Ethanol is a kind of renewable energy, which is made from sorghum, corn and potatoes by fermentation. It does not affect the driving performance of the car, and also reduces the emission of harmful gases. As a new clean fuel, ethanol gasoline is the development focus of renewable energy in the world at present, which is in line with China's energy substitution strategy and the development direction of renewable energy. The technology is mature, safe and reliable, which is completely applicable to China and has good economic and social benefits. Ethanol gasoline is a mixture, not a new compound. Adding proper amount of ethanol into gasoline as automobile fuel can save petroleum resources, reduce air pollution caused by automobile exhaust and promote agricultural production. ?
On June 20 18 1 1 8, the general office of Tianjin Municipal People's Government issued a notice on the implementation plan of promoting the use of ethanol gasoline for vehicles in Tianjin. Since June 18, Tianjin has closed the sales of ethanol gasoline for vehicles. At the beginning of the promotion, all relevant departments and units did a good job in accordance with the division of responsibilities, focused on strengthening market supervision, and consolidated the promotion results. ? From August 25th, 20 18, Tianjin 10 gas station will take the lead in gasoline replacement, and ethanol gasoline will be supplied from that day, and ethanol gasoline for vehicles in Tianjin will be officially put into use.
Color development method
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During War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's time, China used alcohol as automobile fuel. During the War of Liberation, the PLA established Nanyang Alcohol Factory, which is also the main factory for producing ethanol for gasoline. At the beginning of liberation, some people used alcohol to drive cars, and it was not the existing scientific ethanol gasoline.
General process flow of ethanol gasoline for vehicles (2 pages)
Domestic ethanol gasoline production ranks third in the world. According to the statistics of the report of the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) on 20 10, the country has the capacity to allocate10 million tons of ethanol gasoline every year, and the consumption of ethanol gasoline accounts for 20% of the national gasoline consumption, making it the third largest ethanol gasoline producer in the world after Brazil and the United States. If the whole country uses ethanol gasoline containing 10%, it can save 4.5 million tons of gasoline every year. Ethanol gasoline is one of the key tasks in the Tenth Five-Year Plan. Since 2003, China has announced that Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Henan, Anhui, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Hubei and other provinces have completely stopped using ordinary unleaded gasoline and switched to ethanol gasoline with an alcohol content of 10%.
In most provinces and cities in China, the proportion of ethanol gasoline in gasoline sales is high, and it is still increasing. However, due to the problems of raw materials, cost and technology, China also encountered some obstacles in promoting ethanol gasoline. Later, due to policy support and technological progress, the promotion of ethanol gasoline was carried out smoothly.
Generally speaking, the use and popularization of ethanol gasoline is the general trend in China. During the period of 2006-2065 438+00, ethanol gasoline for vehicles will be popularized in more areas of China.
The environmental protection of ethanol gasoline is commendable. During the use of ethanol gasoline, the seasonal average of nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide in urban air decreased by 8% and carbon monoxide decreased by 5% compared with that of ordinary gasoline.
The main disadvantages of ethanol gasoline are that users feel that the power is lower than that of ordinary gasoline, the fuel consumption is increased, and it is easy to be turned off by gas resistance in hot days. In addition, because ethanol gasoline is stratified when it meets water, it cannot be transported by pipeline, and the cost is low. The storage and transportation cycle of ethanol gasoline is only 4-5 days, which affects the convenience of using ethanol gasoline. The accumulation on the intake valve of the test vehicle using ethanol gasoline is 33% higher than that of the vehicle using unleaded gasoline for No.93 vehicle on average. This is due to the instability of fuel ethanol, which leads to the increase of deposits in the engine intake system, poor atomization of fuel nozzles, reduced combustion efficiency of ethanol gasoline and increased fuel consumption.
Implementation case
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On June 20 18 1 1 8, the general office of Tianjin Municipal People's Government issued a notice on the implementation plan of promoting the use of ethanol gasoline for vehicles in Tianjin. Since June 18, Tianjin has closed the sales of ethanol gasoline for vehicles. At the beginning of the promotion, all relevant departments and units did a good job in accordance with the division of responsibilities, focused on strengthening market supervision, and consolidated the promotion results. ? [2]?
Preservation problem
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Ethanol gasoline has very high environmental protection requirements, is very afraid of water and has a short shelf life. Therefore, the sales of ethanol gasoline are much stricter than ordinary gasoline in all aspects of preparation, storage, transportation and sales. Generally, small gas stations do not sell ethanol gasoline.
If the small gas station can't be sold within a month, or if it is added to the car and it is on a business trip, it will decompose and produce adverse reactions ... and eventually it will damage our car.
After the shelf life, ethanol gasoline is easy to delaminate, and it is easy to become turbid in the fuel tank and can't catch fire.
Vehicle products
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Automobile ethanol gasoline refers to the special gasoline component oil which does not contain methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and oxygen-containing additives, and is added with a certain volume ratio (domestic tentative 10%). According to the quality requirements of national standard GB18351-2001,the designated automobile ethanol gasoline blending center has undergone specific tests.
According to the research octane number, ethanol gasoline for vehicles is divided into three grades: 90, 93 and 95.
The marking method is to add the letter E in front of the gasoline label as the unified marking of ethanol gasoline for vehicles. The logos of the three brands of gasoline are "E90 ethanol gasoline No.90", "E93 ethanol gasoline No.93" and "E95 ethanol gasoline No.95" respectively. Ethanol gasoline for vehicles is suitable for all kinds of vehicles with ignition engines, large, medium and small carburetors or vehicles with EFI fuel supply.
merits and demerits
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As a clean engine fuel, vehicle ethanol gasoline has the following advantages:
1, high octane number and good antiknock performance.
2. The oxygen content of ethanol is as high as 34.7%. When gasoline contains 10% ethanol, the oxygen content can reach 3.5%.
3. The use of ethanol gasoline for vehicles can effectively reduce automobile exhaust emissions and improve energy structure. Domestic research shows that compared with unleaded gasoline, E 15 ethanol gasoline (ethanol content in gasoline is 15%) reduces carbon and hydrocarbon emissions by 16.2% and carbon monoxide emissions by 30%.
4. Fuel ethanol production is rich in resources and mature in technology. When the blending ratio of gasoline is less than 10%, ethanol gasoline can be directly used without any major changes to the existing automobile engine.
[4]?
The shortcomings of automobile ethanol gasoline in combustion value, power and corrosion resistance;
1, and the calorific value of ethanol is 60% of that of conventional motor gasoline. According to relevant data, if the car uses mixed gasoline containing 10% ethanol without any changes, the engine fuel consumption will increase by 5%.
2. The latent heat of vaporization of ethanol is high, and the vaporization temperature under the theoretical air-fuel ratio is higher than that of conventional gasoline. It affects the formation of mixture and combustion speed, which leads to the decline of automobile power, economy and cold start, which is not conducive to automobile acceleration.
3. Ethanol will produce acetic acid during combustion, which is corrosive to automobile metals, especially copper. Relevant tests show that when the ethanol content in gasoline is 0 ~ 10%, there is basically no corrosion to metals, but when the ethanol content exceeds 15%, an effective corrosion inhibitor must be added.
4. Ethanol is an excellent solvent, which is easy to slightly corrode, swell, soften or crack automobile sealing rubber and other synthetic nonmetallic materials.
5. Ethanol is easily absorbed in water, and liquid phase separation is easy to occur when the water content of ethanol gasoline for vehicles exceeds the standard index.
From March 15, all ethanol gasoline will be used in Beihai. The unified labels of ethanol gasoline in gas stations are E90, E93 and E97, and E is the label of ethanol. Vehicles that use ethanol gasoline for vehicles can add unleaded gasoline with the same label. Similarly, qualified unleaded gasoline for vehicles can also be added with ethanol gasoline of the same brand sold at designated gas stations. But we should choose China Petroleum and other gas stations with good reputation and guaranteed quality to refuel. Avoid adding water-containing unleaded gasoline and fake and inferior oil products to vehicles, so that vehicles cannot maintain normal operation.
When a car driving more than 30,000 kilometers refuels ethanol gasoline for the first time, if the fuel tank and oil circuit of the car are not cleaned, the oil circuit of the car will be blocked and the engine will turn off. Even after cleaning, a small amount of impurities still enter the oil tank. After using up the first tank of oil, the car should be inspected and cleaned. If it is a new car within 30,000 kilometers, it is not necessary to clean the fuel tank and oil circuit before adding ethanol gasoline.
Pay attention to use
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1. Self-cleaning characteristics
Ethanol in vehicle ethanol gasoline is an excellent organic solvent with strong dissolution and cleaning characteristics. Experienced drivers and maintenance personnel often clean carburetors with ethanol. The carburetor cleaned in this way is clean and thorough. Similarly, ethanol gasoline for vehicles can also clean the oil circuit and keep the oil circuit unblocked. However, when the vehicle uses ethanol gasoline for the first time, especially after using 1-2 fuel tank oil, under the cleaning effect of ethanol gasoline, various impurities will be deposited and accumulated in the fuel tank and oil circuit (the longer the time, the more impurities will be accumulated. Especially iron oil tanks), such as rust, dirt, colloidal particles, etc. It is softened, dissolved and mixed into oil. These impurities may cause poor oil flow.
Suggestion: When the vehicle uses ethanol gasoline for the first time, it is best to clean the main components of the vehicle fuel tank and oil circuit, such as fuel filter and carburetor. Ensure the cleanliness of all components of the fuel system.
2. Hydrophilic characteristics
Vehicle ethanol gasoline is mixed with a certain amount of denatured fuel ethanol, which is a hydrophilic liquid and easily miscible with water. Unlike gasoline, gasoline can be separated from water, and water is deposited at the bottom of the fuel tank. Therefore, when the vehicle uses ethanol gasoline for the first time, it should check the fuel tank to prevent ethanol gasoline from dissolving with the precipitation water that may exist at the bottom of the fuel tank, so that the water in the engine oil exceeds the standard and affects the normal operation of the engine.
Suggestion: Although this situation is rare, it cannot be ignored.
3. Pay attention to using ethanol gasoline in summer.
A check whether the intake and exhaust valves of the fuel tank are unblocked: the high ambient temperature in summer increases the volatility of fuel. For example, the exhaust valve, an accessory of the fuel tank, is blocked, and part of the fuel is converted from liquid to gas, and the gas cannot be discharged through the exhaust valve, which easily leads to an increase in the probability of gas resistance in the oil circuit (the same is true for ordinary gasoline).
B For vehicles using ethanol gasoline, don't fill the fuel tank too full when refueling in summer, and leave some room for oil expansion.
C If you go to a place where there is no ethanol gasoline, ethanol gasoline and regular gasoline can be mixed at will.
4. Does ethanol gasoline have an effect on rubber adaptability?
The test shows that most rubber parts can adapt to ethanol gasoline. Only a few kinds are not suitable, but the corrosion is slow. In the pilot project, it was found that the rubber diaphragm in the early mechanical gasoline pump had poor adaptability, and some cracks appeared after using ethanol gasoline. Because the rubber parts can't distinguish the material composition in appearance, the purchased parts can be soaked in ethanol gasoline for vehicles in advance by the designated garage, and then loaded for use.
Because ethanol gasoline has not been fully used, there are many other precautions, such as careful debugging when using it for the first time to see if the engine is too abnormal; Long-term use should consider whether the rubber and organic parts in the oil supply system are resistant to alcohol corrosion, and so on.
contrast
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Compared with the technical requirements of GB 17930- 1999, the ethanol gasoline standard for automobiles has the following characteristics:
(1) increased the ethanol content. The ethanol content is required to be in the range of 9.0%~ 10.5%(V/V), and no other substances can be artificially added, but higher alcohols are allowed to be used as cosolvents.
(2) 0. 15%(m/m) of mechanical impurities and moisture in the unleaded gasoline of the original vehicle.
As early as the 1920s, Brazil began to use ethanol gasoline. Because Brazil is short of oil resources, but rich in sugarcane resources, a set of technologies for producing sucrose and alcohol from sugarcane has been formed. Brazil is the first country to use ethanol gasoline in the world, and the ethanol content in ethanol gasoline has reached 20%.
The United States is another big consumer of fuel ethanol in the world. Ethanol gasoline was first marketed in Nebraska in the 1930s. 1978 gasoline (E 10 gasoline) containing 10% ethanol is widely used in Nebraska. Since then, the federal government of the United States has implemented tax reduction or exemption for E 10 gasoline, and the fuel ethanol output has rapidly increased from 30,000 tons in 1979 to 2.69 million tons in 1990. In 2000, the output of fuel ethanol in the United States reached 5 million tons. With the decrease of MTBE usage in the United States and its final ban, fuel ethanol will become the best substitute for MTBE oxygenates. It is estimated that by 2004, the demand for fuel ethanol in the United States will reach100000 tons. ? [5]?
Main advantages
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(1) Reduce emissions
The oxygen content of automobile ethanol gasoline is 35%, which makes the fuel burn more fully. According to the engine bench test and driving test carried out by the National Automobile Research Center, the power performance of ethanol gasoline for vehicles is basically unchanged without modifying the engine, and the CO and HC compounds emitted by exhaust gas are reduced by more than 30% on average, effectively reducing and reducing harmful exhaust gas emissions.
(2) Good dynamic performance
The high octane number of ethanol (Ron =11) can improve the thermal efficiency and power performance of the engine under the condition of high compression ratio. In addition, its latent heat of evaporation can increase the air intake of the engine, thus improving the dynamic performance of the engine.
(3) Reduction of carbon deposition
Due to the combustion characteristics of ethanol vehicles, the formation of carbon deposits in spark plugs, combustion chambers, valves and exhaust silencers can be effectively eliminated, the faults caused by carbon deposits can be avoided, and the service life of parts can be prolonged.
(4) Easy to use
Ethanol is a liquid at room temperature, which is simple to operate and convenient to store, transport and use. It inherits the traditional engine technology, especially when using ethanol-gasoline mixed fuel, the engine structure has little change.
(5) Self-cleaning of fuel system
Ethanol added to ethanol gasoline for vehicles is an excellent organic solvent. It has good cleaning effect, can effectively eliminate the precipitation and condensation of fuel impurities (especially colloid phenomenon) in automobile fuel tank and oil system, and has good oil channel dredging effect.
(6) Rich in resources
The main raw materials for ethanol production in China are sugar crops, starch crops and fiber fuel, which are renewable resources with abundant sources. Therefore, the use of ethanol fuel can reduce the dependence of automobiles on petroleum resources, which is beneficial to China's energy security.
Main disadvantages
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(1) low calorific value
The energy of the same volume of ethanol is only 2/3 of that of gasoline. When it is mixed with gasoline, it actually reduces the heat content of fuel. Therefore, a full tank of gasoline with ethanol can only drive less mileage.
(2) great evaporation potential
The latent heat of evaporation of ethanol is more than twice that of gasoline, and high latent heat of evaporation will worsen the low-temperature start-up and low-temperature operation performance of ethanol fuel. If the engine is not equipped with air intake preheating system, it will be difficult for the car to start when burning all-alcohol fuel. However, mixing a low proportion of alcohol with gasoline and supplying liquid ethanol with heat of vaporization from the combustion chamber wall can be favorable factors for improving thermal efficiency and cooling the engine.
(3) air resistance is easy to occur
The boiling point of ethanol is only 78. C%。 At the normal working temperature of the engine, it is easy to produce air resistance, which will reduce the oil supply and even interrupt the oil supply.
(4) Metal corrosion
Acetic acid will be produced during the combustion of ethanol, which will corrode automobile metals, especially copper. Experiments show that when the ethanol content in gasoline is lower than 10%, there is basically no corrosion to metals, but when the ethanol content exceeds 15%, an effective corrosion inhibitor must be added.
(5) Poor adaptability to materials
Ethanol is an excellent solvent, which is easy to slightly corrode, swell, soften or crack automobile sealing rubber and other synthetic nonmetallic materials.
(6) easy stratification
Ethanol is easy to absorb water, and when the water content of ethanol gasoline exceeds the standard index, it is easy to precipitate liquid phase, which affects the use.
Area list
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Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Henan, Anhui and Guangxi provinces;
Bayannaoer, Wuhai, Xuzhou, Lianyungang, Huai 'an, Yancheng and Suqian;
7 cities of Jinan, Zaozhuang, Jining, Tai 'an, Linyi, Liaocheng and Heze in Shandong Province;
9 cities of Wuhan, Xiangfan, Jingmen, Suizhou, Xiaogan, Shiyan, Yichang, Huangshi and Ezhou in Hubei Province;
Shijiazhuang, Baoding, Xingtai, Handan, Cangzhou and Hengshui in Hebei Province.
Private enterprises stop
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Zhao, chairman of the Oil Circulation Committee of China Business Federation, the largest member organization of private oil enterprises in China, revealed yesterday that the Oil Committee has written to the National Development and Reform Commission, demanding that the domestic corn ethanol gasoline project be stopped immediately.
The reason why PetroChina submitted the above proposal is that "cars compete with people for corn", which led to the first net import of corn in China in the first half of 20 10, which pushed up the price of corn, while the output of corn-based ethanol gasoline was insignificant compared with the domestic gasoline demand. Petroleum Commission said that in the 20 10 market research, it was found that some ethanol processing plants in China used ethanol gasoline for corn processing vehicles to snap up newly listed corn in order to enjoy the national subsidy tax exemption policy per ton 1880 yuan, resulting in a serious shortage of feed corn needed for aquaculture and a sharp increase in prices. According to the investigation of Petroleum Commission, China still has the production capacity of100000 tons of ethanol gasoline. According to the industrial production level of 654.38+0 tons of ethanol gasoline per 3 tons of corn, 30 million tons of corn raw materials are needed every year.
It is noteworthy that in the first half of 20 10, China changed from a net corn exporter to a net corn importer for the first time. Zhang Jianbo, a corn industry analyst at China Merchants Productivity Promotion Center, said that China imported 78 million tons of corn in the first half of the year, which was due to the higher domestic corn price than overseas. In July, the average corn delivery price in Northeast China was 1.845 yuan/ton, up 15.7% year-on-year.
It is reported that in order to promote the development of renewable energy and new energy, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Finance and other relevant ministries and commissions jointly issued a policy in 2004 to promote the trial of corn processing ethanol gasoline in Heilongjiang Province and other provinces and regions. Every production of 1 ton of ethanol for vehicles is subsidized by the state 1.88 yuan, and all taxes are reduced or exempted. However, since then, with the reduction of China's old grain, the state clearly requires all localities not to blindly develop corn processing ethanol production capacity.
However, according to Zhao, the investigation by the Petroleum Commission found that under the temptation of high state subsidies, some alcohol factories in Heilongjiang and other places began to produce ethanol gasoline for vehicles with corn, and snapped up a large number of corn. Because there is no national subsidy policy for aquaculture, it can't bear the high price of feed corn, which leads to the shortage of agricultural and sideline products in the market and the price increase. Zhao said that the Petroleum Commission has reflected this situation to the National Development and Reform Commission, called on the government to stop the corn-based ethanol gasoline project, and suggested that the relevant subsidies be tilted to the ethanol processing project with cassava, wheat straw and other raw materials, which can not only promote the technological development of bio-gasoline, but also solve the problem of competition between automobiles and the people for food. "Our petition has received the attention and instructions of the leaders of the State Council, and the National Development and Reform Commission is currently studying it." ? [6]?
export
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Where is the way out for fuel ethanol? For so many years, the domestic dispute about ethanol gasoline has never subsided.
Zhao, who wrote to the State Council twice on behalf of China Commercial Petroleum Committee to stop using corn as fuel ethanol, said frankly: "The original intention of this policy is good, which can not only develop oil as an alternative energy source, but also digest the aged grain in stock, and also implement scientific demonstration and planning."
In order to ensure food security, it is suggested to stop using ethanol gasoline for corn processing vehicles immediately. The report pointed out that ethanol gasoline can not really replace gasoline and diesel, nor can it fundamentally solve the problem. At present, China can only produce 2 million tons of ethanol gasoline every year, while China consumes 400 million tons of oil every year, which is far from enough to eliminate the relative shortage of oil resources in China.
Zhao roughly calculated an account: in terms of cost, the price per ton of corn in the market is about1.900-2,000 yuan. According to the calculation that the production of one ton of automobile ethanol consumes 3.3 tons of corn, the cost of corn alone per ton of ethanol is as high as 6270-6600 yuan. If other costs are added, the cost per ton of ethanol is at least 8000-9000 yuan. And this price can buy two tons of finished gasoline or diesel.
A statistical analysis from the automobile industry shows that the consumption of ethanol gasoline used by ordinary vehicles is much higher than that of ordinary gasoline, and there is a phenomenon of high energy consumption and low efficiency. The cost of cars using ethanol gasoline is higher than that using ordinary gasoline 1500 yuan.
It is understood that China has become the third largest producer and user of biofuel ethanol in the world after Brazil and the United States. The four pilot projects of biofuel ethanol production approved by the state have formed an annual production capacity of10.02 million tons.
COFCO Biochemical Energy (Zhaodong) Co., Ltd. is the most powerful alcohol production base in China. According to Zhao's analysis, it consumes 654.38+million tons of corn every year, based on its annual production of various ethanol from corn. China's grain reserve is only 225 million tons, and Heilongjiang's grain reserve is about 65.438+million tons. The grain consumed by COFCO Zhaodong is 654.38+0/20 of the national grain reserve, which is equivalent to the whole province of Heilongjiang.
In order to completely eradicate the serious impact of corn processing ethanol gasoline on food security and people's interests, Zhao suggested that the preferential policies for ethanol enterprises should be stopped immediately, and these fiscal and tax subsidies should be tilted to wheat straw and cassava for processing fuel ethanol, which is currently more expensive than aged grain.
It is understood that the preferential policies of ethanol enterprises include 1880 yuan subsidy allocated by the state, exemption from 5% consumption tax, VAT being refunded first, and enjoying the aged grain subsidy policy, and the subsidy amount is shared by the central and local governments according to the prescribed proportion. ? [7]?