The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. Originated in the Yuegu Zonglie Basin at the northern foot of Bayankala in Qinghai Plateau, it winds eastward, crosses the Loess Plateau and the Huanghuaihai Plain, and flows into the Bohai Sea. The total length of the main stream is 5464 kilometers, and the water level drop is 4480 meters. The total basin area is 795,000 square kilometers (including 42,000 square kilometers of internal flow area).
The Yellow River is not only a natural river with a long history and great momentum, but also the mother river that gave birth to the splendid civilization of the Chinese nation. The word mother itself contains rich humanistic connotation. Therefore, in the development of the Yellow River tourist area, natural resources and human resources should be considered in a unified way, and the perfect combination of the two should be realized as far as possible. Only in this way can our Kaifeng Yellow River tourist area show its own personality and unique charm.
Why is the Yellow River the mother river?
As early as ancient times, the primitive ancestors of China lived and thrived in the Yellow River Basin. In thousands of miles of the Yellow River valley, ancestors settled here because of its mild climate and superior hydrological conditions, which is conducive to the growth of crops. The core areas of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties in the initial stage of Chinese civilization and several powerful unified dynasties such as the Western Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty are also in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. Many ancient classic cultural works reflecting the wisdom of the Chinese nation also originated in this area. Science and technology, invention, urban construction, literature and art, which marked ancient civilization, also came into being here. Therefore, the Yellow River gave birth to Chinese civilization and nurtured Chinese children. People often say that the Yellow River is the cradle and mother river of the Chinese nation, and this is its significance.
The water quality of the Yellow River has three characteristics: first, there is less water and more sand; Second, the water resources are unevenly distributed in time and space, that is, the runoff area is unevenly distributed, and the runoff varies greatly from year to year; Third, the sources of water and sand are different. The sources of water and sediment in the Yellow River are different. Soil erosion refers to the damage and loss of water and soil resources and land productivity caused by external forces such as water power, gravity and wind power.
In the history of China, people thought that the Yellow River was both a blessing and a curse. Therefore, the Yellow River has two nicknames: the pride of China and the pain of China. In historical records, this information first appeared in 602, until now. The direction of the river has changed five times. The current flow of the Yellow River is the result of the last change of 1897.
The yellow color of the Yellow River is caused by the sediment in the river. Hundreds of years of sediment deposition have made the river flow on the surrounding farmland. Therefore, flood is a big problem for residents. There are many examples of villages destroyed by floods in history.
In the history of China, the Yellow River had a great influence on residents on both sides of the strait, with both advantages and disadvantages. But in any case, the Yellow River has nurtured many people in China, so people in China also call it "Mother River".
The deep mining of coal, sand and dust in the process of quarrying, urban wastewater and sewage, and serious soil erosion all threaten our mother river. If comprehensive treatment is not carried out in time, it will inevitably affect the industrial economic development and people's health along the Yellow River and even the whole country. Member Xie Kechang, academician of China Academy of Engineering and president of Taiyuan University of Technology, looked worried when talking about this issue.
The Yellow River is the mother river of the Chinese nation and the cradle of Chinese civilization. "In the past 20 years, affected by industrial development and urbanization, the Yellow River is suffering unprecedented damage." Commissioner Xie Kechang told the reporter that through more than 700 kilometers of on-the-spot investigation in more than a dozen counties in four cities in Shaanxi section of the Yellow River, it was found that the protection of water resources in the Yellow River is currently facing several major challenges:
The deep mining of coal has seriously polluted the water resources of the Yellow River. It is estimated that mining 1 ton of coal will lose 2 to 4 cubic meters of groundwater. The annual output of coal in Shanxi Basin of the Yellow River is10.40 billion tons, and at least 280 million cubic meters of mine water is discharged into the Yellow River every year. These mine waters contain many complex substances, including heavy metals and radioactive ions, which seriously pollute the water source of the Yellow River.
Various tailings with unknown responsibilities pose a threat to the water resources of the Yellow River. "Whoever pollutes will control it" is the responsibility of enterprises for its pollution. However, once these enterprises go bankrupt or close down, it becomes a difficult problem to solve the subsequent environmental pollution control problem.
There are many quarrying sites along the main stream of the Yellow River, and the sand and dust produced during quarrying directly pollute the water resources of the Yellow River. Urban wastewater and sewage along the Yellow River and its tributaries directly pollute the water resources of the Yellow River.
Soil erosion caused the physical contamination of the Yellow River water resources, and at the same time, the fertilizer and pesticide residues used in agricultural production went away with the water, which further aggravated the water pollution of the Yellow River.
In view of the above situation, through reasonable planning and integration of coal resources along the Yellow River, the recovery rate is improved, the total mining amount is controlled, and the mine water treatment reaches the standard discharge; Adhere to the policy of "prevention first" and earnestly implement the control measures of "whoever pollutes will control"; Delineate reasonable quarrying and ash burning areas as soon as possible to change the present situation of decentralized management of quarrying and ash burning; As soon as possible, the urban sewage treatment in the Yellow River basin will be deployed in stages; Strengthen soil erosion control, and implement comprehensive control projects focusing on dam system construction where conditions permit; Accelerate the construction of "Digital Yellow River" and provide an information sharing platform for the detection and prevention of water pollution in the Yellow River.
Feel the Yellow River
There are three sources in the upper reaches of the second largest river in China: Maqu in Xiyuan, also known as the Yogu Zonglie Canal, originated from the southwest edge of the Yogu Zonglie Basin at the eastern foot of Yaradazi Mountain in the middle of Bayan Kara Mountains; Central Plains Kariqu, also known as Karaqu, originated in the northern foot of Geziya Mountain in the middle of Bayan Kara Mountains. Nanyuan Duoqu originated near Riji Mountain at the northern foot of Bayan Kara Mountain Range. Among these three sources, Maqu has been regarded as the source of the Yellow River for more than 200 years. According to the principle that the source of the river is only far away, among the three sources, Kariqu is the longest (190. 1 km), which is longer than Maqu (1766). Therefore, Kariqu is also advocated as the main source of the Yellow River. China Ministry of Water Resources and Yellow River Conservancy Commission still regard Maqu as the main source of the Yellow River. It starts in Maqu, Qinghai Province, flows eastward through Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Henan provinces, and joins the Bohai Sea in Kenli County, Shandong Province, with a total length of 5,464 kilometers and a drainage area of 752,400 square kilometers.
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Listen to the Yellow River.
Give love
The Yellow River has been deeply influenced and disturbed by human beings. How to manage it in the future can not only ensure the sustainable development of regional economy and society, but also ensure that this ancient and great river will continue to prosper and benefit the people. It is an important problem worthy of in-depth thinking and urgent to be solved, and it is also an important content of formulating the national medium-and long-term scientific and technological development plan.
_ _ _ There are three core issues in the future management of the Yellow River: First, how to deal with and utilize the huge amount of sediment in the Yellow River, which is the crux of the difficulty in managing the Yellow River. It is not only related to the flood control safety of the Yellow River, but also related to the control of soil erosion and the development and utilization of water resources. Second, according to the changes of water resources in the Yellow River, how to rationally allocate, effectively solve the sustainable development of national economy and society, and maintain the demand for water resources for river life. Third, how to protect and improve the ecological environment of the Yellow River and solve these three problems.
Member Zhu Peiling: Control pollution and save the Yellow River.
The Yellow River is the cradle of the Chinese nation and the pride of Chinese sons and daughters. Over the past five thousand years, it has achieved one historical civilization after another. However, in recent years, the pollution of the Yellow River has intensified, which has exceeded the carrying capacity of the Yellow River water environment. At present, the water quality of nearly 40% of the main stream of the Yellow River is worse than the fifth category, which basically loses its water function. The annual economic loss caused by pollution in the Yellow River Basin is as high as11500 million ~1560 million yuan.
The "Mother River" is not rich in water, but with limited water resources accounting for 2.4% of the national river runoff, it nourishes 12% of the population and irrigates 15% of the cultivated land. In recent years, with the economic development, the wastewater discharge in the Yellow River Basin has doubled compared with the 1980s, reaching 4.4 billion cubic meters, and pollution incidents have occurred constantly. Almost all tributaries in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River are in a state of inferior category five all the year round, and tributaries have become "sewage ditches". The pollution of the Yellow River is shocking.
The Yellow River undertakes the water supply for urban residents in more than 50 large and medium-sized cities and 420 counties along the Yellow River. The pollution of the Yellow River poses a great threat to the water supply safety of urban residents. In 2003, the Yellow River suffered the most serious pollution since the measured records, and Sanmenxia Reservoir became "reservoir sewage".
Lanzhou, Yinchuan, Baotou, Xinxiang and Kaifeng are suffering from water pollution. In many places in rural areas, the Yellow River has been used to irrigate the land, reducing crop yield and burning crops.
The Yellow River Water Plant in Shizuishan City, Ningxia mainly provides drinking water for some urban residents by treating the Yellow River water. However, since 200 1, due to the sharp decline of the water quality of the Yellow River, the treatment difficulty of water plants has been increasing. The content of ammonia nitrogen and volatile phenol in water is too high, which consumes a lot of chlorine used for sterilization. Water plants should increase the chlorine consumption from 0.15mg per liter of water to about 4mg, and the medicinal materials used to clarify and treat organic matter are also increasing exponentially. Last year and this spring, this water plant was forced to stop processing many times.
For many years, industrial pollution has been the "culprit" of water pollution in the Yellow River. From Qinghai, Gansu and Ningxia to Inner Mongolia, there are many highly polluting industrial enterprises along the Yellow River, such as energy, heavy chemicals, non-ferrous metals and paper making, which produce a lot of pollutants. At present, "agricultural pollution" caused by domestic sewage and excessive application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is also increasing. At the same time, the domestic garbage in some cities along the Yellow River has aggravated the pollution.
Gansu Baiyin Nonferrous Metals Company is the largest wastewater discharge source in Baiyin section of the Yellow River. Most of the heavy metal pollutants come from smelters affiliated to Baiyin Company. As an old copper smelter in China, the smelter has been in operation for more than 40 years. Gansu Provincial Environmental Protection Department and Gansu Provincial Economic and Trade Commission have twice decided to treat this factory within a time limit. In 2002, the State Environmental Protection Administration and the former State Economic and Trade Commission again regulated it within a time limit, requiring it to meet the emission standards before 2005. At present, there is still no substantial progress in the treatment project of the smelter.
The old high pollution sources have not been thoroughly treated, and new high pollution projects have been launched in the west. It is reported that some polluting enterprises in the east flooded into the western region under the banner of attracting investment. Among the 70 projects introduced from June 5438 to April 2004 in Shizuishan City, Ningxia, there are 43 projects with high energy consumption, and the environmental protection follow-up work of some projects that have been put into production has not kept up. In recent years, while the discharge of industrial sewage in Ningxia section of the Yellow River has decreased, the proportion of domestic pollution and agricultural non-point source pollution has been increasing, which has become the new focus of pollution control in the Yellow River.
According to the data of Environmental Protection Bureau of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, in 2003, the Ningxia section of the Yellow River discharged 235 million tons of wastewater annually, of which the domestic sewage discharge reached 65.438+28 million tons, accounting for 54.4% of the total wastewater discharge. The discharge of chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the main pollutant in wastewater is 10 1500 tons, and that of industrial and domestic wastewater is 76,400 tons and 25 1500 tons respectively.
With the rapid development of economy. The old problem of pollution control of the Yellow River has not been completely solved, and new pollution problems are still emerging. At present, the water pollution in the Yellow River Basin has gradually changed from concentrated industrial point source pollution to the coexistence of industrial point source pollution, agricultural non-point source pollution and domestic pollution. The influence of domestic pollution is gradually increasing. Environmental protection in rural areas and prevention and control of pollution from agricultural fertilizers, pesticides and livestock manure have become new emphases and new difficulties in pollution prevention and control. The pollution structure is gradually diversified and the pollution factors are complex.
The "pain" of pollution lies in economic structure. The industrial structure of the Yellow River Basin is "heavy" and "small", which does not adapt to the characteristics of water environment, so that the Yellow River with smaller and smaller river runoff has to accept more and more industrial sewage. "Heavy" is mainly manifested in the high concentration of heavy industry in Lanzhou, Baiyin, Baotou, Baoji, Xi and Xianyang, which exceeds the environmental capacity. Weihe River Basin, the largest tributary of the Yellow River, is an industrial base in Shaanxi. The annual sewage discharge of Weihe River Basin reaches 800 million tons, accounting for 18% of the total sewage discharge of the Yellow River Basin. At present, the Weihe River has become a "sewer in Guanzhong", and most of the river sections have lost their self-purification ability. "Small" is mainly manifested in some areas in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. Taking advantage of the country's efforts to strengthen water pollution control in the Huaihe River and Taihu Lake basins, a large number of polluting enterprises have been shut down, equipment has been purchased at low prices, and many "fifteen small" industries have been joined to take over the "pollution baton". These small polluting enterprises have many points and a wide range, and it is very difficult to control them.
We believe that the pollution problem of the Yellow River is the inevitable status quo of the rapid economic development in China, and the root cause of the more serious pollution is that the economy in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River has developed too fast in recent years, and the investment and speed of pollution control can't keep up. To this end, it is suggested that:
1. Introduce market mechanism into the field of pollution prevention and control. Through the role of the market, from the original individual behavior of "polluter control" to the social division of labor and the relationship between supply and demand under the conditions of market economy, a socialized and specialized environmental protection enterprise and even an environmental protection industry will be formed, and commercial environmental protection services will be provided to those responsible for pollution, and the marketization, socialization and enterprise of environmental governance will be gradually realized. At the same time, in industrial parks where enterprises are concentrated, many enterprises are encouraged to build pollution treatment facilities and carry out specialized operations, so as to improve the treatment efficiency of pollution treatment facilities, reduce the cost of pollution control, and gradually solve the widespread problem that environmental protection facilities built with a large amount of funds cannot be fully utilized.
2. Establish a new concept of "maintaining the healthy life of the Yellow River". First, delimit the water functional zones of the Yellow River, put forward the total amount of pollutants allowed to be discharged into the Yellow River in each province (region) according to the water resources and pollution-receiving capacity of the Yellow River, and implement the responsibility system of chief water quality officers in inter-provincial sections; The second is to control pollution according to law, clarify the corresponding punishment measures for excessive water pollution in relevant laws and regulations, and stop approving new water resources utilization projects for provinces (regions) with excessive pollution; The third is to establish and improve the joint pollution control mechanism of water conservancy and environmental protection, and take unified actions and joint pollution control in sewage monitoring and supervision to deal with water pollution emergencies.
3. The state should further intensify efforts to promote green GDP and incorporate environmental protection into the performance appraisal of local party and government leaders.
4. The environmental protection system needs to be further rationalized, with vertical management and separation from local constraints.
5. Give the environmental protection department greater law enforcement power. For example, punish and shut down polluting enterprises.
6. The demonstration of local new projects must have scientific decision-making procedures and the participation of environmental protection departments. For new projects, if a major pollution incident occurs, it is necessary to implement a post-decision investigation system and strengthen the consciousness and sense of responsibility of local "top leaders" in the supervision and management of pollution in the Yellow River.
7. On the basis of having an effective monitoring network, explore the establishment of a regional compensation system for sewage discharge, so that people who occupy resources excessively will pay the due price. Through the method of "sewage charges", those who fail to meet the water quality standards of this reach can provide compensation to the downstream, forcing the government along the Yellow River to increase pollution control in this area.
These methods may not be complete, but I personally think that if they are done, the Yellow River will be almost managed.
Aim high and climb the peak bravely.