1. Country name: Republic of Namibia.
2. Area: 824,269 square kilometers.
3. Population: 2.53 million (20 19). 88% are black, and whites and colored people account for about 12% of the total population. Owanbo is the largest ethnic group, accounting for 50% of the total population. Other major ethnic groups are Kawango, Damara, Herrero and Caprivi, Nama, Buschman, Lei Huo Bert and Tswana. The official language is English, and Afrikaans, German, Guangya, Nama and Herrero are widely spoken. 90% of the residents believe in Christianity, and the rest believe in primitive religion.
4. Capital: Windhoek with a population of 344,000, with an annual maximum temperature of 30℃ and a minimum temperature of 7℃.
5. Head of State: President Hage Geingob took office in March 20 15, won re-election in June 2019, and was sworn in in in March 2020.
6. Important holidays: New Year's Day: 65438+1October1; Independence Day: March 21; Labor Day: May1; Africa Day: May 25th; Hero Day: August 26th; Human Rights Day: 65438+February10; Christmas and Family Day: 65438+February 25th and 26th.
7. Description: Formerly known as Southwest Africa, it borders Angola and Zambia in the north, Botswana and South Africa in the east and south, and the Atlantic Ocean in the west. Coastline length 1600 km. Most of the territory is at an altitude of1000 ~1500m. The western coastal and eastern inland areas are deserts, and the northern areas are plains. The main rivers are Orange River, Cunene River and Okavango River. The climate is hot and dry, and it seldom rains. The annual average temperature 18 ~ 22℃ is divided into four seasons: spring (9 ~165438+1October), summer (12 ~ February), autumn (3 ~ May) and winter (6 ~ February).
From 15 to 18 century, Portuguese, Dutch, British and other colonists invaded successively. 1890 was occupied by Germany. 19 15, south Africa joined the allied forces to fight against Germany and sent troops to occupy southwest Africa. From 65438 to 0920, the League of Nations entrusted South Africa to rule southwest Africa. From 65438 to 0949, South Africa illegally annexed Southwest Africa. 1960 In April, the Southwest African People's Organization (hereinafter referred to as the People's Organization Party) was established and began the struggle for national independence.
1966, the United Nations passed a resolution to cancel the mandate of South Africa in southwest Africa. 1968, according to the wishes of the people of southwest Africa, the United Nations General Assembly decided to rename southwest Africa Namibia. 1978, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 435 to support Namibia's independence. 1989 Constitutional Convention and presidential election were held under the supervision of the United Nations. People's Organization Party won and its candidate Nujoma was elected president. 1990 March 2 1 declared independence.
8. Politics: Since Namibia's independence, the political situation has remained stable. The people's organization party government attaches great importance to education, health and infrastructure construction, pays attention to improving people's lives, and the economic and social undertakings continue to develop. In June 2009, presidential and national assembly elections were held, and the People's Organization Party won, and its candidate hifikepunye pohamba was re-elected.
Later, President Pohamba appointed Geingob as Prime Minister. In 2065 10, Namibia held presidential and national assembly elections. As a presidential candidate of the People's Party, Geingob was elected president with 87% of the votes. 2015,21took office in March. 20 19, 1 1 Namibia holds the sixth presidential and national assembly elections after independence. President Geingob won re-election with 56.3% of the votes and took office on March 2, 2020.
9. Constitution: The current Constitution was promulgated in February 1990 and has been revised many times. According to the Constitution, Namibia implements a system of separation of powers, with two houses of parliament and a presidential cabinet. The president is the head of state, the head of government and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. His term of office is five years and he can be re-elected for two terms at most. According to the cabinet proposal, the president can announce the dissolution of the National Assembly and hold a national election; At the same time, the president should resign and elect a new president within 90 days after the dissolution of parliament; Amendments to the Constitution must be approved by two-thirds majorities of both houses of Parliament.
10, Parliament: composed of National Assembly and National Assembly. The term of office of the National Assembly is five years. The current National Assembly was established in March 2020 with a seat of *** 104. Among the 96 directly elected seats, the People's Organization Party holds 63 seats, and 8 members are nominated by the President for a term of office until March 2025. Peter Kater Jia Weiwei, Speaker of the National Assembly, took office in March 20 15 and was re-elected in March 2020.
The National Committee consists of 42 representatives elected by the national 14 regional committees. Meetings are held at least twice a year. The president has no right to dissolve the National Committee. The Sixth National Committee was established in February, 65438+2020, with a term of office ending in February, 65438+2025. Chairman: H.E. Lukas Sinimbo Muha.
1 1. Government: The current government was established in March 2020. At present, the main members are: Vice President Nangolo Mbumba, Prime Minister Sarah Kugo Ngloi-Amadila (female), Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of International Relations and Cooperation Netumbo Nan Di-Ender Wah (female), and Minister of Presidential Affairs Christina Hebes.
Minister of Defence and Veterans Affairs, Frans Capofi; Minister of Interior, Immigration and Security, Albert kavanagh; Minister of Industry and Trade, lucia Ipmbu (female); Minister of Finance, Lpumbu Shiimi; and Minister of Education, Arts and Culture, Anna Nhipondoka (female).
Agnes Tjongarero (female), Minister of Sports, Youth and National Service; John Mutorwa, Minister of Engineering and Transportation; Minister of Information and Communication Technology Peya Mushelenga Minister of Gender Equality, Poverty Alleviation and Social Welfare Doreen Sioka.
Minister of Agriculture, Water Resources and Land Reform Calle Schelttwein Minister of Urban and Rural Development Erasatus Uutoni Minister of Health and Public Services Kalumbi Shangula Minister of Higher Education, Technology and Innovation Itath Kandjii-Mu
Pohamba Fietta, Minister of Environment, Forestry and Tourism; Derek klassen, Minister of Fisheries and Marine Resources; Minister of Justice yvonne Dosab; Utoni Nujoma, Minister of Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Creation; And enterprise minister Leon.
12, website: http://www.gov.na/.
13, administrative divisions: the whole country is divided into 14 administrative regions. They are Kunene District, Omusati District, Oshana District, Ohangwena District, Chicoteau District, Kavango West District, Kavango East District and Caprivil District.
Erongo, Omaheke, Khomas, Hardap and Karas districts.
14. Judiciary: It consists of the Supreme Court, district courts and local courts. The Chief Justice and Attorney General of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President after consultation with the Cabinet and the Judicial Advisory Committee. Judges of regional and local courts are appointed by the Minister of Justice. Supreme Court Justice Peter Seward.
15. political parties: there are more than 40 political parties, large and small, of which 10 holds seats in the current national assembly. The main political parties are:
(1) Southwest African People's Organization -SWAPO-Party: People's Party for short, ruling party. 1960 was founded in April 19, and its predecessor was the Owanbolan People's Organization, which was founded in 1958. It is widely supported by Owanbobo, Namibia's largest ethnic group, and other social classes. The armed struggle began in August 1966, which was 1 1989.
199 1 The first national congress after Namibia's independence was held in February, and the meeting decided to transform itself from a national liberation organization into a mass political party. 20 1 17 the sixth national congress was held in June, and a new leadership group was elected. Hage Geingob, Netumbo Nan Di Ndeitwa were elected as Chairman and Vice Chairman respectively, and Sophia Shaningwa was elected as General Secretary.
(2) People's Democratic Movement: formerly known as Enhall Democratic League, renamed in June 2065438+2008. In June, 65,438+0,977,65,438+0,654,38+0, a total of 65,438+00 ethnic groups were formed, and in June, 65,438+0,989, after reorganization, it included 65,438+02 political parties and factions, declaring that "both against * * *" In 2003, its important members, the Party and the National Organization for Unity and Democracy, successively announced their withdrawal from the alliance. The current chairman, mchenry Venani. The party won 16 seats in the 20 19 general election.
(3) Alliance for Democracy and Progress: June 2007165438+1October, former Foreign Minister Hidipo Hamutenya and former Minister of Mines and Energy je saya nya mu * * *. He ran for the first time in the general election held in June 5438+065438+ 10, 2009, and won 8 seats in the National Assembly. Advocate further consolidating democracy, respecting human rights, opposing dictatorship and autocracy, and opposing personality cult; Intensify poverty reduction and actively promote social and economic development. The party won 1 seats in the 20 19 general election.
(4) Landless Movement: Founded on 20 16, it advocates radical land reform policy. The current chairman, Bernardo Swart Bois. The party is currently the third largest party in the National Assembly, with four seats.
(5) Independent Patriots for Change: Founded in August 2020, it pays attention to people's livelihood and pursues change. The current chairman, Panduleni Iturra.
17, important person
Hage Geingob: President. 1941August 3rd was born in the Damara ethnic group in Ozongjupa province. 1964- 1974 received his bachelor's and master's degrees in political science during his stay in the United States, and his doctorate in political science from the University of Leeds in the United Kingdom in 2004. In his youth, he participated in the liberation movement in Namibia and the founding of the People's Party. He is one of the drafters of Namibia's independent constitution.
/kloc-from 0/975 to 2002, he was a member of the Political Bureau of the People's Organization Party. 1990 became prime minister after independence in March and was re-elected until 2002. He retired from politics in August 2002 and moved to the United States in 2003. He was invited as the executive secretary of the Global Alliance for African Affairs, an intergovernmental international organization. Returned to politics in 2004. In 2007, he was re-elected as a member of the Political Bureau of the People's Organization Party, and served as the vice chairman of the People's Organization Party and the leader of the National Assembly. In April 2008, he served as Minister of Trade and Industry.
20 12 served as prime minister again. He was elected president in the general election held in 20 14 10 and took office in March 20 165438. He was re-elected in the general election of 20 19 1 1 and took office in March 2020. 20 17, 1 1, was elected chairman of the People's Organization Party.
18, Economy: One of the countries with the richest marine fishery resources in the world, with uranium, diamonds and other mineral resources and output in the forefront of Africa. Mining, fishery and agriculture and animal husbandry are three traditional pillar industries, while planting and manufacturing are relatively backward. After independence, the People's Party government has successively formulated five five-year economic development plans (the fifth national development plan is 20 17~2022) and a long-term plan for 2030.
Vigorously attract foreign investment to develop manufacturing, mining, tourism and financial services, support the development of black enterprises, and pay attention to safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of whites in order to maintain stable economic growth. In 20 14 and 20 15, the economic growth rate reached 6.4% and 6.0% respectively. Since the beginning of 20 16, the economy has fallen into a technical recession due to the low international commodity prices, domestic drought, weak infrastructure and other factors.
In order to reverse the current predicament, the government has cut its budget and expenditure, vigorously promoted the export of agricultural and livestock products and earned foreign exchange through tourism, and actively developed industrial parks. However, due to the lack of endogenous economic motivation and low government efficiency, the prospect of economic operation is still unclear, and it is a long way to go to achieve independent and sustainable development.
Affected by the COVID-19 epidemic, Namibian pillar industries such as tourism have been hit hard. The main economic data of Namibia in 2020 are as follows (source: London Economic Quarterly Review):
Gross domestic product: 107 1 billion USD. Per capita GDP: about $4,284. Economic growth rate: -8.0%. Inflation rate: 2.2%. Total foreign debt: $865,438+$220 million. Foreign exchange reserves: 2 1.7 1 billion USD. Exchange rate: 1 USD ≈1N $6.46. ..
19. resources: rich in mineral resources, known as "strategic metals reserve". The main mineral deposits are: diamond, uranium, copper, lead, zinc, gold and so on.
20. Industry and mining: The manufacturing industry is underdeveloped, and 80% of the market is controlled by South Africa. There are about 300 manufacturing enterprises, more than 90% of which are small private enterprises. The main industries are food and beverage, textile and clothing, leather processing, wood processing and building materials and chemicals. Mining is a traditional pillar industry in Namibia. 90% of mineral products are exported, mainly producing uranium oxide, diamonds and gold.
In 20 18, Namibia produced 357 1 ton of uranium. Dana is an important supplier of diamonds. In recent years, the sales market of nano-diamonds has been expanding, with the exception of the United States, it has also been sold to the Middle East and Japan.
2 1. Agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery: 70% of the population lives in rural areas, and agriculture absorbs 65% of the labor force. The planting industry is relatively backward. China has 69 million hectares of arable land, and the main food crops are corn, sorghum and millet. Due to scarce rainfall, barren land, low and unstable crop yield, food cannot be self-sufficient. At present, 70% of the grain is imported, mainly from South Africa. The government is implementing the "Green Agriculture Plan" to increase food production.
Animal husbandry is relatively developed. 85% of the cultivated land is used to develop animal husbandry, and the income accounts for 76% of the total income of animal husbandry, mainly cattle and sheep, with 2.8 million cows and 4 million sheep, most of which are exported to South Africa and Europe. The purple lambskin produced is famous all over the world. Na is rich in fishery resources, and its catch ranks among the top ten in the world. It mainly produces cod, tuna, sardines, pod fish, lobsters and crabs, and 90% of them are exported.
22. Tourism: Tourism is relatively developed, and its output value accounts for about 10% of GDP. Tourist attractions such as beaches and nature reserves are concentrated in the north and south, among which Aitaosha Park in the north is world-famous. From 65438 to 0997, it became a member of the World Tourism Organization. In recent years, the number of international tourists coming to Namibia has increased year by year. In 2065438+2006 * *, there were1470,000 foreign tourists visiting Namibia.
Namibia has excellent conditions for developing tourism, including rich topography, outstanding biodiversity, emphasis on ecological protection and relatively perfect transportation infrastructure.
23. Transportation: The infrastructure is relatively developed.
Railway: 2,600 kilometers long; The average annual passenger traffic is 602,000 passengers, and the freight volume is 687,000 tons and kilometers.
Highway: The total length is about 64,000 kilometers, including 5,000 kilometers of asphalt road; The average annual passenger traffic is 50,000 passengers, and the freight volume is 6.5438+0.8 million tons.
Water transport: Whale Bay Port is the only deep-water port in Namibia and the largest trade and fishing port in southwest Africa, with an annual throughput of about 2 million tons.
Air transport: air namibia's international and regional routes lead to Frankfurt, Cape Town, Johannesburg, Lusaka, Harare and Luanda, and domestic routes lead to major cities and some remote cities. All major cities have airports.
24. Finance: Namibia is a member of the Southern African Customs Union and the Rand Currency Area. Financial power is concentrated in the central government, and 90% of fiscal revenue comes from taxes. Revenue from the Southern African Customs Union accounts for 20% ~ 30% of the annual fiscal revenue. 65% of banks are controlled by foreign capital.
25. Foreign trade: mineral products, fishery products, livestock products and primary processed products are mainly exported, of which diamond exports account for 33% of total export revenue. The economy is highly dependent on imports, and most of the means of production and living need to be imported. Nearly 90% of imported goods come from South Africa. The main export markets are South Africa, Britain and the United States. The import and export volume in recent years is as follows (unit: million US dollars):