Food poisoning refers to an acute toxic disease caused by eating things that are not conducive to human health, and food poisoning usually occurs without knowing it.

there are many reasons for food poisoning. It can be mainly divided into the following categories:

1. Bacterial food poisoning

refers to food poisoning caused by people ingesting food containing bacteria or bacterial toxins. There are many reasons for food poisoning, among which the most important and common reason is that food is contaminated by bacteria. According to the statistics of food poisoning in China in recent five years, bacterial food poisoning accounts for about 51% of the total food poisoning, and animal food is the main food that causes bacterial food poisoning, among which meat and cooked meat products rank first, followed by spoiled poultry meat, dead livestock meat, fish, milk and leftovers.

Food is contaminated by bacteria for the following reasons:

1. Livestock and poultry are sick birds and sick animals before slaughter;

2. Cutters, chopping boards and utensils are unclean, and raw and cooked are cross-infected;

3. The sanitary condition is poor and mosquitoes and flies breed;

4. Food employees contaminate food with bacteria.

Food poisoning does not happen immediately after people eat food contaminated by bacteria. Bacteria pollute food and multiply on food to a pathogenic amount or produce pathogenic toxins. Only when people eat this kind of food can food poisoning happen. Therefore, another main cause of food poisoning is improper storage or storage at higher temperature for a long time. The moisture and nutritional conditions in food make pathogenic bacteria multiply in large quantities. If the pathogenic bacteria are killed by thorough heating before eating, food poisoning will not occur. Then, the last important reason is that it is not fully heated and cooked before eating.

The occurrence of bacterial food poisoning is closely related to the eating habits of people in different regions. The United States eats more meat, eggs and cakes, and staphylococcal food poisoning is the most; Japan likes to eat sashimi, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus has the most food poisoning. There are many kinds of poultry meat and eggs in China, and salmonella food poisoning has been in the first place for many years. The initiators of bacterial food poisoning are Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli, Botox, hepatitis virus and so on. These bacteria and viruses can grow directly in food, and can also contaminate other foods through the hands or containers of food operators. When people eat these contaminated foods, the toxins produced by harmful bacteria can cause poisoning. Every summer, all kinds of microorganisms grow and multiply vigorously, and there are more bacteria in food, which accelerates its spoilage; In addition, people are greedy for cold and often eat food that is not fully heated, so summer is the high incidence season of bacterial food poisoning.

Second, mycotoxin poisoning

Fungi grow and reproduce in cereals or other foods to produce toxic metabolites, and the poisoning caused by cannibalism by humans and animals is called fungal food poisoning. Poisoning occurs mainly through food contaminated by fungi, and the mycotoxins in food cannot be destroyed by heating treatment with general cooking methods. Fungi need a certain temperature and humidity to grow, reproduce and produce toxins, so poisoning often has obvious seasonality and regionality.

iii. Animal food poisoning

Food poisoning caused by eating animal food poisoning is animal food poisoning. There are two main kinds of food poisoned by animals; (1) taking animals or parts of animals that contain toxic ingredients naturally as food, and eating them by mistake will cause poisoning reactions; Edible animal foods that produce a lot of toxic ingredients under certain conditions, such as eating mackerel, can also cause poisoning. In recent years, the main animal food poisoning in China is puffer fish poisoning, followed by fish gall poisoning.

fourth, there are three main types of plant food poisoning

. (1) taking plants or their processed products containing toxic ingredients naturally as food, such as food poisoning caused by tung oil and hemp oil; (2) In the process of food processing, plants that fail to destroy or remove toxic components are eaten as food, such as cassava and bitter almond; (3) Under certain conditions, improper consumption of a large number of plant foods with toxic ingredients, consumption of fresh day lilies, sprouted potatoes, unsalted pickles or uncooked lentils, etc. will cause poisoning. Generally, it is caused by eating poisonous plants or poisonous plant seeds by mistake, or improper cooking and processing methods, and not removing toxic substances from plants. The most common plant food poisoning is bean poisoning, poisonous mushroom poisoning and cassava poisoning; Poisonous mushrooms, potatoes, Datura stramonium, Ginkgo biloba, bitter almond and tung oil can cause death. There is no specific treatment for most plant poisoning. For some serious poisoning that can cause death, it is very important to eliminate the poison as soon as possible for the prognosis of the poisoned person.

V. Chemical food poisoning

Mainly includes: ① eating food contaminated by toxic chemicals by mistake; ② Food poisoning caused by adding non-food grade or forged or prohibited food additives and nutritional fortifiers, and excessive use of food additives; (3) food with chemical changes in nutrients due to storage and other reasons, such as rancidity of oil and poisoning. Food poisoning caused by eating chemically poisoned food is chemical food poisoning. The characteristics of chemical food poisoning are: the onset is related to eating time and consumption. It usually happens soon after eating, often in groups, and patients have the same clinical manifestations. Chemical poisons can be detected in samples such as food residue, vomit, blood and urine. When dealing with chemical food poisoning, we should highlight the word "fast"! Timely treatment is not only very important to save patients' lives, but also more important to control the development of the situation, especially when group poisoning and chemical poisons are unknown at the moment.

Food poisoning is an acute toxic disease caused by eating food contaminated by bacteria and their toxins, or eating animals and plants containing toxins such as toadstools and puffer fish. Deteriorated food and polluted water sources are the main sources of infection, and unclean hands, tableware and flies with bacteria are the main routes of transmission.

The incubation period of this disease is short, and it can occur collectively. It is characterized by sudden onset, accompanied by acute gastroenteritis symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and often chills and fever. Severe vomiting and diarrhea can cause dehydration, acidosis and shock. The treatment of this disease is mainly symptomatic and supportive treatment, and antibiotics can be used in severe cases. Correct water and electrolyte disorders and acidosis in time. Botulinum poisoning patients can be given botulinum anti-venom as soon as possible.

prescription

1. do a good job in food hygiene supervision and canteen hygiene, and prohibit eating dead livestock meat or other spoiled meat. Drunken shrimp, pickled crabs, etc. are best not to eat.

2. Frozen food should be of good quality and fresh-keeping. Animal food should be thoroughly heated and cooked before eating, and it should also be fully heated before eating after meals.

3. Keep raw and cooked separately when cooking to avoid cross-contamination.

4. salted canned food should be boiled for 6 ~ 11 minutes before eating.

5. It is forbidden to eat poisonous animals and plants such as toadstools and puffer fish.

6. Cooks and nurses who have salmonella infection or carriers should be transferred from their jobs and can only return to their original jobs after three negative stool cultures.

(Professor Cai Zeji of Shanghai Medical University)

Food poisoning refers to the disease of infection or poisoning caused by eating normal amount of edible food under normal eating conditions, which belongs to the category of food-borne diseases. Therefore, food poisoning does not include acute gastroenteritis and food-borne intestinal infectious diseases caused by overeating.

In addition to bacterial food poisoning, there are toxic foods such as eating river fish by mistake, toxic plants such as poisonous mushrooms and green beans poisoning, pesticide pollution, moldy sugarcane poisoning and so on. Compared with bacterial food poisoning, although the incidence of this kind of disease is less, the symptoms of gastroenteritis are mild, but the symptoms of nervous system are obvious. Some poisoning, such as river fish poisoning, has a mortality rate of 51%, and even if it does not die, it will leave a lifelong disability. Therefore, it needs to be paid enough attention to by everyone.

food poisoning can be prevented. First of all, we must prevent bacterial pollution. When buying raw meat, you should pay attention to identifying the quarantine stamp of the health and quarantine department. Do a good job in cleaning and disinfecting utensils and cookers, and use raw and cooked cookers separately to improve the sanitary conditions. The food supervision department should strengthen the regular physical examination of food practitioners. Patients with upper respiratory tract infection and suppurative diseases should not participate in food operation before being cured. Second, food should be stored at low temperature, which can control the reproduction of general bacteria. Meat and cooked meat products should be stored at a low temperature below 11℃, but it is ineffective for Vibrio parahaemolyticus existing in marine products. It is resistant to low temperature and can survive for several months in a low-temperature refrigerator. Therefore, when eating cold jellyfish, soak it in vinegar or blanch it with boiling water at 111 degrees Celsius for several minutes. The last measure is thorough heating to kill pathogens and destroy toxins. Meat food must be cooked and thoroughly cooked, and the meat pieces should not be too large, and the heating time should be guaranteed. Cooked food should be eaten in time, and leftovers should be heated before storage and reheated before eating. The problems of kidney bean poisoning and pesticide poisoning closely related to life should pay attention to the following points: kidney beans should be thoroughly cooked and heated, there are residual pesticides on vegetables and fruits, and they should be washed or soaked in clear water for a period of time before eating.

Classification of Food Poisoning Yao Yongqing Mu Liyuan

Food poisoning refers to acute and subacute non-infectious diseases that occur after ingesting biological and chemical toxic and harmful foods or taking harmful substances as food. Harmful microorganisms are generally "tricky" and like to gather in foods with high nutritional value to multiply. For example, there are often Salmonella in cooked meat, fish and dairy products that have been left for a long time without sufficient heating; Meals prepared with mayonnaise are the favorite hotbeds of bacteria. Botulinum botulinum may exist in canned foods that are improperly stored, which is harmful. Therefore, never eat canned foods that have been deformed. Once you find botulism, you should be hospitalized immediately. Aquatic products, especially contaminated shellfish, are the most likely to cause viral food poisoning. In the 1981s, the chief culprit of the epidemic of hepatitis A in Shanghai was Scapharca subcrenata.

clinical manifestations of food poisoning

usually, food poisoning can cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhea at the same time, or be accompanied by other symptoms. Generally, it can take as little as half an hour and as much as 48 hours after a meal. Its symptoms vary according to the types of food eaten. Generally speaking, there are abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, ranging from several times to dozens of times a day, and there are purulent blood and mucus in individual stools. In addition to the above symptoms of acute gastroenteritis, patients also have symptoms of nervous system, such as headache, fear of cold, fever, fatigue, dilated pupils, blurred vision, dysphagia and dyspnea, etc. Those who are seriously poisoned may cause dehydration shock due to diarrhea or die of failure.

Some patients with food poisoning are common in clinic. At first, the gastrointestinal symptoms are not obvious. The chief complaints are: spontaneous cold, fever, headache, fatigue, etc., which are easily confused with the common cold, so we must pay attention to the differentiation. If the symptoms persist for more than 2 days, you may wish to test your stool, blood or vomit to determine the cause. People who have had the same symptoms and eaten the same kind of food should be highly suspected of food poisoning, especially in the high-incidence season in summer. For example, Salmonella poisoning often occurs 8-48 hours after meals, showing watery diarrhea, abdominal distension, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, and the course of disease is usually 2-5 days.

how to diagnose food poisoning

China has formulated detailed diagnostic criteria for food poisoning, mainly based on the incubation period of patients and the unique manifestations of poisoning. The most obvious features are: all poisoned patients have eaten some kind of poisoned food in a similar time, and those who have not eaten it are not poisoned; After stopping eating poisoned food, the onset stopped soon; The incubation period is short, the onset is sharp and the course of disease is short; The clinical manifestations of all poisoned patients are basically similar; Generally, there is no direct infection between people. Food poisoning can't be overlooked. It not only harms individuals, but also often harms people who eat in collective canteens (factories, mines, institutions, kindergartens, schools), and can be life-threatening in severe cases.

How to give first aid when you find food poisoning

Don't panic when you find food poisoning. First of all, we should immediately stop eating poisoned food and take emergency treatment measures such as vomiting, gastric lavage and bowel cleaning. Because repeated vomiting and diarrhea are the ways for the body to excrete poisons, do not use antiemetic or antidiarrheal drugs arbitrarily within 24 hours after the symptoms of food poisoning appear. It should be noted that a large amount of water loss in human body can cause dehydration, especially for children and young patients, and the lost fluids must be replenished in time, such as drinking water or intravenous fluids. Second, we should promptly report to the local food hygiene supervision and inspection department and take patient specimens for inspection. Third, it is necessary to protect the site, seal up poisoned food or suspected poisoned food, and immediately recover the sold food for harmless treatment or destruction. Fourth, according to different poisoned foods, the poisoned places should be disinfected accordingly, so as not to expand the scope of poisoning.

The main reasons for food poisoning

First, producers and operators neglect food hygiene management and pay insufficient attention to health and safety issues in food processing, transportation, storage and sales. The incidence of this kind of poisoning is the highest, and food poisoning in school canteens and catering service units is mostly of this kind. On September 11, 1999, some athletes suffered from food poisoning in the city sports meeting at Shengli Hotel in Xi 'an, and on September 15, 1999, food poisoning in more than ten primary and secondary schools in Xi 'an was caused by bacterial pollution in the food production and processing environment.

Second, abusing food additives or using non-food raw materials. Following the methanol poisoning in Shuozhou, Shanxi Province in 1997 and the poisonous lard poisoning in Jiangxi Province in 1998, on August 9, 1999. Another collective food poisoning incident occurred in Zhaoqing City, Guangdong Province, which was caused by eating edible oil mixed with liquid paraffin, and the number of people poisoned was as high as 681, which was the largest food poisoning incident before the end of September, 1999.

the third is eating by mistake. It is mainly caused by eating nitrite, puffer fish, poisonous mushrooms and food contaminated by pesticides and rodenticides. This kind of poisoning occurs in a large number, and the poisoned person is in critical condition and the mortality rate is extremely high. On March 3, three children in Xincheng County, Guangxi, were poisoned after eating sweet potato chips contaminated with rodenticide, and 1 person died. On May 11, a migrant couple in Shantou City, Guangdong Province accidentally ate puffer fish poisoning, and 1 people died. From September 18 to 21, three farmers in Huanghe Township, Shizhu County, Chongqing accidentally ate poisonous mushrooms. Nine people were all poisoned after eating them, and two of them died.

Fourth, people lack knowledge of food hygiene, improper food processing and storage, and abuse of pesticides. Of the seven people who died of bacterial food poisoning last year. Six people were caused by eating processed and improperly made fermented rice noodles. On March 11, 1999, the food poisoning incident of 478 people in Zhoukou area of Henan Province was caused by improper processing and cooking of green beans. In the investigation of rodenticide poisoning in Anshun City, Guizhou Province, the health department found that due to the long-term use of fluoroacetamide to kill rats, rodenticide and bait contaminated with rodenticide were discarded everywhere, and the environment was seriously polluted. No chickens, dogs and cats survived in the village, indicating that local farmers knew nothing about acute toxic rodenticide and scientific rodent control knowledge.

the fifth is poisoning. In recent years, the Ministry of Health has received many reports of food poisoning caused by poisoning. Poisoning substances are often highly toxic rodenticide or nitrite. On February 2nd, 6 people were poisoned and 1 person died in Pengshui County, Chongqing, and on July 5th, two children in Nanchuan, Chongqing died after drinking a drink infused with tetramine, all of which were intentional by criminals.