the history of China's space development
In February 1956, Qian Xuesen, a famous scientist, put forward the Opinions on Establishing China's National Defense Aviation Industry to the Central Committee.
In March, 1956, the State Council formulated the Outline of the Future Plan for the Development of Science and Technology from 1956 to 1967 (Draft), in which it was proposed that China's jet and rocket technology should embark on the road of independent development within 12 years.
In April 1956, the Aviation Industry Committee of the People's Republic of China was established to lead the aviation and rocket industry in China. Nie Rongzhen is the director, and Huang Kecheng and Zhao Erlu are the deputy directors.
On May 11th, 1956, Vice Premier Nie Rongzhen put forward "Preliminary Opinions on Establishing China's Missile Research Work" to the Central Committee. On May 26th, Premier Zhou Enlai presided over a meeting of the Central Military Commission to discuss and agree, and instructed the Aviation Commission to be responsible for organizing missile management institutions and research institutions.
On October 15th, 1956, Vice Premier Nie Rongzhen reported to the Central Committee on the development of China's missile industry, and put forward the policy of "self-reliance, striving for foreign aid and making use of foreign scientific achievements" in missile research. On 17th, the Central Committee approved this report.
in January, 1958, the Ministry of national defense formulated the outline of the ten-year development plan of jet and rocket technology (1958-1967).
After the launch of the first artificial earth satellite in the Soviet Union, some famous scientists in China proposed to carry out the research on satellite engineering in China. Some colleges and universities have also begun to carry out relevant academic activities. Scientists such as Qian Xuesen and Zhao Jiuzhang of China Academy of Sciences are responsible for drawing up the draft plan for the development of artificial satellites, which is code-named "May Bayi Task". The "May Bayi Group" was established and three design courtyards were agreed upon. In August, the first design institute was established. In November, he moved to Shanghai and changed his name to Shanghai Electromechanical Design Institute of China Academy of Sciences.
in April 1958, the construction of the first launch site for launch vehicles in China began.
On May 17, 1958, President Mao Zedong pointed out at the second meeting of the Eighth National Congress of China: "We also want to build satellites."
on February 19th, 1961, the experimental liquid fuel sounding rocket designed and manufactured by China was successfully launched for the first time. In September, the sounding rocket was successfully launched.
On November 5th, 1961, the first launch test of the Soviet "P-2" missile copied by China was successful.
on March 21st, 1962, the launch test of the first short-range fire arrow independently developed by China failed. In January, 1963, China Academy of Sciences established the Interstellar Navigation Committee, led by Zhu Kezhen, Pei Lisheng, Qian Xuesen and Zhao Jiuzhang, to study and formulate long-term plans for interstellar navigation.
On April 29th, 1964, the Science and Technology Commission for National Defense reported to the Central Committee that it envisaged launching China's first artificial satellite in 1971 or 1971.
On June 29th, 1964, the medium and short-range rocket developed by China was successfully launched again.
on July 19th, 1964, the first biological rocket was successfully launched.
in 1965, the Central Special Committee approved the development plan for launch vehicles from 1965 to 1972 formulated by the Seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry.
China Academy of Sciences is entrusted by the Central Special Committee to draw up the development plan of satellite series.
in October, 1965, China academy of sciences was entrusted by the commission of science and technology for national defense to hold the first demonstration meeting of artificial satellite scheme.
On June 31th, 1966, Premier Zhou Enlai inspected the launch base of Jiuquan launch vehicle, watched the short-range rocket launch test, and congratulated on the successful launch.
on October 27th, 1966, the missile nuclear weapon launch test was successful. The warhead hit the target accurately and achieved a nuclear explosion.
in November 1966, the development of the Long March-1 carrier rocket and the Dongfanghong-1 satellite began.
on December 26th, 1966, the first flight test of a medium-range rocket developed by China was basically successful.
In 1967, the solid fuel meteorological rocket Heping II was successfully launched.
On February 21th, 1968, the Institute of Space Technology was established.
on January 31th, 1971, the flight test of the medium and long-range rocket was successful for the first time.
On April 24th, 1971, the satellite Dongfanghong-1 was successfully launched. This is the first artificial satellite launched by China. President Mao Zedong and other leaders met with representatives of satellite and launch vehicle developers at Tiananmen Gate on May 1st.
On March 3rd, 1971, China launched the scientific experimental satellite "Practice 1". The satellite has been in the scheduled orbit for eight years.
on September 11th, 1971, the first flight test of intercontinental rocket was basically successful.
On November 26th, 1975, China launched a recoverable satellite. The satellite returned to the ground on the 29th as scheduled.
on January 7th, 1979, a new launching method was tested by a long-range rocket, and it was successful.
On May 18th, 1981, China successfully launched a long-range launch vehicle into a predetermined sea area in the Pacific Ocean. Congratulations from the Central Committee, the State Council and the Central Military Commission. On June 11th, a celebration meeting was held in the Great Hall of the People, attended by leaders such as Deng Xiaoping, Hu Yaobang, Li Xiannian, Chen Yun, Peng Zhen and Xu Xiangqian, and Hu Yaobang made an important speech.
On September 21th, 1981, China launched three scientific experimental satellites with a carrier rocket.
on October 12, 1982, the submarine successfully launched the launch vehicle underwater, and the recovery module splashed down in the scheduled sea area accurately. The Central Military Commission sent a message of congratulations.
On April 8th, 1984, China's first geostationary orbit test communication satellite was successfully launched. On the 16th, the satellite was successfully fixed above the equator at 125 degrees east longitude. Congratulations from the Central Committee, the State Council and the Central Military Commission. On the 31th, a celebration meeting was held in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.
On April 8th, 1984, China's first geostationary orbit test communication satellite was successfully launched. On the 16th, the satellite was successfully fixed above the equator at 125 degrees east longitude. Congratulations from the Central Committee, the State Council and the Central Military Commission. On the 31th, a celebration meeting was held in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.
On February 1st, 1986, China launched a practical communication and broadcasting satellite. On the 21th, the satellite was successfully fixed. This indicates that China has fully mastered the launch vehicle technology, and satellite communication has entered the practical stage from the experimental stage.
On September 7th, 1988, China launched an experimental meteorological satellite "Fengyun-1". This is the first polar orbiting meteorological satellite developed and launched by China.
On December 25th, 1988, a "Weaver Girl-1" rocket was successfully launched from the Hainan sounding rocket range of China Academy of Sciences. So far, the first rocket sounding test in low latitude area of China was successfully completed. This two-week test * * * launched four rockets.
On April 7th, 1991, the "Long March III" carrier rocket independently developed by China put the American-made Asia-1 communication satellite into the predetermined orbit in xichang satellite launch center, which was the first successful launch for foreign users.
At 9: 41 on July 16th, 1991, the Long March II bundled launch vehicle, a new high-thrust launch vehicle developed by China, was successfully launched in xichang satellite launch center, and the simulated satellite was put into the scheduled orbit. The rocket was launched from the newly-built large-scale space launch facility in China, and also launched a small scientific experimental satellite for Pakistan.
at 18: 23 p.m. on January 22nd, 1991, China's first sounding rocket with a height of 121km and a low latitude, Zhinv III, was successfully launched at Hainan sounding launch site of Chinese Academy of Sciences. On February 22nd, 1994, the first maritime satellite ground station in China passed the acceptance. Its completion fills a gap in China's high technology.
On May 2nd, 1998, the Chang-II-C modified carrier rocket developed and produced by China was successfully launched at Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center. This indicates that China has the competitiveness to participate in the international low-orbit commercial launch market.
Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center has set nine firsts for China's space history.
These nine firsts include:
In September 1961, China successfully launched its first short-range missile.
in November 1961, China successfully launched its first medium-range missile.
in October 1966, China successfully launched its first missile with a nuclear warhead.
in April 1971, China's first man-made earth satellite, Dongfanghong-1, was successfully launched.
In November 1975, China successfully launched its first recoverable satellite.
In May 1981, China successfully launched its first intercontinental missile.
in September 1981, in China, three satellites were successfully launched by a single carrier rocket for the first time.
in August 1987, China provided satellite carrying service for foreign satellites for the first time at Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center.
In November 1999, China's manned spaceflight project conducted its first flight test here and successfully launched China's first experimental spacecraft, Shenzhou-1.
China's manned spaceflight project was launched in 1992. In just four years, Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center built the first modern manned space launch site in China. The center is located on the bank of the weak water, which originated from Qilian Mountain, with an average elevation of 1,111 meters and flat terrain, mostly belonging to Gobi and desert. The natural environment is harsh: it is cold in winter and hot in summer, with an annual minimum temperature of MINUS 34 degrees Celsius and a maximum temperature of 42.8 degrees Celsius.
development and prospect of China's space technology
Zhang Daoheng (Suburban Middle School, Fuyang City, Anhui Province)
I. Rapid development of China's launch vehicle technology
On October 8, 1956, the first rocket and missile research institution in China, the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense, was formally established, which marked the beginning of China's space industry. On April 24th, 1971, China Long March-1 carrier rocket successfully launched the first artificial earth satellite "Dongfanghong-1" at Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, Gansu Province, which took the first step for China to develop space technology, symbolizing that China has officially entered the space age and made China the fifth country in the world to independently develop and launch satellites. On September 21th, 1981, China launched three satellites into orbit by the Storm 1 carrier rocket at the same time, which made China the third country in the world to realize multi-satellite technology with one arrow. On April 8, 1984, China used the newly developed Long March 3 rocket to launch Dongfanghong-2 experimental communication satellite into geostationary orbit over the equator for the first time, thus making China the third country in the world to master hydrogen-oxygen engine technology and the fifth country to launch geostationary orbit satellite independently. On September 7th, 1988, China's Long March 4A carrier rocket successfully launched China's first Fengyun 1A meteorological satellite, which showed that China was the fourth country in the world to master the technology of launching sun-synchronous orbit and the third country with polar-orbiting meteorological satellite. On April 7th, 1991, China's Long March 3 carrier rocket successfully launched the American-made Asia 1 communication satellite, making China the third country in the world to enter the international satellite launch service market. On May 1, 1999, the Long March 4 B rocket was successfully launched for the first time, and Fengyun 1 C meteorological satellite and Shijian 5 scientific experimental satellite were put into orbit. This was also the 65th flight of the Long March series rockets, with a total of 81 satellites launched, including 51 from China and 29 from foreign countries.
China launch vehicle bundling technology, hydrogen-oxygen engine technology, multi-satellite technology with one arrow, and secondary ignition technology in vacuum state of the engine have improved the carrying capacity of geosynchronous orbit from 1.5 tons to 5 tons, and that of low Earth orbit from 2.5 tons to 9.2 tons. At the same time, EPKM solid engine for perigee orbit change and satellite distributor for launching iridium satellites have been successfully developed. The maximum carrying capacity and launching accuracy of the Long March rocket are equivalent to those of the rockets of the United States, Russia and ESA. At present, the technology of China Long March series launch vehicles has reached the international advanced level.
II. Rapid Development of Satellite Technology in China
Since the establishment of China Academy of Space Technology on February 21th, 1968, China's satellite technology has also made rapid development, and it has successfully developed experimental satellites, recoverable remote sensing satellites, geostationary orbit communication satellites and meteorological satellites, sun-synchronous orbit meteorological satellites, earth resources satellites, etc., and has been used in satellite return, multiple satellites with one arrow, satellite communication, satellite remote sensing, satellite attitude control and so on.
on April 8th, 1984, China experimental communication satellite was successfully launched, which ushered in a new era of satellite communication in China. At present, China has successfully launched five Dongfanghong-2 series communication satellites, which are responsible for the transmission of 31 national external broadcasts, CCTV-1 and CCTV-2 programs and 8,111 satellite phones, thus increasing the coverage rate of the national TV audience from 31% to 83% ~ 84%. On May 2nd, 1997, the medium-capacity communication satellite "Dongfanghong-3" with 24 C-band transponders was successfully put into orbit. It can transmit 6 channels of color TV and nearly 8,111 two-way telephones at the same time, which is equivalent to 6 Dongfanghong-2A satellites, and can meet the requirements of satellite communication in 2111 or even longer.
In p>1988, 1991 and 1999, China successively launched three Fengyun-1 polar-orbiting meteorological satellites, and in 1997, it launched the first Fengyun-2 geostationary-orbiting meteorological satellite, which not only made China the third country in the world with two kinds of meteorological satellites at the same time, but also greatly accelerated the modernization of meteorological satellites in China, making it play an important role in the fields of weather forecasting and disaster reduction. From July to August, 1991, the Yangtze River basin suffered a serious flood disaster. Whether to divert the flood is a major decision-making issue. According to the cloud image data of meteorological satellites, the meteorological department timely and accurately judged the weather change trend and helped the government to make a decision not to divert the flood, so that 411,111 people were prevented from leaving their homes and 41,111 hectares of fertile land were prevented from flooding. This alone reduced the loss by more than 611 million yuan.
from October 26th, 1975 to October 21th, 1996, China * * * launched 17 recoverable satellites, of which 16 were recovered safely. The recovery success rate is 94%. These recoverable satellites are remote sensing technology satellites, and the satellite images obtained by them have the characteristics of large scale, clear image, high gray level, wide field of vision, high speed and high ground resolution. Therefore, in the land and resources survey, geological exploration, water conservancy construction, mapping, environmental monitoring, railway line selection, cultural relics archaeology,