statistical term

inflation refers to the phenomenon that the circulation of paper money in a country's economy exceeds the amount of metal money needed by commodity circulation, which leads to the devaluation of paper money and the general rise of prices. Paper money is a compulsory universal value symbol of the country, which has no value in itself. It can neither be exchanged for gold and silver, nor be used as a storage means. No matter how much it is issued, it is in the circulation field. If the circulation of paper money exceeds the demand in commodity circulation, paper money will depreciate and prices will rise. Under the condition of metal currency circulation, there will be no inflation. Because gold and silver condense human labor and have value in themselves, its function as a storage means can spontaneously adjust the amount of money in circulation to make it adapt to the amount of money needed for commodity circulation, thus avoiding the phenomenon of excessive money in circulation. Inflation can be generally divided into demand-driven inflation, cost-driven inflation and structural inflation according to the reasons for its formation. Demand-pull inflation refers to the general increase in the average price of commodities caused by the increase in aggregate demand. Cost-driven inflation refers to the general increase in the average price of goods caused by the producers of goods and services actively raising prices. Structural inflation refers to the phenomenon that when the total demand is not too much, there is too much demand for products in some departments, resulting in the price increase of some products. During the period of inflation, demand, cost and structure play a role simultaneously. The measure of inflation is generally marked by price changes, and the annual index is usually based on the comprehensive price index of the national economy, that is, the current price development index of GDP divided by the constant price development index; The monthly index is based on the consumer price index, and sometimes the consumer price index can also be used to reflect the annual inflation. Macro-control refers to the government's adjustment and control of the total amount of monetary revenue and expenditure, the total amount of fiscal revenue and expenditure, the total amount of foreign exchange revenue and expenditure and the supply and demand of major materials in order to achieve macro-balance and maintain sustained, stable and coordinated economic growth. As a result, other measures taken by the government to make up for market failures are usually included in the scope of macro-control.

the government's macro-control is mainly manifested in the state's use of economic policies, economic regulations, planning guidance and necessary administrative management to play a regulatory role in the effective operation of the market economy.

"bottleneck" constraint refers to a visualized economic phenomenon. For example, the development and supply capacity of infrastructure such as transportation and energy and raw materials such as coal, electricity, oil and steel lags behind the growing needs of national economy and social development, which has become a constraint factor for the normal operation of the overall national economy. The speed of national economic development largely depends on the bearing capacity of these infrastructure and basic industries. Just like a bottle, because its neck is thinner than the bottle body, it limits the smooth outflow of liquid in the bottle, and it can only be a slow trickle. No matter how thick the bottle body is and how large the capacity is, its flow rate is subject to the size of the bottleneck. Therefore, in order to achieve the sustained, rapid and healthy development of the national economy, realize the "three-step" strategic goal and build China into a modern socialist power in the near future, we must speed up the adjustment of industrial structure, take practical and effective measures, eliminate the "bottleneck" constraints, and strive to make these basic industries develop ahead of schedule and create a good basic condition for national economic and social development. In statistical work, the industry division standard of national economy is formulated in order to obtain the data of different industries, classify and code them uniformly, correctly reflect the structure and development of various industries of national economy, and facilitate the study of various proportional relations of national economy. According to the current statistical system, China's industries are divided into 15 categories. The sequence is as follows:

(1) agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery

(2) mining industry

(3) manufacturing industry

(4) production and supply of electricity, gas and water

(5) construction industry

(6) geological exploration and water conservancy management industry

. Social services

(12) health, sports and social welfare

(13) education, culture, art, radio, film and television

(14) scientific research and comprehensive technical services

(15) state organs, political party organs and social organizations

Statistically, the urban-rural division refers to the division between towns and villages. City refers to a city that has been approved by the state to establish a "city" organizational system. The key to the division of urban and rural areas lies in the division of towns. In China, towns refer to towns approved by provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government. The criteria for dividing towns have changed many times. Before 1963, the resident population was more than 2,111, and the non-agricultural population accounted for more than 51%. Since 1964, the permanent population has been changed to more than 3,111, and the non-agricultural population accounts for more than 71%, or the permanent population is more than 2,511 and less than 3,111, and the non-agricultural population accounts for more than 85%. After 1984, it was adjusted to, where the local state organs at the county level are located; Or a township with a total population of less than 21,111, and the resident non-agricultural population of the township government exceeds 2,111; Or a township with a total population of more than 21,111, and the non-agricultural population in the township government accounts for more than 11% of the township population; Or ethnic minority areas, sparsely populated remote areas, mountainous areas and small industrial and mining areas, small ports, scenic tourism, border crossings and other places, although the non-agricultural population is less than 2,111, towns can be built.

the division of large, medium and small cities refers to the division of urban scale according to the total number of non-agricultural population in urban areas (excluding cities and counties) according to the needs of management. At present, cities are divided into the following groups in China's statistical work: < P > (1) Megacities with a population of more than 1 million;

(2) 511,111 people are big cities;

(3) 211,111 people are medium-sized cities;

(4) Small cities with a population of less than 211,111.

The above groups will be adjusted with the further development of China's politics, economy and reform.

the division of large, medium and small enterprises refers to the use of product production capacity, the number of employees and the original value of fixed assets as the criteria for dividing the scale of enterprises. Enterprise scale is divided into large, medium and small. Large-scale enterprises are in a leading position in general technology, with high output, high efficiency and good economic benefits, and they are leading enterprises. At present, there are two standards for dividing the production scale of enterprises: (1) Where the products are relatively single, the production capacity of products is used as the standard for dividing large, medium and small industries; Enterprises that produce a variety of products are divided by the production capacity of their main products. Such as electricity, raw coal, petroleum, steel, nonferrous metals, sulfuric acid, caustic soda, soda ash, synthetic ammonia, automobiles, tractors, cement, flat glass, textiles, paper making, sugar making, watches, sewing machines, bicycles, etc. (2) Where there are many kinds of products, it is difficult to divide them according to production capacity, the original value of fixed assets shall be taken as the division standard.

comprehensive statistics refers to a comprehensive statistical investigation, that is, a method of conducting a statistical investigation on all units that study 112. A comprehensive statistical investigation can grasp the overall situation of all investigation units, but this method needs more manpower and material resources, and the possible investigation errors are also large, so the investigation content is limited to the most important and basic indicators. Such as the output of industrial and agricultural products, population, cultivated land area, total wages, investment in fixed assets, etc. With the construction of China's socialist market economic system, the use of comprehensive statistical methods in statistical work will gradually decrease. The key investigation is a kind of incomplete investigation, which is to select some key units from all units for investigation. Although these key units are only a part of all units, they account for a large proportion of the total number of phenomena studied, so investigating them can reflect the basic situation of all phenomena. For example, if we want to know the growth of steel production in China, we can grasp the basic situation of steel production in China as long as we investigate the production of one of the few large steel enterprises in China. The key investigation units can be some enterprises, industries, or some regions and cities. The advantage of this method is that less manpower and material resources are invested, and statistical information is collected quickly. Generally speaking, when the investigation task only requires mastering the basic situation, and some units can reflect the research projects and indicators more intensively, key investigations can be adopted.

A typical investigation is based on the purpose and requirements of the investigation, and on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the research objects, a few representative units are selected as models to conduct in-depth and thorough investigation and study. The so-called "dissecting sparrows" is a typical investigation. A typical investigation is characterized by a small number of investigation units, which are representative after comprehensive analysis and selection, and are convenient for in-depth, concrete and thorough investigation. The combination of typical investigation and comprehensive statistics can not only grasp the overall situation, but also have typical materials, which provide rich and vivid information for analyzing and solving problems.

Sampling survey is an incomplete survey method that draws some units from the population for observation according to the random principle, and infers the population according to the observation results. Its main features are:

(1) All units in the population have a specified probability to be extracted. Among them, if each unit has an equal probability of being drawn, it is called equal probability sampling; If the probability of being drawn is unequal, it is called unequal probability sampling.

(2) random principle. No matter whether it is equal probability or unequal probability sampling, the sampling unit must be taken through one or several random steps, and subjective and intentional selection is not allowed.

(3) Infer the population quantitatively. That is, the estimated values of samples are used to infer the relevant parameters of the population, and the sampling error can be controlled.

Compared with comprehensive survey, sampling survey has the advantages of saving manpower and material resources, small survey error, flexible operation and quick data acquisition, so it is regarded as one of the important methods in statistical survey. At present, the survey of population change, urban and rural household survey, agricultural output survey, price survey, rural labor force structure, fixed assets structure and other surveys by the government statistics department of our country all adopt the method of sampling survey. In the future, with the establishment and improvement of the socialist market economic system, sampling surveys will be more widely used.

Household survey is a socio-economic survey with households as the survey object. Household refers to an economic unit composed of a group of people who live together, consume together and have the same income and expenditure. They can be related, unrelated or both. A household can be composed of two or more families.

Through household survey, we can learn about population, labor force, employment, income sources, expenditure destination, commodity consumption, savings, housing, assets, liabilities, culture and education, health, women and children, nutrition and health and other aspects and statistics, and provide decision-making consulting materials for relevant departments and leading organs. Scientific estimation is based on the actual statistical investigation data, and indirectly estimates and predicts the quantitative relationship and changing prospect of relevant social and economic phenomena according to the relationship and development law of things.

scientific estimation is a very important and irreplaceable analytical research method. Whether estimating another phenomenon from one phenomenon, estimating the whole from a part, or predicting the future from now, it is inseparable from scientific estimation.

Prediction is a science or a method to study the future development direction and degree of things. Statistical prediction is to study the relationship between the future development trend of things and various social and economic phenomena, so as to make scientific quantitative judgment and prediction and provide basis for making plans and decisions. According to the socio-economic statistical forecast, we can adjust the economic development strategy, formulate economic management measures, improve economic benefits, and balance market supply and demand. There are many methods of statistical prediction, which can be summarized as survey prediction, sampling prediction and economic mathematical model prediction. These methods are used to predict the development trend or factor relationship of economic phenomena as a whole.

research and forecast is a long-term and effective method in China. in recent years, it has absorbed the western methods of establishing economic mathematical models, which has made statistical forecasting develop. It should be noted that the development and changes of the economic situation are complex, and it is necessary to combine the mathematical model prediction with the investigation prediction and complement each other, so as to make the statistical prediction more suitable for the actual situation in China. Statistical table is to summarize and sort out the digital data obtained from statistical investigation, and fill them in a certain form according to certain order and requirements. This form is called statistical table. Therefore, any kind of statistical table is composed of statistical tables and statistics. There are no statistics, which can only be regarded as statistical tables.

The structure of the statistical table includes: (1) General title. The general title is the name of the table, generally in the upper center of the table; (2) underline. Scribing is used to divide the vertical columns of the table. Generally, the top and bottom horizontal lines of statistical tables are represented by thick solid lines, which are called baselines. With thin solid lines in the middle; (3) Earth column and guest column. The left column of the table is called the main column, which is used to arrange unit names or groups. The columns on the right are guest columns, which are used to arrange numbers. If there is a grouping above the guest column, the rows of the grouping also constitute the main column department of the table. The following lines belong to the guest column of the table. In addition, the statistical table also includes units of measurement, digital data and notes.

statistical chart is a form of showing statistical data on the basis of statistical tables, and it is also an important tool for statistical analysis. The statistical chart visualizes the figures in the statistical table, and uses geometric figures to reflect the contrast between the quantities. As the language of numbers, statistical charts are more clear, specific and vivid than statistical tables. The figure of benevolence can only play a schematic role, and the difference between numbers is abstracted. Therefore, statistical charts need to be combined with statistical tables.

statistical charts can be divided into two categories. One kind is propaganda graph, which aims at popularizing statistics. The graphs used are mainly bar graph, square graph, circle graph, pictograph and statistical map. The other is the graph for statistical analysis. Mainly use geometric coordinate diagram, point and line to reflect the development process and development trend of social and economic phenomena, and reflect the relationship between phenomena, mainly including: dynamic statistical diagram and related statistical diagram.

economic model refers to the mathematical expression of economic theory. Economic model is an analysis method, which describes the real world situation very simply. The situation in the real world is composed of all kinds of major variables and minor variables, which are very complicated, so unless the minor factors are excluded, it is impossible to make a strict analysis or make the analysis too complicated. By making some assumptions, many secondary factors can be excluded, thus establishing a model. In this way, we can analyze the special situation stipulated by the hypothesis through the model. The economic model itself can be represented by equations with graphs or words. Economic model is mainly used to study the quantitative relationship between economic phenomena. Its purpose is to reflect the internal relations of economic phenomena and their movement process, help people to make economic analysis and forecast, and solve realistic economic problems.

Comparative benefit is also called comparative benefit. This concept was first put forward by British economist david ricardo, and generally applies to two situations:

First, it is used in international trade theory, which refers to the special ability of a country (or region) to provide a certain product or service more cheaply than to provide other products or services. Here, this concept explains why a country (or region) can