1, synthetic type. Refers to the synthesis or assembly of different components (parts) into products, that is, the production of processing and assembly nature, such as machinery manufacturing plants, textile mills, etc. ;
2. Decomposition type. Refers to the decomposition of raw materials into various products after processing, that is, the production of chemical properties, such as refineries and coking plants;
3. Intermediary type. Refers to the production of products made by changing the shape or performance of processed objects, such as steel mills and rubber mills;
4. Select the type. Refers to the production of products extracted from underground and ocean, such as coal mines and oil fields.
The production process of an enterprise can adopt a variety of production methods, and the above production types can coexist at the same time. For example, machinery manufacturing enterprises belong to harmony, but there are also intermediary types, such as casting and forging, heat treatment, electroplating and so on.
According to the continuous degree of production
1, continuous production. It is a long-term continuous production of one or several products. The products, technological processes and production equipment used are fixed and standardized, and there is no WIP storage between processes. For example, oil production operations in oil fields;
2. Intermittent production. The input of various factors in the production process is intermittent. Production equipment and transportation devices must meet the needs of various product processing, and a certain inventory of work-in-process is needed between processes. Such as machine tool factory, locomotive factory, light industry machinery factory, etc.
According to the source of the production plan
1, order production mode. It began to organize production, design, supply, manufacture and delivery according to the specific ordering requirements put forward by users. The variety, specification, quantity, quality and delivery date of the finished products produced are different, and they are all delivered to users on time according to the contract, and the finished product inventory is very small. Therefore, the focus of production management is to grasp the "delivery date", organize the connection and balance of all links in the production process according to the "cycle", and ensure the timely realization;
2. Inventory production mode. On the basis of forecasting market demand, production is planned, and the products have a certain inventory. In order to prevent overstock and shortage, the focus of production management is to grasp the relationship between supply, production and sales, organize the balance between all links in the production process according to "quantity", and ensure the comprehensive completion of planned tasks.
According to the product type and production quantity
According to the number of product varieties, it is also called dividing production types according to the degree of specialization in the workplace. In general, the greater the output of products produced by enterprises, the fewer the varieties of products, the higher the degree of specialization of production, and the greater the stability and repeatability of production. On the contrary, the smaller the output of products produced by enterprises, the more varieties of products, the lower the degree of production specialization, and the less the stability and repeatability of production. It can be seen that the product output, product variety and specialization that determine the production type are intrinsically related, so they have different influences and requirements on the technology, organization and economy of enterprises.
Question 2: What are the types of production? According to the characteristics of the production industry
According to the industrial characteristics of production objects in the production process, industry can be divided into continuous production and discrete production. In the process of continuous production, materials move uniformly and continuously according to a certain industrial order, such as chemicals (plastics, medicine, soap, fertilizer, etc. ), oil refining, metallurgy, film development, etc. This is a typical example of continuous production. Because the material is continuously produced through each process according to a certain process. Another kind of products, such as automobiles, diesel engines, televisions, washing machines, etc. , are assembled by discrete parts, which go through various production links with their own technological processes, and the material movement is in a discrete state, so it is called discrete production, also known as processing-assembly production, because these finished products are processed parts first and then assembled into products.
Product positioning strategy
According to the characteristics of users' demand for products and product positioning strategies, production types can be divided into make to stock (MTS) and make-to-order (MTO).
Make to stock (Make-to-stock production) refers to the planned product development and production based on the research of market demand (actual demand and potential demand), and the produced products constantly replenish the finished product inventory through the inventory to meet the needs of users at any time. Trucks, bearings, standard parts, refrigerators, televisions and other products are typical inventory manufacturing production. Make-to-order production has the following characteristics: it is the functional development and design of products by producers; Generally, it is a standard product or a product series with limited varieties; The product price is determined in advance by the producer according to the market situation; These products are produced in large quantities.
According to the output strategy
According to the repeatability of product production and the degree of specialization, the production process can be divided into batch production, single-piece production and batch production.
The production program n of the part is calculated by the following formula:
N =Q？ n？ ( 1+a)？ ( 1+b)
Among them:
Q-annual output of products
N-the number of parts in a single product.
A-spare parts rate, expressed in percentage.
B-scrap rate, expressed as a percentage.
According to the annual production plan, the production types are divided into:
Production type: single production, small batch production, medium batch production, large batch production, large batch production.
Batch production
Annual weight ≤ 5 > 5 ~100 > 100~300 >300 ~ 1000 & gt； 1000
Production of medium-sized parts ≤20 > 20~200 >; 200 ~ 500 & gt500 ~ 5000 & gt5000
Small parts ≤100 >100 ~ 500 > 500 ~ 5000 & gt5000 ~ 50000 & gt50000
Production type
Each industrial enterprise has its own production characteristics in terms of product structure, production mode, equipment conditions, production scale, degree of specialization and technical level of workers. These characteristics are embodied in production technology, equipment, production organization form, planning work and so on. It has a great influence on the technical and economic indicators of enterprises. Therefore, every enterprise should establish a corresponding production management system according to its own characteristics and reality. Therefore, it is necessary to divide the production types of enterprises.
Question 3: What are the types of production? What are the characteristics? Discrete manufacturing is divided into workshop task-based production, flow manufacturing is divided into repetitive production, and continuous production re-enters discrete manufacturing. The characteristic of task-based production is that each production task only uses a small part of the whole enterprise's capacity and resources, and another characteristic is that the production equipment is generally arranged in clusters. The characteristics of assembly line production are: (1) The workplace is highly specialized, and production is organized according to products or processing objects. (2) Production is carried out according to the beat, and each working procedure is operated at the same time, repeating the same operation contents. (3) The ratio of the single operation time of each process to the number of workplaces (or equipment) of the corresponding process is equal. (4) The process is closed. Characteristics of process manufacturing: 1) The management requirements of the formula are very high, such as the safety and confidentiality of the formula; 2) Product quality needs to be tracked, often from finished products to semi-finished products to suppliers, so the requirements for batch management are higher; 3) Some products often have a shelf life; 4) Co-products, by-products and grade products often appear in the production process.
Question 4: What are the modes of production? It refers to the way to obtain the material data necessary for social life and the relationship system between man and nature and between people formed in the production process. The material content of mode of production is productivity, its social form is relations of production, and mode of production is the unity of the two in the process of material production. In human history, it has experienced five modes of production: primitive society, slavery, feudalism, capitalism and socialism. On this basis, human historical society can also be divided into five social types accordingly. In the final analysis, the history of human society is the history of the continuous replacement of production methods.
Question 5: What are the types of biological producing areas? Land should be reserved to compensate for the loss of natural capital stock caused by mineral energy consumption; 2)? Cultivated land, the most productive land type in biological production land; ? 3)? Ranch? That is, land suitable for the development of animal husbandry; ? 4)? Woodland? Refers to the artificial forest or natural forest that can produce wood products; ? 5)? Construction land, Including land occupied by various human settlements and roads; ? 6)? Waters. Including fresh water and oceans that can provide biological output.
Question 6: What are the categories of manufacturing enterprises? The categories of production enterprises are:
1, synthetic type. Refers to the synthesis or assembly of different components (parts) into products, that is, the production of processing and assembly nature, such as machinery manufacturing plants, textile mills, etc. ;
2. Decomposition type. Refers to the processing of raw materials into various products, that is, artificial production, such as oil refineries and coking plants. ;
3. Intermediary type. Refers to the production of products made by changing the shape or performance of processed objects, such as steel mills and rubber mills;
4. Select the type. Refers to the production of products extracted from underground and ocean, such as coal mines and oil fields.
The production process of an enterprise can adopt a variety of production methods, and the above production types can coexist at the same time.
Question 7: Besides manufacturing enterprises, what other types of enterprises are there? I. Division of product industries Part I:
mainstay industry
1. Electronic information: semiconductor, computer, software, communication, high-definition multimedia.
2. Chemical industry: fine chemical industry
3. Cars: Auto parts
Part II: Equipment Industry
1. Machinery industry: machine tools, environmental protection machinery, medical instruments and equipment, construction machinery, lifting and transportation machinery, semiconductor equipment, textile machinery.
2. Instruments and meters
3, power generation and power transmission and transformation equipment
Part III: Emerging industries
1
2. Pharmacy
3. New materials
4, optoelectronics
5. Nanometer
6. New energy sources
7. Environmental protection
Part IV: Urban Property
1, food and agricultural products finishing
2. Printing and packaging
3. Diamond jewelry
4. Cosmetics and toiletries
5. clothes
6. Textiles: clothing fabrics, knitwear, bedding, etc.
7. Light industry: furniture, leather products, stationery, etc.
Second, the division of labor in service industry.
1. Commercial retail: food retail, department store retail, auto parts retail, household appliances retail, medicine and medical equipment professional retail, chain industry.
2. Logistics: transportation and storage.
3. Convention and exhibition industry: exhibition company
4. Financial industry: financial leasing, pawn, investment management, auction and financing agency.
5. Catering industry: fast food service and other catering services.
6. Tourism: hotels, hotels and travel agencies.
7. Real estate industry: real estate development and management, property management, real estate intermediary services, decoration.
8. Advertising industry: advertising companies and media companies.
9. Information consulting services: information intermediary, market research and management consulting.
Question 8: According to the Constitution and relevant laws, there are several types of enterprises in China, such as state-owned economy, collective ownership economy, private economy, joint venture economy, joint-stock economy and foreign-related economy (including foreign investment, Sino-foreign joint venture and investment economy in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan), and the corresponding enterprise legislative model in China is also arranged according to the economic type, thus forming a special situation of determining the legal type of enterprises according to the economic type. They are:
(1) state-owned enterprises. This means that all the property of the enterprise belongs to the state and is funded by the state. The scope of state-owned enterprises includes enterprises invested by state organs, institutions and social organizations at the central and local levels, as well as institutions and social organizations engaged in production and business activities operated by enterprises that the state no longer allocates or distributes part of funds, and enterprises invested by the above-mentioned enterprises, institutions and social organizations with state-owned assets.
(2) collectively owned enterprises. This refers to enterprises funded by working people within a certain range. Including enterprises invested by urban and rural workers with collective capital, and enterprises that some individuals voluntarily gave up their ownership through fund-raising and were recognized as collective ownership by the administrative department for industry and commerce according to law.
(3) private enterprises. This refers to a profit-making economic organization whose assets are privately owned and whose employees exceed the legal number. In China, this kind of enterprise is funded by individual citizens and owned and dominated by them. Its production and operation mode is based on wage labor, and the number of employees should be more than 8. Such enterprises used to operate the tertiary industry, but now they are involved in the primary and secondary industries, developing in the direction of science and technology, production and export-oriented.
(4) Joint-stock enterprises. The property of an enterprise is jointly funded by two or more investors and is an enterprise in the form of shares. China's joint-stock enterprises mainly refer to joint-stock companies and limited liability companies (including wholly state-owned companies). Although some state-owned, collective and private economic organizations operate in the form of joint-stock system, they are still classified into their economic types according to the economic nature of the original ownership, but they have not been registered as joint-stock limited liability companies in accordance with the relevant established restructuring norms of the Company Law.
(5) Joint ventures. This refers to the joint operation between enterprises or between enterprises and institutions to form a new economic entity; A joint venture with legal personality shall bear civil liability independently; If it does not meet the requirements of a legal person, the parties to the joint venture shall bear civil liability with their own or managed property according to the proportion of capital contribution or agreement. Those who are jointly and severally liable according to the law or agreement shall be jointly and severally liable.
(6) Enterprises with foreign investment. Such enterprises include Sino-foreign joint ventures established by Chinese and foreign parties within the territory of China with the approval of China. Both Chinese and foreign parties * * * jointly invest, * * * jointly operate, * * * enjoy profits and * * * bear risks; It also includes Chinese-foreign cooperative ventures established by foreign enterprises and other economic organizations in accordance with the principle of equality and mutual benefit, in accordance with Chinese laws and approved by the relevant competent departments of China; It also includes foreign-funded enterprises established within the territory of China in accordance with the laws of China, with all their capital invested by foreign enterprises, other economic organizations or individuals, operating independently and taking responsibility for their own profits and losses.
(7) Enterprises invested by Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan businessmen. Refers to enterprises established in the Mainland by investors from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan in the form of joint venture, cooperation or sole proprietorship in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of People's Republic of China (PRC) on foreign-related economic affairs. In the application of law, it is based on People's Republic of China (PRC)'s foreign-related economic laws and regulations, which is different from foreign-related investment in economic types.
(8) Joint-stock cooperative enterprises. This refers to the economic organization based on capital union and labor union, which effectively combines the two basic elements of productivity, capital and labor, and has the advantages of joint-stock enterprises and cooperative enterprises.
A sole proprietorship enterprise is a place that confuses outsiders. Many people say that the so-called "one-man company" or "one-yuan registration of an enterprise" is a misunderstanding and rumor about a sole proprietorship enterprise (among them, unscrupulous and uneducated journalists have played many bad roles).
A sole proprietorship enterprise is a business entity established in accordance with the sole proprietorship enterprise law. It is invested by a natural person, and the property belongs to the investor. The investor shall bear unlimited liability for the debts of the enterprise with his personal property. As a natural person enterprise, investors are jointly and severally liable for the business risks of the enterprise. In other words, an independent enterprise is not an enterprise at all ... >>
Question 9: There are several production types of mechanical manufacturing, which can be generally divided into three types: one-piece production, mass production and mass production.
Can also be divided into processing, OEM, ODM and machine manufacturing.
Question 10: What are the types of production and operation of enterprises? What are their characteristics? Discrete manufacturing is divided into task-based production and assembly line production.
Process manufacturing can be divided into repetitive production and continuous production.
Reentry into manufacturing
The characteristic of workshop task-based production is that each production task only uses a small part of the strength and resources of the whole enterprise, and another characteristic is that the production equipment is generally arranged in clusters. 、
The characteristics of assembly line production are: (1) The workplace is highly specialized, and production is organized according to products or processing objects.
(2) Production is carried out according to the beat, and each working procedure is operated at the same time, repeating the same operation contents.
(3) The ratio of the single operation time of each process to the number of workplaces (or equipment) of the corresponding process is equal.
(4) The process is closed.
Characteristics of process manufacturing: 1) The management requirements of the formula are very high, such as the safety and confidentiality of the formula;
2) Product quality needs to be tracked, often from finished products to semi-finished products to suppliers, so the requirements for batch management are higher;
3) Some products often have a shelf life;
4) Co-products, by-products and grade products often appear in the production process.