the history of Chinese wine culture
China is an ancient civilization in the Li Zhuo world, and China is the hometown of wine. In the 5,111-year history of the Chinese nation, wine and wine culture have always occupied an important position. Wine is a special food and belongs to the material, but it is integrated into people's spiritual life.
As a special cultural form, wine culture has its unique position in traditional China culture. In the history of civilization for thousands of years, wine has penetrated into almost every field of social life.
First of all, China is an agricultural country, so all political and economic activities are based on agricultural development. Most of the wines in China are brewed from grain, and wine is closely attached to agriculture and becomes a part of agricultural economy.
The prosperity and failure of grain production is a barometer of the rise and fall of wine industry. According to the grain harvest, the rulers of various dynasties regulated the production of wine by issuing or opening the ban, thus ensuring the people's food. China is the kingdom of wine.
Wine has various shapes and colors; The variety and yield are the highest in the world. China is also a paradise for drinkers. There is no distinction between the north and the south, men and women, old and young, and ethnic groups. The wind of drinking has been enduring for several years.
China is the most prosperous place of wine culture, and the significance of drinking is far more than physical consumption and pleasure. On many occasions, it is used as a cultural symbol, a cultural consumption, to express a kind of etiquette, an atmosphere, an interest and a state of mind; Wine and poetry have always had an indissoluble bond. Not only that, many famous wines in China not only give people beautiful enjoyment, but also give people beautiful inspiration and inspiration; The development of each famous wine includes the exploration and struggle of workers from generation to generation, and their heroic dedication. Therefore, the spirit of famous wine is closely related to national pride and fearless spirit.
this is the spirit of the Chinese nation! It is equal to the "Dionysus" advertised by Europe. It seems that with famous wines, China catering can be sublimated into the food culture of the boastful world.
wine, as an objective substance in the world, is an ever-changing spirit. It is as hot as fire and as cold as ice. It is lingering like a dream, vicious like a demon, soft as brocade and sharp as a steel knife; It's ubiquitous and powerful. It's admirable and should be killed. It can make people beyond broad-mindedness, brilliant and dissolute; It can make people forget the pain, sorrow and troubles of the world and soar in absolute freedom; It can also make people reckless, bravely sink to the bottom of the abyss, make people throw away their masks, reveal their true colors, and speak the truth. Wine, in the long history of human culture, is not only an objective material existence, but also a cultural symbol, that is, a symbol of Dionysian spirit.
In China, the Dionysian spirit originated from Taoist philosophy. Zhuang Zhou advocated the unity of things and me, the unity of heaven and man, and the unity of life and death.
Zhuang Zhou sang the song of absolute freedom, advocating "traveling by things", "traveling beyond the four seas" and "a land where there is nothing". Zhuangzi would rather be a free turtle wagging its head in a muddy pond than a bound swift horse.
The essence of China's Dionysian spirit is to pursue absolute freedom, forget the benefits of life and death, honor and disgrace. There are striking similarities in world cultural phenomena. Dionysus, the god of grape planting and wine making, is the symbol of Dionysus in the west. In the ancient Greek tragedy, the Dionysus spirit in the west rose to a theoretical height, which was sublimated by the philosophy of the German philosopher Nietzsche. Nietzsche believed that Dionysus spirit was a symbol of emotional venting, a survival experience of abandoning the traditional bondage and returning to the original state, and human beings gained great pleasure in life in the desperate and painful cry of disappearing the unity of individuals and the world.
In the kingdom of literature and art, Dionysian spirit is omnipresent, which has a great and far-reaching influence on literary artists and their masterpieces. Because freedom, art and beauty are trinity, art is due to freedom and beauty is due to art.
The freedom of art due to drunkenness is an important way for artists in ancient China to get rid of bondage and gain artistic creativity. Liu Ling, a famous person in Wei and Jin Dynasties and the first "drunkard", said in Ode to Wine Virtue: "There is a gentleman, who takes heaven and earth as a day, ten thousand periods as a moment, the sun and the moon as a moment, and eight droughts as a court."
"The curtain is on the ground and the sky is on the ground." "I am drunk, but I suddenly wake up. I don't listen to the sound of thunder, and I don't see the shape of mountains.
I don't feel the feeling of cutting muscles in cold and summer. Overlooking everything, disturbing it is like duckweed in Jianghan. "
This "human-oriented" realm is a typical embodiment of China's Dionysian spirit. "Li Bai has hundreds of poems about fighting wine. Chang 'an went to a restaurant to sleep, but the son of heaven didn't come aboard, claiming that he was a fairy in wine."
(Du Fu's "Song of Eight Immortals in Drinking") "When you are drunk, you are a guest, and poetry becomes a sensation." (Du Fu's "Poem by One's Own Action") "Pitching to one's own interests leads to a poem of wine."
(Su Shi's Drinking with Tao Yuanming) "A cup of unfinished poetry has been completed, and poetry is shocking every day." (Yang Wanli's Biography of Going to Wanhuachuan Valley in February after the Ninth Festival).
Zhang Yuannian, a political poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, said: "After the rain, flowers fly to know the base, and drunkenness wins freedom." Examples of drunken poems handed down from generation to generation can be found everywhere in China's poetry history.
Not only for poetry, but also in painting and artistic calligraphy unique to China culture, the spirit of Dionysus is more lively. Among the painters, Zheng Banqiao's calligraphy and painting can't be easily obtained, so the seekers treat them with dog meat and wine, and those who seek calligraphy and painting in Zheng Banqiao's drunkenness can get their wish.
Zheng Banqiao also knows the tricks of the painter, but he can't resist the temptation of wine and dog meat, so he has to write a poem to laugh at himself: "I might as well go to see the moon, but I only hate the wine for coming late. Laugh at him for asking for a book generation and asking his husband to get drunk. "
Wu Daozi, the sage of painting, who is "in the wind with Wu", must be drunk before painting, and when he is drunk, he will paint, and he will do it immediately. Huang Gongwang in "Yuan Sijia" is also "too drunk to paint".
Wang Xizhi, a "book sage", wrote Preface to the Orchid Pavilion when he was drunk, which was "charming and vigorous, and unparalleled", but when he woke up, he "wrote dozens of books, but he couldn't reach it". Li Bai wrote about Huai Su, a drunken monk: "When my teacher was drunk, he slept in bed and swept thousands of sheets in a moment.
The flying showers are so scary that the falling flowers and snow are so boundless. " Huai Su was drunk and splashed ink, only to keep his "Self-Narrative Post" which was surprised by ghosts and gods.
Zhang Xu, the sage of grass, wrote "Every time he gets drunk, he calls for going crazy", so he wrote "Four Poems of Ancient Poetry". Chinese wine culture has a history of thousands of years
It has a history of more than 3,111 years.
China's wine-making has a long history, starting from the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, with a history of more than 3,111 years.
According to Zhu Yizhong's The Classic of Wine, in the early Xia Dynasty, an official named Yidi made wine from mulberry leaves, which was presented to Dayu. After dinner, Dayu felt delicious and sighed with emotion: "Some future generations will die for drinking." Therefore, it was forbidden to make wine, but this method of making wine was still secretly circulated in the palace. According to Shuo Wen Jie Zi, "Guqing Shao Kang first made brooms and wine, and Shao Kang and Du Kang also."
Since ancient times, bachelor of arts have always loved drinking, because; There are many elegant names for wine, such as "golden pulp", "wan liquid" and "Qiong Su", and some of them directly enter the poem. Wine has become an important part of literati's life art. "Hundred Poems of Li Bai Fighting for Wine", wine has become a part of literati culture here.
In the daily life of China people, wine is not regarded as a simple drink, but a "lubricant" for interpersonal relationship and a "courage agent" for personal character, which plays a role in regulating interpersonal relationship, cultivating and stimulating people's character.
There is a saying in China that "no wine is indispensable", and wine is ubiquitous in our social life. From ancient times to the present, people in China have always cherished friendship. When friends meet, whether they meet after a long separation or are invited to meet, they should talk about wine and have a good time.
China people call the wedding banquet "the wedding banquet", the full moon wine when a child is born, the chong yang wine wine on the Double Ninth Festival, the calamus wine on the Dragon Boat Festival, the toast wine for lovers, and the wine for making friends. In addition, we should worship God and ancestors.
Extended information:
Chinese wine types and wine culture
About the 9th century BC, it is said that Shao Kang, the monarch of Xia Dynasty at that time, invented the brewing technology.
As a result, wine, a poetic, legendary, heroic and tragic drink, began to accompany all China people. Perhaps we have overlooked another achievement of Shao Kang: leading the Chinese people to defeat the brutal Han Zhuo and realize the rejuvenation of the Xia Dynasty.
Actually, according to archaeological findings, China ancient wine appeared as a beverage earlier than Shao Kang's Xia Dynasty. In addition to Shao Kang's wine-making, there are also sayings in ancient China, such as "ape-making", "Yidi-making" and "wine star-making", which fully shows that Chinese wine culture has a long history.
The prosperity of poetry in the Sui and Tang Dynasties promoted the wine culture, and a brilliant "wine chapter culture" appeared, in which wine and poetry, wine and music, wine and calligraphy, wine and art, wine and painting, etc., were in harmony and flourished. The Tang Dynasty is a highly developed period of Chinese wine culture, which is profound, colorful and brilliant.
"Wine promotes poetic interest" is the most concise and highly embodied culture of the Tang Dynasty. Wine promotes the poetic interest of poets, thus internalizing it in his poems, and wine also rises from the material level to the spiritual level. Wine culture is fully brewed in Tang poetry and tastes mellow for a long time. In the Tang Dynasty, the number of wine establishments increased day by day, and the wine culture was integrated into the daily life of China people.
At this time, ceramic wine utensils gradually replaced bronze wine utensils and became the most widely used drinking utensil in daily life. Moreover, in the Tang Dynasty, people began to use tables to drink, instead of "sitting on the bed".
The wine culture in Song Dynasty is the continuation and development of the wine culture in Tang Dynasty, which is richer than the wine culture in Tang Dynasty and closer to our present wine culture. The wine industry is prosperous and hotels are everywhere. In Song Dynasty, hotels emphasized the cultural individuality of famous brands.
The northern nationalities in the Jin Dynasty were known for binge drinking and had a strong wine culture, and the Jin Dynasty had a pot-burning wine culture. In the Yuan Dynasty, soju (Araji wine) appeared. In addition, the distillation method was invented in the Song Dynasty, and since then, liquor has become the main liquor for China people to drink.
the porcelain industry in the song dynasty was unprecedentedly prosperous, and a large number of porcelain with warm, gorgeous and glittering jade became wine vessels.
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