Difficulty 1: The villagers' autonomy system is implemented in the vast rural areas with low level of autonomy, but the economic conditions in rural areas are not superior to those in cities. Some people are still enduring the hardships of basic life, so they don't care much about autonomy and rights expression.

In addition, autonomy needs a cultural foundation, while the villagers' education level is low, their knowledge and understanding of the autonomy system is not deep enough, and the innate defects, coupled with the lack of acquired conditions, lead to a low level of rural governance autonomy.

Difficulty 2: The traditional governance model cannot meet the development needs of the new era. The rural society in China is to a great extent an "acquaintance society", and it may be transformed into a "semi-acquaintance society" at present. Traditional rural governance adopts the model of villagers' autonomy and rural rule by virtue, but the current governance model highlights its limitations. With the change of rural governance from single to multiple and the increase of rural social mobility, the old model can no longer meet the requirements of the new era.

Difficulty 3: the phenomenon of "administration" of rural social governance is obvious. Even though most villagers know the system of villagers' autonomy, they still think that "village head" and "village party secretary" have the right to speak, and they habitually act according to instructions and execute them as subordinates, which forms "administration" in identity and behavior, which does not conform to the essence of villagers' autonomy and increases the difficulty of rural governance.

Difficulty 4: "hollowing out" is serious and the main body of governance is missing. The people are the main body of rural governance and the ultimate beneficiaries of rural revitalization. With the vigorous development of market economy, more and more farmers move to cities, outstanding youth groups choose non-agricultural employment, rural elite talents are constantly losing, and the phenomenon of hollow villages is becoming more and more common. Rural society has gradually changed from an acquaintance society to a stranger society.

The development of rural economy needs people with brains and thoughts to lead, and it is difficult for market enterprises to grow in rural areas, which brings many challenges to rural governance.

Rural governance is an important part of China's rural revitalization strategy.