First, the situation facing environmental security
After more than 20 years of reform and opening up, China's productivity, comprehensive national strength and people's living standards have all reached a new level. Per capita GDP has reached 1000 US dollars, and some eastern regions have reached 3000 US dollars. We are facing a rare period of strategic opportunities. However, with the rapid development of economy, resources and environment are facing unprecedented pressure, coupled with blind development in some places, environmental safety hazards are gradually emerging, and China has entered a period of high incidence of environmental pollution accidents. Especially in recent years, serious environmental pollution accidents have occurred in some places, which have seriously affected the production and life of local society and caused huge economic and environmental losses.
From February to April, 2004, Sichuan Chemical Co., Ltd., located in qingbaijiang district, Chengdu, illegally discharged wastewater containing high concentration of ammonia nitrogen without consent, which led to the biggest water pollution accident in China, seriously affected the industrial and agricultural production and local people's lives in Chengdu, Ziyang, Neijiang, Zigong and Luzhou, and caused a direct economic loss of 2190,000 yuan. On June 38, 2005+065438+1October 3, 2005, an explosion accident occurred in the double benzene plant of PetroChina Jilin Petrochemical Company, which caused more than 100 tons of benzene substances to be discharged, causing the Songhua River water pollution incident, causing Harbin to stop water supply for 4 days, which attracted the attention of Russia and other countries. In June 5438+February 65438+May, 2005, Guangdong Provincial Environmental Protection Department found that the heavy metal cadmium in Shaoguan section of Beijiang River exceeded the standard by nearly 10 times. It was found that the pollution incident was caused by excessive discharge of cadmium-containing wastewater during equipment maintenance in Shaoguan Smelter, which led to a one-day water stoppage in Shaoguan City.
Second, the causes of environmental pollution accidents
Environmental pollution accidents can be divided into water pollution accidents, air pollution accidents and radioactive pollution accidents. And illegal pollution accidents and accidental pollution accidents. There are many reasons for environmental pollution accidents. According to the characteristics of pollution sources, they can be divided into mobile sources and fixed sources. According to statistics of Li Yacai and others, from May 2004 to August 2005, there were nearly 150 environmental pollution incidents reported by the media, of which about 20% were environmental pollution accidents, including more than 10 environmental pollution accidents caused by mobile sources and more than 20 environmental pollution accidents caused by stationary sources.
(1) Causes of environmental pollution accidents caused by mobile pollution sources
Environmental pollution accidents caused by mobile sources mainly refer to environmental pollution accidents caused by articles (especially dangerous chemicals) during transportation, mainly caused by traffic accidents (such as rollover and collision), leakage of dangerous chemicals and illegal dumping. For example, the traffic accident in Huaiyin District, Huai 'an City, Jiangsu Province, recently notified by the State Environmental Protection Administration, all 9 tons of formaldehyde loaded by a tanker leaked into the rain ditch, a fire accident caused by carbon disulfide leakage at Hexu Expressway, and the recent sulfuric acid mud pollution accident in Harbin.
1, illegal operation has buried hidden dangers of environmental pollution accidents. According to our handling of a carbon disulfide leakage accident, it was found that the transport party did not have a transport license for dangerous chemicals and did not have transshipment procedures. Transport vehicles do not meet the transport conditions of dangerous chemicals, used storage tanks are still transported under the gap, and vehicles are overloaded. In May 2005, a chemical enterprise entrusted an unlicensed transporter to transport hazardous waste, and the transporter discarded hazardous waste at will. The HF waste gas produced by the waste caused damage to more than 300 acres of grapes around, of which more than 50 acres of grapes were not harvested.
2. Defects in operation and management create conditions for environmental pollution accidents. At present, many dangerous chemicals are transported by expressway, and the safety inspection of transport vehicles is not carried out before boarding the expressway, which creates conditions for transportation safety accidents. Traffic safety accidents often lead to environmental pollution accidents.
3. The transportation of dangerous chemicals through drinking water sources poses a threat to the safety of drinking water sources. For example, in 2003, the dangerous chemicals tanker overturned at the source of Bei 'ao Reservoir in Xianju County, and in 2005, the dangerous chemicals leaked in Jinyun County, all of which threatened the safety of drinking water sources.
(2) Causes of environmental pollution accidents caused by stationary pollution sources
This paper does not discuss environmental pollution accidents caused by natural disasters. There are many reasons for environmental pollution accidents caused by man-made stationary sources, mainly including:
1. Enterprises' illegal production and illegal sewage discharge cause environmental pollution accidents. Tuojiang pollution accident was caused by Sichuan Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. putting into trial production without consent and directly discharging untreated wastewater containing high concentration of ammonia nitrogen.
2. Safety accidents cause environmental pollution accidents. The Songhua River water pollution incident and the benzene series leakage accident in Dianjiang, Chongqing, are both accidents in which unburned benzene series flows into the river due to fire fighting and flushing.
3. The pollution source is sensitive and easy to cause environmental pollution accidents. Haide concentrator in Nanfen District of Benxi City is located in the upper reaches of Xihe drinking water source. June, 2005165438+1October 18, the tailings dam broke, and a large amount of mineral water flowed into Xihe River, resulting in water stoppage in Nanfen District.
4. Neglect of management and lack of emergency prevention lead to environmental pollution accidents. Recently, the State Environmental Protection Administration informed that the facilities of Guli Security Products Co., Ltd. in Xiaolan Town, Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province were aging and the workers were careless in operation, which led to cyanide leakage accidents.
5. Insufficient environmental monitoring capacity and poor supervision, resulting in environmental pollution accidents. The pollution accident in Tuojiang River is also related to inadequate environmental supervision. Some pollution accidents are caused by not knowing the environmental quality at any time. For example, when rice dies in a certain place, it is found that the decrease of upstream water quantity in dry season leads to the sharp increase of pollutant concentration, which exceeds the irrigation water standard, and the excess water is used for farmland irrigation.
Third, local emergency actions to investigate hidden dangers of accidents.
On June 5438+February 1 day, 2005, the State Environmental Protection Administration held an emergency national video conference on environmental pollution accidents, issued a notice to strengthen environmental supervision and prevent pollution accidents, and carried out a nationwide environmental safety inspection. According to the requirements of the General Administration, all localities have taken the following measures: 1, investigation of hidden dangers of accidents, 2, improvement of emergency mechanism, 3, strengthening publicity and education on environmental safety, 4, strengthening protection of drinking water sources, and 5, strengthening environmental law enforcement and supervision.
Four, the problems existing in environmental pollution accident prevention and emergency treatment
Judging from the handling of various pollution accidents at present, 1 is reflected in the prevention and emergency treatment of environmental pollution accidents. The prevention system needs to be further improved, the awareness of prevention needs to be further improved, and illegal operations occur from time to time. A certain enterprise uses a lot of chlorine gas, but its storage and use are extremely irregular, and there is no special person to keep it and no alarm device. 2. The emergency response ability is not strong. In dealing with a calcium carbide spontaneous combustion accident, water was used to extinguish the fire, which led to the fire burning more and more vigorously. When dealing with the carbon disulfide leakage accident, there is a problem of insufficient material supply. The fire department washed a hydrochloric acid tanker during the rollover accident, which caused all the fish in the nearby pond to turn white. 3. The emergency decision-making ability needs to be improved. In the accident handling, there is no unified command organization at the emergency site, and the first aid is chaotic and the decision-making is slow, which seriously affects the accident handling. 4. The compensation mechanism after accident treatment has not yet been formed, and it is very difficult to compensate for environmental pollution accidents. For example, Chuanhua Tuojiang pollution accident, the amount of compensation for pollution damage is huge, far exceeding the compensation capacity of the enterprise itself.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) countermeasures and suggestions
In view of the frequent environmental pollution accidents in recent years, this paper suggests:
1, the construction of emergency prevention system is an important guarantee to prevent pollution accidents.
Two emergency prevention systems are constructed at two levels, namely, the emergency prevention software system and the emergency prevention hardware system at the level of government departments and enterprises.
(1), build an emergency prevention software system.
Government level: ① The government should establish an organization and leadership system, with the government taking the lead in coordinating and organizing fire control, safety supervision, environmental protection, public security, transportation, water conservancy and other departments, and implementing the division of responsibilities for accident prevention and emergency response, so as to perform their respective duties and form a joint meeting system. Regularly report, supervise and manage the hidden dangers and handling of accidents, and control and prevent accidents in time. (2) Formulate the systems and regulations for the prevention and management of environmental pollution accidents, and improve the storage and transportation systems and transportation tracking systems for hazardous chemicals and hazardous wastes. ③ Strengthen the safety management of production, storage and transportation of hazardous chemicals and hazardous wastes, implement the responsibility system for production safety, and regularly carry out various safety inspections including environmental safety. ④ Establish and improve emergency plans and emergency mechanisms, establish networked environmental early warning and disposal command systems, emergency rescue command systems and emergency information network systems, enhance emergency response capabilities, and conduct emergency drills on a regular basis. Emergency plan is an important part of accident prevention system, and perfect emergency plan is an important means to effectively deal with environmental pollution accidents and prevent the spread of accidents. Jiangdu launched an emergency plan to control the spread of pollution and deal with the pollution accident caused by acrylonitrile explosion. ⑤ Establish an accident emergency expert database and form an expert decision-making mechanism. ⑥ Reasonably determine the transportation route of hazardous chemicals and the location of new projects, and avoid the main urban area and drinking water sources as much as possible.
Environmental protection department: ① Establish a complete dynamic management file of pollutant discharging enterprises, hazardous chemicals and hazardous wastes, keep abreast of the production and operation of enterprises and pollutant discharge, and keep abreast of the flow direction of hazardous chemicals and hazardous wastes. (2) Deepen the comprehensive improvement of the environment and incorporate environmental improvement into the prevention of pollution accidents. (3) Environmental pollution accidents may occur in construction projects, and pollution accident prevention and emergency plans should be formulated at the stage of environmental impact assessment. ④ Strengthen environmental supervision, and regularly report the sources, uses, destinations and disposal of hazardous chemicals and hazardous wastes on the basis of pollutant discharge declaration. Pay attention to the use of hazardous chemicals and the disposal of hazardous wastes, and strengthen the inspection of the operation of environmental protection facilities and production equipment when conducting regular inspections of pollutant discharge enterprises. Strengthen the supervision of centralized storage places and centralized treatment places for sewage and solid waste to prevent centralized discharge of sewage. ⑤ Strengthen coordination with the safety production management department to master the safety production situation.
At the enterprise level: ① Formulate and implement environmental management system and safety production system, and strictly control process and regular maintenance system. Formulate a perfect emergency plan for accidents. Dongyang Hua Wei Chemical Co., Ltd. started the emergency plan and put out the fire in the HCFC workshop in time. (2) Strengthen production safety, improve production management, including the process management of receiving, warehousing, feeding, production and transshipment of hazardous chemicals, the operation management of environmental protection facilities and the management of hazardous waste disposal, and implement the "Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) management system". (3) Staffing and establishment of safety and environmental protection management institutions. Managers and operators shall be trained in environmental pollution accident prevention and emergency knowledge, and hold relevant certificates. (4) Carry out the construction of safety and environmental protection culture, improve the safety production and environmental protection awareness of all employees, and improve the social responsibility of all employees. ⑤ Improve the reliability of equipment, carry out regular equipment maintenance, and do a good job in pollution control during maintenance.
(2) Improve the hardware system of emergency prevention.
Government level: ① Improve the emergency prevention mechanism for environmental pollution accidents. At present, most of the emergency disposal is handled by the temporary personnel of the fire department, safety supervision department, environmental protection department, public security department and transportation department after the accident, so it is inevitable that the temporary personnel are not suitable for the disposal work or have insufficient handling experience, resulting in ineffective or even improper disposal. It is suggested that all departments set up special teams to deal with accidents and strengthen training. (2) Improve the equipment and equip it with all kinds of protective and emergency equipment. It is suggested that the fire department should be equipped with all kinds of emergency equipment in case of emergency. ③ Prepare sufficient materials. Accident treatment needs a lot of materials, but there are many reasons for accidents, so it is unrealistic for a unit to prepare all kinds of materials. It is suggested to establish an emergency material management network to form networked management. Material units that can be used for emergency treatment of accidents are regarded as material supply units, which are included in the emergency treatment network and dispatched by the emergency command organization nearby, and are requisitioned first and then compensated. (4) Strengthen the construction of environmental monitoring system, especially automatic monitoring system, monitoring network system and emergency monitoring, speed up the construction of automatic monitoring system for key river basins, key waters, key regions and key enterprises, and gradually form a monitoring network system.
At the enterprise level: ① Equipped with perfect safety equipment and supplies, and strengthened use drills. Adopt new technologies and equipment and eliminate backward technologies and equipment. (2) Construction of emergency facilities for environmental pollution accidents, equipped with automatic monitoring devices. Such as chlorine trap, automatic sprinkler, accident emergency pool, chlorine automatic alarm device, cofferdam, etc. (3) Build standardized production and storage sites, leaving enough safe evacuation routes and distances. ④ Vehicles transporting hazardous chemicals and hazardous wastes shall be equipped with GPS system on the basis of identification and meeting safety conditions.
2. Reasonable disposal of safety accidents is an inevitable way to control pollution and reduce environmental damage. When dealing with safety accidents, we should fully consider the environmental pollution caused by accidents and accident handling, do a good job of prevention in time, deal with environmental pollution in time, control pollution, and minimize the damage to the environment.
3. Establishing the compensation mechanism for environmental pollution accidents is an effective way to solve the compensation for pollution accidents. The Environmental Protection Law, the Water Pollution Prevention Law and the Air Pollution Prevention Law all stipulate the compensation for pollution accidents. Units that cause pollution hazards have the responsibility to eliminate the hazards and compensate the units or individuals that directly suffer losses. But on the one hand, the pollution accident is sudden, and after the pollution accident, the enterprise can not meet the compensation requirements for a while. On the other hand, the source of funds for repairing environmental damage caused by pollution accidents is not clear. We can consider implementing environmental liability insurance system and setting up compensation fund to solve the problem of compensation mechanism. As a preventive system, environmental liability insurance system plays the role of compensation according to law through the usual accumulation of the whole society when emergencies come, which not only avoids the risk of similar disasters, but also actively prevents and plugs security loopholes through the daily supervision of insurance companies. In order to minimize the occurrence of accidents, and put an end to the problems of insufficient damages and insufficient environmental supervision. The establishment of compensation funds, through funds established by the government and society, can be used for environmental restoration of sudden pollution accidents, which can solve the problem of environmental restoration funds and provide guarantee for taking timely measures to restore environmental quality.
4. Strengthening environmental safety publicity and education is a necessary choice to improve the awareness of preventing pollution accidents. Through various organizations and means such as communities, units, news media, etc., we will carry out some knowledge education on environmental safety knowledge, skills and disposal, enhance the awareness of the whole people to prevent environmental safety, and enhance the emergency handling ability and self-help and mutual rescue ability of emergencies.
Conclusion of intransitive verbs
According to the present situation of frequent environmental pollution accidents, this paper analyzes the causes of environmental pollution accidents, and puts forward that we should focus on prevention, effectively prevent and deal with pollution accidents and maintain environmental safety according to the principle of prevention first and calm handling.
Author: Luo Guogen, unit: Taizhou Environmental Science Design and Research Institute, position: engineer, tel: 858 1 157.
Author: Wang Wenchu, unit: Taizhou Environmental Protection Bureau, position: chief engineer, tel: 858 1 199.
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