On July 29-30, 1937, two important cities in North China, Beiping and Tianjin, were successively lost. After the Lugouqiao Incident, in order to further expand the war of aggression against China, Japan * * * transferred the 1st 1,1,12 divisions of the Kwantung Army from the northeast and North Korea, and sent the 5th division of Bantan from Japan to North China to strengthen the China garrison. Next, I will bring you excerpts from the July 7th Incident and the fall of the Peace Fund. Welcome to reading.

Lugouqiao Incident and the Fall of Ping Jin * * * Excerpt * * *

Wanglengzhai

The occurrence of conflicts and the process of regional involvement

The Marco Polo Bridge Incident broke out just when the Japanese warlords used their old tricks to repeatedly provoke the China army:1On the night of July 7, 937 10, a squadron of the Japanese army, under the command of Yimuqing, conducted night drills near Marco Polo Bridge in wanping county. When it returned to the team, it suddenly asked for a search in Wanping County and shot * * *. However, the local garrison troops in China and wanping county refused their unreasonable demands: on the one hand, the county magistrate and Commissioner Wang Lengzhai informed the garrison commander Jin to take practical preventive measures against the city defense; On the other hand, the police security team was ordered to search, but found nothing. County magistrate Wang went to Beiping to report to the Foreign Affairs Committee of Jicha. According to Wang's Memoirs of the Lugouqiao Incident: "After the report, he was immediately ordered to go to the Japanese secret service to negotiate with Matsui, the head of the agency. When he arrived at the Japanese agency, it was about 2 o'clock at midnight. Wei, Chairman of Sri Lanka's Foreign Affairs Committee, Lin Gengyu, Deputy Minister of Suiyuan's Ministry of Transport, Matsui, Sakurai, etc. They discussed the case with Matsui and others. Matsui got a report half an hour ago that all the missing Japanese soldiers had returned to the team, but we need to know how they disappeared in order to negotiate. How to disappear during backchat, just ask the soldiers, you can understand; That is, out of consideration, both sides can send personnel to investigate. Immediately decided to take Zhou, Lin, Sakurai and Japanese general Saito away. Just as we were about to leave, news came that hundreds of Japanese troops stationed in Fengtai, all armed, had already set out for Lugou Bridge, and the situation was grim. At the same time, the Japanese captain Mudaguchi invited Lin Gengyu to talk, and immediately got in touch with Lin's barracks in Japan and Mou. Mou Jian immediately asked: Can Commissioner Wang take full responsibility for handling the incident when he goes? Give an answer: I negotiated with the Ministry responsible for the investigation for some time. The situation is unclear and cannot be handled yet; Who should bear the responsibility for this matter? We can't bear it at this time. Mou Fu said: If the situation is clear, it is always appropriate to deal with it on the spot. The Japanese side has now decided that Morita United will handle it at its sole discretion. Because of the urgency, I can't ask for instructions. You are the local chief executive, and the incident falls within the jurisdiction of your department, so you have the right to deal with it quickly. Or in line with the principle of investigation first, then talk about treatment, invited Mou Suo, he resolutely refused. After about half an hour of negotiation, I agreed to investigate first when I saw that it was no good. When Yu Tonglin left the Japanese barracks, he saw that more than 300 Japanese soldiers had been sent to Lugouqiao in eight buses, so he was anxious to attack Zhou Yongye, Sakurai and Saito. ..... When the car arrived at Shagang in the northeast corner of Wanping ancient city, it was about a mile away from the city, and it could be seen that the place had been occupied and protected by the Japanese army. Most soldiers are lying down ready to shoot. One day, the Secret Service assisted Guan Si to rush to the front of the car to stop the advance, and sent a map to Yun Yun: Now the situation is very serious, it is better to investigate and negotiate. Please deal with it quickly, and order the defenders in the city to retreat to the west gate, and the Japanese army will enter the East Gate for dozens of meters before negotiations. Yu Jiyun: Your department agreed to start with the investigation to meet Mudaguchi's handling responsibility requirements. I refused. What your assistant said is far from the point. I really don't know where the order is. Temple Pingdang said: Japanese troops can cross the city on weekdays. There is a precedent. Why can't they go to town today? Give a rebuttal: I'm afraid I haven't figured out the situation here when I came to China, so I might as well go to March. Japanese military exercises have been in the wild and have never crossed the city once; As a precedent, please point out the facts of a certain month and day to prove it. Temple was speechless and angry: this request is an order and must be followed! Please play it by ear to avoid danger. At the same time, Morita asked to get off with Lin Jun, instructed the Japanese to line up, tied for guns, and waited for unarmed people. Morita also asked Lin Yun: Please ask Commissioner Wang to make a quick decision. If there is no solution within ten minutes, a serious incident will break out immediately, and it is extremely dangerous for you to be blind! At that time, although I was trapped in the Japanese army and threatened, I was responsible, and my life and death were ignored. I refused at once. He was only ordered to investigate, he didn't know, and he didn't care about the danger. Moreover, the first step of the investigation method was decided by the secret service department, and there should be no contradiction before and after. This is not a negotiation place, such as Jun, etc. * * * refers to Morita and Siping * * * handled according to the principle of rear decision, that is, negotiate calmly in the city, otherwise all responsibilities will be borne by Jun and others. Morita and Siping saw that the intimidation failed, but they agreed on their own. Siping handed Lin Jun over to the city to negotiate: Zhou Yongye, Sakurai, Saito, etc. after entering the city. They have arrived first, so they should negotiate in the Commissioner's office; In less than five minutes, it was 4: 50 when * * *, and gunshots rang out outside the city, and bullets swept the roof one after another. It is reported that the Japanese army has started shooting at me. When I reported the fire to Beiping by telephone, I still stepped up negotiations with Sakurai and others. The two sides had a gun battle for about an hour, and Morita suddenly sent someone with a thorn to invite someone out of the city for an interview. When it was agreed that both sides ordered to stop shooting, Lin Gengyujun and Temple Hirayama went out of the city to discuss with Morita. According to reports, there is no result; Lin and others immediately reported the situation to Pingle. The two sides resumed shooting attacks, and the Japanese attacked the city with mortars, causing casualties on both sides. At four o'clock in the afternoon, Mudaguchi sent people to turn into the city from the west gate with letters from villagers outside the city. Ask Jitou Xingwen or battalion commander Jin to go out of town to handle affairs and give it to Jitong privately, but it is. At five o'clock, Mou Fu wrote a letter, demanding three things: * * 1 * * Only stay at eight o'clock this afternoon, our army will retreat to Hedong, and the Japanese army will also retreat to Hexi. If the time limit is exceeded, use artillery to attack the city; * * * 2 * * * Inform people in the city to move out; * * * three * * * consultants Sakurai, communication officer Saito, etc. Please ask them to leave the city when they are in the city. Answer in time: * * I am a non-soldier, and I don't have time to answer: * * 2 * * City people have their own ways to deal with it, so don't worry; * * * Three * * * Sakurai and others have ordered him out of the city, but they are still willing to discuss business in the city and find a way to solve the incident. As soon as the gunfire stopped, both sides held a calm attitude and waited for the deduction of the incident. At 6 o'clock in the afternoon, the bell just rang, and it was really the target of attack. Those who have stayed in Japan for a long time, Sakurai, etc. We are all helping to deal with foreign affairs, not soldiers, and we should do our best to protect them from death. So, I found another office in a nearby private house and invited Sakurai and others to go with me. At 6: 05, I left the company ... I just left the gate for more than ten meters, and the Japanese artillery has arrived one after another, and every gun has landed in the department; ..... battalion commander Kim was injured. ..... Naturally, after three hours of fighting, the Pinglu telephone line was destroyed by gunfire and could no longer be connected. Orders and reports are conveyed by Fengtai. At that time, I had a brigade stationed in Xiwan, led by He Jifeng, and had already driven to Babaoshan, cutting off the Japanese army's rear road to Wangjiedian and Dajing Village. After nine o'clock, our army was in a good situation. The Japanese troops in Huilongguan and Liu Zhuang were driven away, and the Japanese casualties were twice as high as our army. He received an order from Peiping that he had made representations to the Japanese side, limiting the Japanese army to retreat to Fengtai that night, or our army would attack immediately. At the same time, Mudaguchi wrote back directly, please send someone to negotiate a truce and give it to Beiping, where the principle has been set, so it is inconvenient to reply to Mou's letter. After ten o'clock, there was silence on our side ... At twelve o'clock, our army carried out a night attack and wiped out the Japanese army near the railway bridge.

By 3: 00 on the 9th, Fengtai turned to Dechun, the chairman of the public security bureau and the mayor of Qin, saying that he had negotiated with Japan to compromise on three items: * * Both sides immediately stopped shooting; * * * 2 * * The Japanese army retreated to Fengtai, and our army retreated to the west of Lugou Bridge; * * * Three * * * The city defense is held by the security team, with about 200 to 300 people. It is scheduled to take over the defense at 9: 00 this morning. After Ryan sent the telegram, he immediately informed the head of the mission of the landing machine. Even at six o'clock, the Japanese army suddenly attacked the city with artillery, reaching more than a hundred rounds; This is the first time that Japan has broken its word in the call for compromise. On the other hand, I will report to Peiping, please negotiate with the Japanese army; After consulting the Japanese by telephone, he said that in order to cover the retreat, everything was still handled according to the three principles discussed in Peiping, and that the Japanese army had begun to retreat. It is reported that the Japanese troops in Wulidian have gradually retreated to Dajing Village. At the same time, Beiping called, which means that the security team has set off for Lugou Bridge at 6 am, and the taxi can arrive at 9 o'clock; However, by ten o'clock, there was still no news from the security team. It is said that after the team arrived in Dajing village, it was blocked by the Japanese army and could not move forward, which led to conflict. One of our soldiers was killed and several others were injured. I am in a hurry, please negotiate with Japan to stop it and fulfill my promise. By three o'clock in the afternoon, there was still no result At that time, the members sent by Peiping to supervise the withdrawal of both sides had arrived. The Japanese side is an adviser to Nakajima, and we are here with Zhou Sijing, a senior staff officer of Suiyuan Department, and Lin Gengyu, a member of the Foreign Affairs Committee. After arriving at the county seat, they were divided into two groups to carry out surveillance and withdrawal: Group A served as Huilong Temple and Tieqiao, and members were Zhou Yongye and Sakurai; Group B served as Wulidian in Dajing Village and Shagang in the northeast corner, and members Zhou Sijing and Nakajima; The two sides set out separately and returned to the city at four o'clock. They all said that they had finished monitoring and retreated. But the security team hasn't arrived yet. I asked Zhou Sijing to contact the head of the riverside brigade in Dajing Village, and Nakajima also went. Zhou and others led fifty troops into the team. Please take precautions first and then discuss the way out. This is the second time that Japan has broken its promise. Within the principle stipulated by both sides in Peiping, the number of security guards who accepted the defense was 200-300, but today there are only 50 people, even with the county police, which is not enough for the distribution of the Yugoslav capital, so they immediately refused to accept it; While informing the person in charge of Kyrgyzstan, he also telephoned Beiping for negotiations. * * * At this time, the telephone line is connected, and the call is resumed in Pinglu. About half an hour later, I received a telegram from Peiping, saying that it had been settled with the Japanese army headquarters in Tianjin, and all the security teams that set out could still enter the city in full, but they should be escorted back to Pingping with machine guns. Around six o'clock, all the security teams entered the city, but there were still less than 200 people. According to the cloud, each machine gun was transported back to Peiping by three soldiers of the original team, so the number of people decreased; This team is led by Wang Chuichen, deputy head of the regiment, and Jia Chao, battalion commander. After meeting with Wang Jia to distribute defense, the Kyrgyzstan group all moved to Hexi. At that time, the head of the Japanese Binjiang Brigade specially sent three people, including Li Jing consultant, Guang Lai secretary and Ai Ze translator, to the county town with champagne and wine to propose a toast to Yu Mian, in order to wish this unfortunate incident a short-term solution and hope that it would never happen again. According to international practice, both sides drink Xiang Bin, which is a manifestation of private interests; Not long after Nerijing and others left, I found that there were still some Japanese soldiers in Shagang in the northeast corner of the city who did not leave, and there were about 300 people who went and came back. I highly doubt it. In addition to reporting to Beiping by telephone, I also informed the head of Kyrgyzstan and Wang Tuan to pay attention to their vigilance. The members who supervise the withdrawal here are Zhou Sijing * * * and the current Tianjin pseudo-police chief * * * and Nakajima, but Zhou has already returned to Beiping first, and Nakajima is in a hurry to leave, so he is afraid of repercussions. Because he insisted on staying in the city to help deal with it, and he was monitoring the withdrawal, now he found that the Japanese army had not completely withdrawn, and he had not fulfilled his responsibility, so he would stay in the county. Nakajima is not afraid, but she will stay for a while.

At 2: 30 in Rosty Yi, the Japanese army in the northeast corner suddenly shot and retaken the city; This is the third time that Japan has broken its promise. Fortunately, our army was on guard first, so besides telegraphing Beiping, I also reported to Nakajima ... After calling Beiping brigade headquarters and United headquarters, Nakajima replied that the Japanese military headquarters also heard the news, but it was true that the sentries of both sides opened fire because of misunderstanding, and the Japanese side did not attempt to attack the city. An hour later, the gunfire stopped; According to the phone call from Beiping, I was asked to discuss outstanding diplomatic issues with Nakajima. At 7 o'clock in the evening, Nakajima and I drove to Pingping and passed the railway culvert in the northeast corner of the county seat. When I saw that the Japanese sentry didn't move and three Japanese soldiers stopped me from moving forward, I was told to go to Pingping to contact a truce.

At 7: 30, we reached a draw with Nakajima, that is, we met with Chairman Feng and Mayor Qin. When it is reported that the Japanese army is unwilling to retreat completely, it cannot be considered as an end without thorough negotiations. Kazuo Hirai, Nakajima, Saito, etc. They all went to Zhai Qin to discuss! We are Qin Mayor Chen Dechun, Xi 'an, Zhou Staff Secretary Si Jing and Yu. The Japanese side consists of two consultants Sakurai and Nakajima and three secretaries Saito. Yu Shou suggested that the Japanese troops in Shagang in the northeast corner have not been withdrawn, so please pay attention to the discussion. According to Saito Yun, the Japanese army has not yet withdrawn, but two bodies have been killed and have not been found, so there is no other plan to leave this unit and search nearby. Dang Yu said: It doesn't need many troops to search for the location of the incident, and it doesn't need to carry weapons such as machine guns and mortars, such as facing an enemy. Saito: We must keep more troops as a precaution to avoid being shot. Mayor Qin and Cheng both said: If it is simple to find the body, it will be easy and we can help. When it was agreed to organize a six-person search team, our team consisted of one each from the 29th Army, Hebei Bei 'an Team and the Commissioner's Office, three consultants from Japan, Sakurai, Nakajima and Gexi, ten soldiers from the 29th Army and the Security Team, and twenty soldiers from the Japanese Army, all unarmed and led by six people, tried their best to search in Lugouqiao area, and limited the time, whether they found it or not.

It was Sakurai, Nakajima and Kasai who suddenly took the opportunity to leave the meeting room and speak in the reception room, but never came back. At the same time, it was reported that the Japanese army had arrived from Tianjin, Tongxian, Gubeikou, Guanyu and other places. Many planes, cannons, tanks, armored vehicles and other vehicles had arrived in Fengtai, Dajing Village and Wulidian had been occupied, and Pinglu Highway had been blocked. It is the so-called corpse search by the Japanese side, which is obviously a slogan to slow down the troops, and it has been exposed so far; This is the fourth time that Japan has broken its promise. After receiving reports from all parties, ... Changxindian returned to the county to handle everything and led the county police to assist in guarding the city. Since the twelfth day, I have been in contact with the Japanese army several times, but it is only a small conflict, because Beiping is still trying to solve the incident. Even at 3 pm on the 20th, when the voice of peace was spreading, the Japanese army attacked the city with artillery and shelled Changxindian, and hundreds of rounds were fired. All the organs and houses in Wanping ancient city were destroyed, killing and injuring many people. Dozens of bombs landed near Changxindian, killing and injuring more than 20 civilians. Xing Wen, the head of Kyrgyzstan, and Sun, the county public security brigade, were all injured in the battle. After the founding of Kyrgyzstan, it still fought bravely and never retreated. So the Lugouqiao Incident became more and more fierce and the situation became more and more severe.

The deterioration of the situation and the expansion of the war are over.

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During this period, although the Beijing-Tianjin-China-Japan peace talks were still going on, the Japanese army had actively prepared for military action, and the Kwantung Army had successively entered the customs from Beining Road. The Japanese army province also reassigned Yue Qing to replace Dai Tian as the garrison commander of North China. After Song Zile Ling attacked Tianjin, he met with him on 18th, but there was no result. The Japanese army occupying Lugouqiao Station never retreated. On 25th, the Japanese army suddenly occupied Tuanhe River during the changing of the 377th Division and132nd Division in 29 army. On 26th, cavalry was sent to China position near Nanyuan for reconnaissance, which caused a new conflict and killed a Japanese soldier. In addition, at 5 pm on the 25th, Japanese troops arriving in Langfang from Tianjin clashed with Liu Zhenshan Brigade of the 38th Division. At 0: 30 the next morning, the Japanese army opened fire on the China army with machine guns, and then advanced with armored vehicles. The conflict became more and more widespread. Using this as an excuse, the Japanese side issued an ultimatum to Song, the commander of 29 army, demanding two points: * * Withdraw the 37th Division near Lugouqiao and Babaoshan to Changxindian before noon on the 27th; * * * * Two * * retreated the troops of the 37th Division and Xiyuan Division of Beiping City to the north of Pinghan Road at the same time. Until noon on the 28th, they had to move to the west of Yongding River, and then the troops had to be transported to Baoding.

From these places, it is obvious that the Japanese side has planned to control Beiping and Tianjin, so as to further exert pressure on the military and political authorities in Jicha and make them leave the central government. However, Song's reply to the Japanese side at 5 pm on the 27th was negative. So the situation became more serious and expanded. At 7 o'clock on the evening of 26th, the Japanese army in Boxiao forcibly entered the city and had a street fight with the China army. By the 27th, war had broken out in the suburbs of Beiping. Therefore, after Song refused the Japanese request, it had to order the 29th Army to begin to resist. It was not until 28th that James Soong ordered a general assault. The Lugouqiao case, which was negotiated for more than 20 days, was completely solved, and the Sino-Japanese war was expanded from a local war of resistance to a national and all-round war.

Lugou Bridge and the Strategic Situation in North China

However, why did the Japanese army wage war in Lugouqiao? What does this have to do with Japan's political strategy and its strategy of trying to occupy North China? This is what we must find out.

It was after the September 18th Fengtai Incident in 1936 that the Japanese army created a conflict in Lugouqiao, which obviously implied that the Japanese army had an attempt to further occupy Lugouqiao, making it an important military stronghold as the Fengtai Incident. The purpose is that Lugou Bridge, like Fengtai, is the gateway of Beiping and the throat of North China. It is located at the intersection of Pinghan Road and Beining Road, which is the only pass of Pingbao Highway and the lifeline of Ping Jin and Jicha. Therefore, militarily, Japan must have Fengtai and Wanping to control Beiping and Tianjin. * * *1winter of 936, one year before the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, the Japanese army planned to buy land near Marco Polo Bridge, so as to establish a military fortress between Marco Polo Bridge, Changxindian and Wanping, and together with the defenders of Fengtai, it became the horn of China defenders monitoring Wanping and Yongding River. But this matter was finally stopped by the people and the authorities and failed to come true. However, since then, the opportunity to attack Lugou Bridge has been hidden.

Obviously, if Japanese imperialism wants to carry out the separatist movement in North China, it must create a military situation to control the situation in Beiping and Tianjin, the heads of North China, in order to implement its political conspiracy; The Lugou Bridge occupies a very important position in geography, because once the Japanese army occupies the Lugou Bridge, the traffic between Pinghan and Hanzhou will be blocked, which will make Peiping lose ground, almost equivalent to cutting off the head of North China-Ping Jin; Finally, Japan gained political and military control over North China.

At the same time, the superior posture of Lugou Bridge is not only enough to cut off the lifeblood of Beiping, but also has the advantage of controlling Fengtai, which makes the Japanese army in Fengtai have worries, and also makes it feel that it has been attacked by the troops of Nanyuan China. This contributed to the Japanese army's eagerness to seize the Lugou Bridge. Therefore, from the Fengtai incident, the Japanese army expressed its dissatisfaction with the troops stationed in Lugouqiao, Xiyuan, Nanyuan and Changxindian, hoping that the 29th Army would automatically retreat, but they were all rejected by the 29th Army. Therefore, as soon as the Marco Polo Bridge Incident happened, Ping Jin actively defended itself, first trying to capture the Marco Polo Bridge and Fengtai to form a corner, and then taking the railway between as the link and Beining Road as the rear, thus threatening Ping Jin and dealing with China's troops on the two roads of Jinpu and Pinghan.

At the beginning of the Lugouqiao Incident, the Japanese army first occupied the highland sand hills in the northeast of Wanping, which obviously caused the initial situation of taking Lugouqiao. One of the Japanese troops broke the contract again and refused to retreat from the sand hills on this ground. Because Shagang can control the interface between Pinghan and Beining, and it is the only place where Pingbao Highway passes, once Shagang is occupied, Lugou Bridge and Wanping are directly threatened.

In fact, since Japan occupied the four northeastern provinces, it has been trying to create a situation surrounding North China, especially to become the gateway to North China and Northwest China. Its plan: first, the navy based in Qinhuangdao cooperated with the army and puppet troops in Jehol and Chabei, causing a siege on both sides; In addition, the puppet troops were launched from Suiyuan, resulting in a situation surrounded on three sides. However, the fiasco of Suiyuan puppet Mongolian army in Bailing Temple area made its right wing collapse. Therefore, based in Beining, it can only seize Ping Jin from the left to seize the heart of North China, and then divide it into three roads: East Road takes Shandong along Pingjin Line, Middle Road takes Henan along Pinghan Line, and West Road takes Pingsui Road from the south exit, giving a glimpse of Chahar, Shanxi and Suiyuan. Needless to say, the launch of the Lugouqiao War was the beginning of its attempt to split North China through military adventure after its failure.

Therefore, after the Lugouqiao Incident broke out, the Japanese army began to organize strategic actions, and the soldiers were concentrated in Peiping and Tianjin in three ways; All the way from the customs, with Beining Road as the artery, transported to the southwest; All the way from Jehol to Pinggu Avenue * * * from Gubeikou to Peiping * * * southbound; All the way from Tanggu Haikou to the west. At the same time, it also expanded the incident, strengthened the left wing, and based on Jidong, launched the siege of Peiping and Tianjin.

As for China, since September 18th, North China was not well prepared for national defense, and was bound by Tanggu Agreement and various political constraints, so it opened the gateway to Peiping and Tianjin. So the battle of Lugouqiao gave Japan a temporary advantage.

Before and after the fall of Ping Jin

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The intensification of the Lugouqiao conflict has turned into a fierce battle. As a result, after Song refused the Japanese request on the 27th, the situation in Pingjin suddenly became tense. Song Ziwen immediately took 132 division commander Zhao as commander of Nanyuan, and ordered Dong Shengtang of the 38th division to attack Fengtai. On 28th, Japanese troops near Wulidian and Dajing Village were expelled by China troops from Lugouqiao and Babaoshan and retreated to Fengtai. Only in Nanyuan, the Japanese army dived with all its strength, and there were 20 Japanese planes to help, which made it difficult for the China army to counterattack Fengtai. Under the bombardment of Japanese planes, Nanyuan Huajun was finally weak and tired, and Tong and Zhao, the deputy commander and head of the officer education group, died heroically.

The battle of Nanyuan was defeated, but Lugouqiao, Wanping and Changxindian were badly hit by Japanese artillery fire. As a result, China's troops retreated one after another on the 29th, concentrated in Liangxiang and Zhuozhou. Later, the China army in Babaoshan was finally forced back by the Japanese army, and the Japanese army immediately dispatched to Mentougou, resulting in a situation of surrounding Beiping. Because of the drastic political changes, Song had to wait with Qin Dechun in Baoding on the evening of 28th. As usual, he told Zhang Zizhong to succeed as mayor of Beiping, acting as chairman of Jicha Government Affairs Committee, and Li Wentian was appointed as mayor of Tianjin.

However, although the Song family is far away in Pingping, the wars near Pingping and Tianjin are still in full swing: there are fierce battles in Tongxian, Dagu Lake, tianjin railway station and the western suburbs of Beiping, with Feng Zhian, the commander of the 37 th Division, at the front line of Lugou Bridge; China's army in Beiyuan area, led by Ruan Xuanwu, the brigade commander of Independent 39th Brigade, retreated to the south exit and rearranged its new positions. A few days later, China's army in Peiping was outnumbered. In order to preserve its strength, it withdrew from the city and waited for a counterattack.

On the morning of the 29th, Japanese troops stationed in Tianjin were dispatched one after another, and there was a fierce battle with the China security team. The security team was commanded by Li Wentian and Liu Jialuan. The fierce fighting lasted all day and gradually stopped at night. Japanese planes were very active all day, bombing everywhere, and Nankai University was destroyed by Japanese planes. At the same time, the number of victims in Tianjin reached 2000.

On the morning of the 30th, the same drastic changes took place in Tianjin and Peiping. By six o'clock, the gunfire had stopped, four thousand policemen were ordered to disarm, and the garrison retreated to the Jinghai area. So Tianjin, like Peiping, fell in the sudden change. This is the result of the consistent perfunctory and inadequate preparation of Ji Cha and the 29 th Army authorities.

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However, during this period, there was a serious change in the rear of the Japanese army, that is, there were more than 1000 pseudo-security guards in Tongxian County anyway.

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* * * Selected from Lugouqiao Incident and Wen Hui Yearbook1published in May, 939 * * *