earlier than similar monographs in the West. In Song Dynasty, oil, coal and natural gas were widely used. Iron-making with coke in the Song Dynasty was more than 500 years earlier than in the West.
The earliest use of hot weapons in human history was Song. The March of an army with a compass is also a song. In the early years of Northern Song Dynasty, the government attached great importance to the manufacture of gunpowder weapons. Song Jun used artillery and gunpowder arrows in the war to destroy Nantang and seize Jinling. In A.D. 1000 (the third year of Xianping), Tang Fucheng presented new gunpowder weapons such as rockets and fireballs, which were commended by the Song government. Since then, gunpowder has become a necessary equipment in Song Jun. Later, the Northern Song government set up a gunpowder workshop to manufacture gunpowder arrows, artillery and other weapons. , mainly flammable, and weapons, such as thunderbolt and thunderbolt, are more explosive. In A.D. 1044, Ceng Gongliang and others compiled a military work "General Theory of Wu Jing", which recorded three gunpowder formulas and various gunpowder weapons with illustrations. In A.D. 1 16 1 year, a crossbow throwing Grenade appeared in Song Jun. In A.D. 1259, a musket with giant bamboo as barrel and gunpowder inside was manufactured.
In the fourth year of Song Taizu Kaibao (AD 97 1 year), all the Tripitaka Scriptures were engraved, with a block of130,000 and a seal of 1076 with 5048 volumes, which took 12 spring and autumn periods. Doing such a huge project to print books is the first in the world. China's earliest collection of novels is Taiping Guang Ji (976-983) written in Song Taizong during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, with 500 volumes and 92 categories. The best kind of book in China is Song Taizong's Taiping Yu Lan, with 1000 volumes and 55 chapters. The earliest extant writing in China is Huang Gong in the East China Sea in the Southern Song Dynasty. After Xining in the Northern Song Dynasty, private engraving and square engraving became a common practice. Some private bookstores have dozens of engravers. Engraving printing in Song Dynasty entered its heyday. The Song government popularized the printing and dissemination of technical manuals, such as agricultural manuals and medical books. The emergence of a large number of private publishing houses has changed the development of world characters and spread knowledge. Xu Jian, a businessman in Song Zhezong period, carved Hua Yan Jing into a book and shipped it to North Korea and other places for sale, which gained a lot of benefits. In the Qing Dynasty, movable type printing was invented for a lifetime. Unfortunately, movable type printing has not been widely used, but it is of great significance. The system can be decomposed into elements, and the elements are assembled into the main body. Movable type printing is a concrete example of applying systematic thinking in ancient China, and it is a model of applying systematic thinking, improving technology and improving efficiency. Song edition pays attention to quality, meticulous engraving, neat font, round knife method and hard white paper. The Song edition books collected in Beijing Library still have a clear fragrance.
In Meng Qian Bi Tan, Shen Kuo recorded four methods of installing magnetic needles: floating method, finger claw method, bowl lip method and hanging method. During the Northern Song Dynasty, people invented a compass suitable for navigation, which pushed the navigation career to a new era. At that time, China's shipbuilding technology was the most advanced in the world. Merchant ships in the Song Dynasty were the largest ships that people could imagine at that time. Some ships have six masts, four decks and twelve sails, which can carry 1000 people. These ships not only have almost miraculously accurate charts, but also geometricians and astrologers, as well as people skilled in using natural magnetic compasses. Through the compass, you can find the way to the end of the land world in the vast sea. Song Dynasty was the most important maritime trading power at that time, and Quanzhou and Mingzhou were the largest maritime trading ports at that time. Maritime trade tax is the main financial source of the government, accounting for half of the fiscal revenue. During the Northern Song Dynasty, China had the largest sailing fleet and merchant fleet in human history, and frequently sailed to Arabia, East Africa, India, Japan and Korea in Southeast Asia and East Asia. It is precisely because of the high prosperity of the Song Dynasty and the economic policy of development and opening up that unprecedented exchanges of technology and materials between the East and the West have been brought about in human history. China's advanced and superb technology, such as papermaking, printing, compass, etc. , quickly spread to the west. The splendid civilization created by China Dasong made westerners experience civilization for the first time in the barbaric period. All aspects of China civilization have influenced the West, laying a solid foundation for the later Renaissance and the development of Western civilization.
Song Dynasty is the most prosperous period of ancient mathematics in China and the peak of ancient mathematics in China. Many outstanding mathematicians emerged in the Song Dynasty, and a large number of weighty mathematical works appeared. The most abstract mathematics in the Song Dynasty achieved great success and stood out in the gap between Greek civilization and the West. Algebra in Song Dynasty gave full play to the absolute method, and developed the combinatorial transformation formula of equation solutions in Han Dynasty to a wonderful realm, which not only solved many problems in understanding, but also put forward some problems such as higher-order equations and imaginary roots. Western egalitarianism did not appear until centuries later. Equation science in Song Dynasty is a developed mathematical discipline. Shen Kuo's Liaozhai is the first advanced arithmetic series in China. Shen Kuo's rounding technique is a geometric problem. Pythagorean theorem is used to find arc length from chord and vector of bow line. Jia Xian, a famous mathematician in the Song Dynasty, put forward an "increase-multiply-open method" to open any power in Nine Chapters of the Yellow Emperor. The "multiply-multiply-open method" is used to solve higher-order equations. After the quotient is obtained, it is multiplied by the coefficient of higher order unknown and added to the coefficient of the first term of the new equation. In practice, the quotient, the constant term, the coefficient of the first term of the new equation and the coefficient of the higher order unknown are arranged separately, and then the combination is transformed by the above method. It has been 700 years since westerners invented the same method (discovered by Horner in England in 18 19). Jia Xian's binomial theorem coefficient table is similar to1"Basga Triangle" which appeared in Europe in the 7th century. Qin Yu 1247, an outstanding mathematician in the Southern Song Dynasty, popularized the "multiplication and division method" in nine chapters, discussed the numerical solutions of higher-order equations, and cited more than 20 solutions of higher-order equations (the highest is the decagonal equation) according to practice. It was not until16th century that the Italian Philo proposed the solution of cubic equation. In addition, Qin also studied the theory of a congruence. Qin also popularized Sun Tzu's theorem, and his "one big generalization method" extended the method of Sun Tzu's theorem from a decimal and a minority congruence to a general solution. Qin also got a formula equivalent to the Greek Helen formula to calculate the area of three sides of a triangle. Liu Yi's "multiplication" and "subtraction" are also techniques to transform the combination of coefficients. Mathematician Ye Li published "Circling the Sea Mirror" in A.D. 1248, which is the first work to systematically discuss "celestial skill" (one-dimensional higher-order equation) and has a milestone significance in the history of mathematics. Mathematician Yang Hui found the sum of several kinds of high-order arithmetic series by the method of "overlapping product" in "Detailed Explanation of Nine Chapters Algorithm" in A.D. 126 1 year, and gave the solutions of several kinds of high-order arithmetic series. The book The Origin of Multiplication and Division in A.D. 1274 also described the "nine-return method" and introduced various calculation methods of multiplication and division. In addition, Yang Hui developed Nine palace map, and he combined the circle with the straight line. Song also made progress in combinatorial mathematics. Yang Hui pointed out that in the mathematical combination, diagonal results were exchanged on the mathematical square of 4 times 4, but unfortunately he did not develop further. Mathematics has been paid attention to in the Song Dynasty, and the research results of mathematics have begun to have an application environment in the Song Dynasty. Mathematician Qin believes that the research results of mathematics "can understand the world and learn from everything" and "the taste is to ask and answer questions and apply them". Mathematician Ye Li openly criticized and despised scientific practice, and degraded mathematics into such long-standing fallacies as "cheap skills" and "playthings". He said: "Although skills rank at the bottom of the six arts, it is much more affordable to give them to others." In Song Dynasty, China was several centuries ahead of the West in mathematics. Unfortunately, after the Song Dynasty, China's mathematics began to decline. Although there was sporadic development of ancient mathematics in China in Yuan Dynasty, there was no overall environment for the continuation, development and application of mathematics in China. China Song Dynasty is a miracle of mathematics and the world, but it is also a tragedy of China science. ......
3 [Political Democracy in Song Dynasty]
Zhao Kuangyin is proud of the warlord regime and is well aware of its harm to the people of the whole country. Song Taizu's right to quench his thirst by drinking poison drew lessons from the warlord regime in the Tang Dynasty [in essence, the country was torn apart]. Strengthening centralization and promoting the reunification of the motherland is a far-sighted strategy. Song Taizu and Zhao Kuangyin not only did not kill meritorious ministers, but also stipulated by law that the emperor could not whip ministers in court in the future. Don't abuse your officials. The liegeman shall not kill anything except rebellion. Song Taizu handed down the "oath card" of "Don't kill the scholar-officials and the letter-writers" and "If the descendants swear this, the sky will fall". Emperors of all previous dynasties strictly carried out this ancestral training. Even Song Gaozong Zhao Gou, who killed Yue Fei because of the war, only killed him three times. This is extremely rare in other dynasties. The rulers of the Song Dynasty attached great importance to learning lessons from China's past history. Sima Guang compiled the famous History as a Mirror. Marked by the establishment of political participation, the Song Dynasty implemented the collective leadership system of Zaifu, which is a more rational symbol of centralized operation. To a certain extent, the emperor must also listen to the opinions of the Zaifu collective. It should be said that the supreme ruler cannot handle state affairs or decide the fate or even life and death of ministers by his own emotions. The "civilization" of state governance is the trend of historical development. The Song Dynasty founded the country with benevolence and righteousness, and the political situation was clear. In Song Dynasty, there was no local power, nor did eunuchs, queens and consorts monopolize the governance of the country. There was no literary inquisition in the Song Dynasty, so officials would not lose their heads, copy the whole family and wipe out the nine clans just because they said something wrong or wrote wrong words. The system of speaking officials was specially established in Song Dynasty. Song Renzong stepped up his remonstrance with Taiwan Province and argued with the court. Governing the country by culture is a symbol of China's transition from a barbaric society to a modern civilization. The liberal political atmosphere makes officials dare to attack state affairs and express their political opinions. As a result, a large number of officials in the history of China, such as Kou Zhun, Fan Zhongyan, Bao Zheng, Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi, emerged in the Song Dynasty. In the history of China, only in the Song Dynasty can there be a quarrel with Emperor Injong in the court like Bao Zheng, and Bao Zheng's saliva splashed on the face of Emperor Song Renzong. Even if Song Renzong was angry again, he didn't do anything to Bao Zheng. Bao Zheng still dares to speak and do, and he has been promoted. "Renzong's life is over, and the suspected prison is from the light." Song Renzong is very tolerant of difficult cases. It can be seen that the Emperor of Song Dynasty was enlightened and democratic. The whole society respects intellectuals, whose status is unprecedented. Throughout the Song Dynasty, talents were especially cherished and officials were given preferential treatment. Even if Lu Duoxun and Ding Wei tried to occupy the throne in the Song Dynasty, such a serious crime would only be banished. The so-called officialdom did not form in the Song Dynasty, and lower-level officials could sue higher-level officials. Even the prime minister of "one person below, ten thousand people above" is not immune. Among them, Bao Zheng impeached his immediate superior and several officials higher than him. Figures like Bao only existed in the enlightened Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, it was common for people to sue officials. Anti-corruption regulations have been posted in front of government offices at all levels, and people can appeal and sue officials until they win the case.
Song Taizu recruited 300 people to Tianzhu to collect Buddhist scriptures and cultural relics. Song Taizong personally met with Brahmin monks and Muslims in ancient India. In the Song Dynasty, a large number of Christians, Jews and other Christians owned their own houses, churches and temples. Coupled with the prosperity of Confucianism and Taoism in the Song Dynasty. It can be seen that China in Song Dynasty was an open country with many religions. Only in the Song Dynasty did Christianity, Judaism and Islam compete with Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Long before Kyle Poirot arrived in China, a large number of European businessmen came to China to do business. Now in the west, it is found that as early as 127 1, an Italian businessman and scholar Jacob D 'Ancona arrived in Quanzhou, China, and wrote his biography. At that time, there were a large number of Venetians, Jews, Britons, Saracens, Franks, Ceylons, Indians, Little Javanese, Pisa people and some blacks living and doing business in Quanzhou, as well as people from Alexandria and Bruges. A large number of Europeans and Asians do business or settle in China. At that time, there were a large number of mixed-race children in Quanzhou. Among them, the Song Dynasty assimilated a large number of Jews. This is unprecedented in human history. It is only recorded that Kaifeng, the capital of the Song Dynasty, has a large Jewish family 17 households, who settled in China after accepting the chapter of "summer belongs to me, keeping ancestral customs and leaving the capital of the Song Dynasty". The assimilation of Jews showed the prosperity of the Song Dynasty in all aspects. It can be seen that the civilization and technology of China in Song Dynasty spread and influenced the West. People of all faiths lived in harmony in an enlightened, prosperous and powerful society in the Great Song Dynasty. Harmony without difference is the overall portrayal of the Song Dynasty.
The Song Dynasty became the second period of academic freedom in the history of China since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. For the first time in the Song Dynasty, there were signs of the confluence of craftsman tradition and philosophical tradition. Four famous academies in Song Dynasty (Yuelu Academy, Bailudong Academy, Ehu Academy and Songyang Academy) became holy places for Confucian disciples to learn culture. "Daolin 300, Academy 1000". Song Renzong Zhao Zhen likes to study and worship Confucian classics. Zhao Zhen produced The Analects of Confucius and The Doctrine of the Mean at Mencius University for the first time.