There are many kinds of chemicals produced by oil and gas. Petrochemical raw materials are mainly various petroleum fractions and refinery gases produced during petroleum refining, as well as oilfield gas and natural gas. Olefins such as ethylene, propylene and butadiene and aromatics such as benzene, toluene and xylene can be produced from petroleum fractions (mainly light oil) by hydrocarbon cracking and pyrolysis gas separation, and aromatics can also come from catalytic reforming of petroleum light fractions. Light fractions of petroleum and natural gas can be converted into synthetic gas by steam, and heavy oil can be partially oxidized to produce synthetic ammonia and methanol. Starting from olefins, various alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, acids and epoxy compounds can be produced. With the development of science and technology, the above olefins and aromatics can be processed to produce polymer products including synthetic resin, synthetic rubber and synthetic fiber and a series of products, such as fine chemicals such as surfactants, so the scope of petrochemical industry is extended to most fields of polymer chemical industry and fine chemical industry. Petrochemical production is generally combined with petroleum refining or natural gas processing to provide raw materials, by-products or semi-finished products to each other to improve economic benefits (see petrochemical joint ventures).
Edit the role of petrochemical industry in this paragraph.
1. Petrochemical is the main supplier of energy.
Petrochemical industry, mainly refers to gasoline, kerosene, diesel, heavy oil and natural gas produced by petroleum refining, and is the main supply oil of major energy sources at present.
Who? China produced 80 million tons of fuel oil in 1995. At present, the world oil and gas consumption accounts for about 60% of the total energy consumption; Because China uses a lot of coal, the consumption of oil is less than 20%. The energy provided by petrochemical industry is mainly used as fuel for automobiles, tractors, airplanes, ships and boilers, and a small amount is used as civil fuel. Energy is a factor that restricts the development of China's national economy. The energy consumed by petrochemical industry accounts for about 8.5% of the total energy, so energy consumption should be continuously reduced.
2. Petrochemical industry is one of the pillars of material industry.
Metal, inorganic nonmetallic materials and polymer synthetic materials are called three major materials. At present, the output of polymer synthetic materials provided by the world petrochemical industry is about 65.438+0.45 billion tons, which has exceeded 8 million tons in China. In addition to synthetic materials, the petrochemical industry also provides most organic chemical raw materials. In the field of chemical industry, in addition to the chemical products provided by chemical minerals, raw materials produced by petrochemical industry have shown their talents in various departments.
3. The petrochemical industry has promoted the development of agriculture.
Agriculture is the basic industry of our national economy. Nitrogen fertilizer provided by petrochemical industry accounts for 80% of the total chemical fertilizer. The popularization and use of agricultural plastic film, the rational use of pesticides and a large number of various fuels needed by agricultural machinery have formed the main force of petrochemical industry to support agriculture.
4. All industrial sectors are inseparable from petrochemical products.
The development of modern transportation industry is closely related to fuel supply. It is no exaggeration to say that without fuel, there would be no modern transportation industry. Metal processing and all kinds of machinery need all kinds of lubricating materials and other supporting materials without exception, which consumes a lot of petrochemical products. The world output of lubricating oil is about 20 million tons, and that of China is about 6.5438+0.8 million tons. Building materials industry is a new field of petrochemical products, such as plastic materials, doors and windows, floor materials, coatings, etc., which are called chemical building materials. Light industry and textile industry are traditional users of petrochemical products, and the development and promotion of new materials, new processes and new products are all petrochemical products. At present, the rapid development of electronic industry and many high-tech industries has put forward new requirements for petrochemical products, especially fine chemical products produced by petrochemical products, which has greatly promoted the development of petrochemical industry.
The construction and development of petrochemical industry can not be separated from the support of all walks of life.
petrochemical industry
Domestic and foreign petrochemical enterprises are concentrating on building a number of production facilities to form a large petrochemical industrial zone. In the area, the oil refining unit is the "faucet", which provides cracking raw materials for petrochemical units, such as light oil and diesel oil, to produce petrochemical products; The cracking unit produces basic petrochemical raw materials such as ethylene, propylene, benzene and xylene; According to the demand, we will build a series of production devices to produce synthetic materials and organic raw materials based on the above raw materials, and their products and raw materials have a certain proportion. If an annual output of 300,000 tons of ethylene is required, roughly speaking, it needs about 6,543,800+2,000 tons of cracking raw materials, corresponding to the processing capacity of the refinery of about 2.5 million tons, which can support the production of 800,000-900,000 tons of synthetic raw materials and basic organic raw materials. It can be seen that the construction of petrochemical industrial zone needs to invest a lot of money, and the site selection is appropriate, not only to ensure the transportation of raw materials and products, but also to have sufficient supporting infrastructure such as electricity and water supply. Each production device needs a large number of standard and qualitative machinery, equipment, instruments, pipelines and non-standard special equipment. Manufacturing machinery and equipment involves a variety of materials and different requirements. The speed of some key equipment is as high as more than 50 meters, and the single piece weighs hundreds of tons. Some require the heat resistance of1000 C, while others require the cold resistance of-150 C. Some key equipment needs to be purchased in the international market. These all need the support of metallurgy, electricity, machinery, instruments, architecture and environmental protection. Petrochemical industry is a technology-intensive industry. A series of technologies, such as the determination of production methods and processes, the selection, selection and manufacture of key equipment, need to be specified by proprietary or unique technical standards. Imported from abroad, the patent or proprietary technology use fee shall be paid. Therefore, only by strengthening the research work of basic disciplines, especially organic chemistry, polymer chemistry, catalysis, chemical engineering, electronic computer and automation, and strengthening the training of relevant professional and technical personnel, so that they can master and adopt advanced scientific research results and cooperate with related engineering technologies, can petrochemical industry develop continuously and climb to a new level.
Edit the development of petrochemical industry in this paragraph.
The development of petrochemical industry is related to the development of petroleum refining industry and the production of chemical products and three synthetic materials based on coal. Petroleum refining begins with petroleum refining.
Originated from 191920s. The rapid development of automobile industry in the 1920s promoted gasoline production. In order to expand the output of gasoline, the thermal cracking process for producing gasoline has been successfully developed. Subsequently, the catalytic cracking process was successfully developed in the 1940s, and other processing technologies were developed, forming a modern petroleum refining process. In order to make use of the by-product gas from petroleum refining, 1920 propylene to isopropanol is considered as the first petrochemical product. In 1950s, based on the cracking technology, the steam cracking technology of hydrocarbons with the main purpose of producing ethylene was developed. The development of cracking technology provides a lot of raw materials for the development of petrochemical industry. At the same time, some products based on coal (through calcium carbide and coal tar) are gradually transformed from petroleum, such as vinyl chloride. In 1930s, a large number of polymer synthetic materials came out. The order of industrial production time is: neoprene and PVC 193 1 year, high pressure polyethylene 1933, NBR and polystyrene 1935, SBR 1937, nylon 66 1939. After World War II, petrochemical technology continued to develop rapidly, with acrylic fiber developing to 1950, polyester fiber to 1953 and polypropylene to 1957.
The reasons for the rapid development of petrochemical industry in this period are as follows
There are a lot of cheap raw materials (crude oil was about $0/5 per ton/kloc in 1950s and 1960s); Have reliable and potential production technology; The product has a wide range of uses and opens up new application fields. The combination of raw materials, technology and application has realized the transformation from coal chemical industry to petrochemical industry and completed a leap in the history of chemical industry development. After 1970s, the price of crude oil rose (1.996, about 1.70 USD/ton), the development of petrochemical industry slowed down, and the development of new technologies slowed down, and it developed in the direction of adopting new technologies, saving energy, optimizing production operations, comprehensively utilizing raw materials and extending to downstream products. Some developing countries have vigorously established petrochemical industries, reducing the proportion of developed countries. 196 The world crude oil processing capacity was 3.8 billion tons, and the oil used to produce chemical products accounted for about 10% of the total.
Editor's position of petrochemical industry in national economy
Petrochemical industry is an important basic industry in modern developed countries.
Starting from petroleum and natural gas, we have produced a series of important products closely related to the national economy and people's livelihood, such as intermediates, plastics, synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, synthetic detergents, solvents, coatings, pesticides, dyes and medicines. In the 1980s, in industrialized countries, the output value of chemical industry generally accounted for 6% ~ 7% of the gross national product and 7% ~ 10% of the total industrial output value. The sales of petrochemical products account for about 45% of all chemical products, accounting for a very large proportion. Petrochemical II
Petrochemical industry is the main supplier of energy.
Gasoline, kerosene, diesel, heavy oil and natural gas produced by petroleum refining are the main suppliers of major energy sources at present. China produced 80 million tons of fuel oil in 1995. At present, the world oil and gas consumption accounts for about 60% of the total energy consumption; Because China uses a lot of coal, the consumption of oil is less than 20%. The energy provided by petrochemical industry is mainly used as fuel for automobiles, tractors, airplanes, ships and boilers, and a small amount is used as civil fuel. Energy is a factor that restricts the development of China's national economy. The energy consumed by petrochemical industry accounts for about 8.5% of the total energy, so energy consumption should be continuously reduced.
Petrochemical industry is one of the pillars of material industry.
Metal, inorganic nonmetallic materials and polymer synthetic materials are called three major materials. At present, the output of polymer synthetic materials provided by the world petrochemical industry is about 65.438+0.45 billion tons, which has exceeded 8 million tons in China. In addition to synthetic materials, the petrochemical industry also provides most organic chemical raw materials. In the field of chemical industry, in addition to the chemical products provided by chemical minerals, raw materials produced by petrochemical industry have shown their talents in various departments.
The petrochemical industry has promoted the development of agriculture.
Agriculture is the basic industry of our national economy. Nitrogen fertilizer provided by petrochemical industry accounts for 80% of the total chemical fertilizer. The popularization and use of agricultural plastic film, the rational use of pesticides and a large number of various fuels needed by agricultural machinery have formed the main force of petrochemical industry to support agriculture. The petrochemical industry can create higher economic benefits. Take the United States as an example, with 5 billion dollars of oil and natural gas raw materials, we can produce/kloc-0.0 billion dollars of basic petrochemical products such as olefins and benzene, and further process them into 24 billion dollars of organic intermediate products (including polymers), and finally transform them into 40 billion dollars of final products. Of course, the deeper the raw materials are processed, the finer the products are, and generally speaking, the cost increases accordingly.
Edit this world petrochemical industry
From 65438 to 0970, there were about 3000 kinds of petrochemical products in the United States. About 1000 factories have been built in capitalist countries. The output of ethylene and several important products is often used to measure the development level of petrochemical industry in the world. In the production of ethylene, most hydrocarbons are cracked at high temperature. The annual output of a typical ethylene plant is 300 ~ 450 kt, and propylene, butadiene, benzene, toluene and xylene are co-produced. The output of ethylene and its by-products varies with cracking raw materials. At present, this device is the core of petrochemical complex. Before 1970s, the world petrochemical production bases were mainly distributed in the United States, Japan and Europe. After 1973, the world crude oil price rose continuously, and after 1983, it fell again, and the price fluctuated greatly, which made petrochemical enterprises worried about the stable and lasting supply of raw materials. Developed countries reformed the production structure and adjusted the equipment operation rate to adapt to the new economic situation. Developing countries, especially oil-producing countries, have been vigorously developing petrochemical industry in recent years. In 1980s, the distribution of ethylene production capacity in the world changed, and the proportion of developing countries such as Asia, Africa and Latin America increased. If the ethylene production capacity of eastern European countries is included, the ethylene production capacity of these emerging petrochemical producing areas accounts for about a quarter of the world's total ethylene production capacity. 1958, the world's ethylene production capacity reached 49Mt (excluding socialist countries), of which the newly added ethylene production capacity was about 3.3Mt, about 1/3 in Africa and the Middle East, and about1/3 in Latin America and Eastern Europe; The traditional petrochemical production area only increases the production capacity by 800,000 tons, and almost no new ethylene plant is planned in the next five years, which is mainly used for the technical transformation of existing plants.
Edit this paragraph of China Petrochemical.
It started in 1950s and developed rapidly after 1970s. A series of large petrochemical plants and a number of large nitrogen fertilizer plants have been established, and ethylene and three major synthetic materials have increased substantially. China's petrochemical industry accounts for 20% of the total industrial economy, so it is very important to the national economy. Petrochemical industry includes petrochemical industry and chemical industry, both of which maintained rapid growth in 2006. If these two parts are taken as a whole, in 2006, the petrochemical industry realized a cumulative profit of 434.5 billion yuan, up by 17.9% year-on-year, up by 65.8 billion yuan, accounting for about 17% of the new profits of industries above designated size. Petrifaction 3
In the first three quarters of 2007, the total industrial output value of the whole industry was 382 1, 1 billion yuan at current prices, up 20.2% year-on-year. Among the 65 kinds of bulk petroleum and chemical products mainly tracked, the output of 62 kinds increased compared with the same period in 2006, accounting for 95.4%, of which 47 kinds increased by more than 10%, accounting for 72.3%. The output of natural gas, calcium carbide, pure benzene, methanol, tires and other products showed a rapid growth trend. Crude oil and processed products grew steadily. In the first three quarters of 2007, the national crude oil output was relatively flat, while the natural gas output increased rapidly. From June to September 2007, the cumulative production of crude oil was1399.26 million tons, up1.4% year-on-year; The cumulative output of natural gas was 510.40 billion cubic meters, up10.9% year-on-year. The processing capacity of crude oil was 242,896,5438+0 million tons, up by 7.0% year-on-year. The output of gasoline, coal and diesel continued to grow steadily, with a cumulative production of 44.759 million tons of gasoline, up 8.5% year-on-year; Production of kerosene was 8.67 million tons, up17.4% year-on-year; The output of diesel oil was 9 175 1 10,000 tons, up 6. 1% year-on-year. The production and supply of agrochemical products are normal. Due to the seasonal characteristics of agricultural production, the production of agricultural chemicals also shows strong seasonality. In 200710-September, the cumulative output of chemical fertilizer (converted to pure chemical fertilizer) was 43 10.5 million tons, up by 13.8% year-on-year, of which nitrogen fertilizer was 3147,000 tons, up by 12.2% year-on-year. In the first three quarters of 2007, the cumulative output of pesticides was 654.38+274,000 tons, a year-on-year increase of 20.6%. The output of pesticides and herbicides increased by 654.38 00.7% and 33.3% respectively. The structure of pesticide products has been further improved, and the proportion of pesticides in pesticides has dropped to 376.5438+0%. Looking forward to the petrochemical industry with oil and natural gas as raw materials, although it has experienced two price increases in the 1970s, the petrochemical industry has established a complete set of technical systems, and its products have been applied in various fields of national defense, national economy and people's lives, and the market demand has expanded rapidly, especially in developing countries, and the petrochemical industry will continue to develop in the future. In 1980s, the oil consumption of the world petrochemical industry only accounted for 8.4% of the world crude oil production, and the natural gas consumption accounted for 10% of the total natural gas production. In addition, the production of chemicals from oil and natural gas can obtain huge economic benefits, so the development of petrochemical industry has good prospects. In order to adapt to the fluctuation of raw material prices in recent years, petrochemical enterprises are taking various measures. For example, the raw materials for producing ethylene are diversified, so that the hydrocarbon cracking device can flexibly adapt to various raw materials; The combination of petrochemical industry and oil refining is closer, which is convenient for the utilization of various raw materials; The improvement of process technology and the adoption of new catalysts can improve the product yield and reduce the energy consumption and raw material consumption in the production process; Adjust the product structure, develop fine chemicals, develop new products and materials with special performance and intensive technology, improve economic benefits and prevent environmental pollution in petrochemical production.
Edit this paragraph of petrochemical specialty
Petrochemical specialty is a chemical specialty course with the development of China's petrochemical industry. Its purpose is to cultivate petrochemical talents and petrochemical technology professionals. Generally, major universities of science and engineering have this major. The main courses of this major involve: computer application, English, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, chemical analysis, chemical engineering principles, petroleum processing engineering department, chemical energy saving, chemical equipment, chemical safety and environmental protection, fine chemicals and quality management. Employment orientation: production, operation and management of petroleum, chemical, pharmaceutical and food enterprises. ☆ Major of industrial analysis and inspection: main courses: computer application, English, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, chemical analysis, electrochemical analysis, optical analysis, conventional instrument analysis, chemical safety and environmental protection. Employment orientation: petroleum processing, petrochemical industry, fine chemical industry, medicine, food enterprises and environmental protection departments are engaged in laboratory analysis operation and management.
Edit this paragraph of three modern synthetic materials based on petrochemical industry.
Plastic, synthetic rubber, synthetic fiber