A: After the development of tourism, it has brought a large number of tourists. The increase of tourists will inevitably bring a large demand for hotels, restaurants, transportation and entertainment. Therefore, these demands of tourists have driven the development of related industries.
27. Chicken farms and steamed stuffed bun shops are small businesses. Why are chicken farms completely competitive and steamed stuffed bun shops monopolized?
Answer: Because the products of different chicken farms-eggs-are homogeneous, there is no difference, and there are also many manufacturers producing eggs, so they are completely competitive.
The names of different steamed bun shops-steamed buns-are the same, but the tastes of steamed buns are different, so the steamed bun shops are monopolized.
28. What is economic growth? How to understand economic growth?
A: Economic growth is an increase in GDP or per capita GDP. Economic growth generally includes two meanings:
(1) refers to the increase in the actual output of a country or region in a certain period, including the increase in the total output of goods and services needed by residents, which is concentrated in the enhancement of economic strength, that is, the growth of real GDP.
(2) refers to the expansion of potential production capacity, including the improvement of resources, capital formation, technical level and other factors that determine the production capacity of a country or region.
29. What are the characteristics of the economic cycle?
A: The economic cycle has the following characteristics: First, every economic cycle includes four stages: trough, expansion, peak and recession. Expansion and recession alternate, and there are two different turning points: trough and peak. The peak is the turning point of the economy from expansion to recession, and the trough is the turning point of the economy from recession to expansion. In the economic cycle, peaks and valleys also appear alternately. Second, although the four stages of the economic cycle are logically arranged in this order, their duration and form in each cycle are very different, and there are no two identical economic cycles. Third, in the long run, the productivity of the whole society is always improving, so the output and employment level in the bottom stage of an economic cycle may be higher than that in the peak stage of the previous cycle.
30. What is an equilibrium price? How is it formed?
Answer: (1) Equilibrium price refers to the price when the demand and supply of a commodity are equal. At this time, the demand price of goods is equal to the supply price, which is called equilibrium price, and the demand and supply of goods are equal to the equilibrium quantity. (2) The equilibrium price is formed spontaneously by the supply and demand sides in the market during the competition. When the supply exceeds the demand, the competition among producers will lead to the price drop; When the supply is less than the demand, the competition among consumers leads to the price drop; Only when supply equals demand and supply price equals demand price, the two sides are in a relatively balanced state, and the price at this time is the equilibrium price. If there is external intervention (such as the existence of monopoly power or state intervention), then this price is not an equilibrium price.
3 1, try to explain the classification of income elasticity.
A: In real life, the income elasticity we calculate is generally positive. Generally speaking, when people's income increases, their demand also increases; When income decreases, demand will also decrease. Normal commodity EI > 0, and most items are normal items.
With a few exceptions, the income elasticity coefficient is negative, that is, EI < 0. This commodity is commonly known as low-grade goods, that is, goods that people with increased income give up buying, that is, eliminated products that have been updated and eliminated.
32. "Xiao Wang has 1 ten thousand yuan. If he deposits in the bank for one year, he can earn 180 yuan interest. He can earn 500 yuan by doing small business and 300 yuan by speculating in stocks. The opportunity cost of Xiao Wang's small business is 480 yuan. " Is this statement correct? Why?
A: This statement is incorrect.
When we use a resource for one purpose, we give up other uses. Abandoned use is the opportunity cost of using funds for a purpose. When understanding the opportunity cost, we should pay attention to the following questions.
First, the opportunity cost is not the actual cost or loss when making a choice, but the conceptual cost or loss.
Second, the opportunity cost is the best of several other possible choices given up when making a choice, not the others.
Third, the opportunity cost is not entirely caused by personal choice. The choice of others will bring you opportunity cost, and your choice will also bring opportunity cost to others.
Therefore, the opportunity cost of Xiao Wang is 300 yuan.
33. How to understand the human development index?
A: The human development index is a general indicator to measure human development achievements. It measures the average achievement of a country (region) in three basic aspects of human development, including: (1) literacy rate, which is expressed by adult literacy rate and gross enrollment rate of primary schools, middle schools and universities, and reflects the education level of citizens of a country. (2) Life expectancy, expressed by life expectancy at birth, reflects the health and longevity of residents and the nutrition, sanitation and environmental conditions. (3) Infant mortality rate reflects the mother's health status and the national medical and health level.
What is cyclical unemployment? How to understand?
A: Periodic unemployment refers to unemployment that rises with economic recession and falls with economic expansion in an economic cycle. Because the effective demand of a society is too low to provide employment opportunities for everyone who wants to work, that is to say, the number of people who want to work exceeds the vacancy based on the current wage rate. It includes two types:
(1) Business cycle unemployment, that is, unemployment caused by insufficient total social demand due to the economic cycle running in recession and depression.
(2) Under-forest unemployment refers to the unemployment caused by slower demand growth than labor growth and higher labor productivity.
35. Why did the interest rate rise and the money demand decrease?
A: There are many currency components that do not pay interest, for example, currency and demand deposits. Interest rate is the opportunity cost of holding money. Holding money does not pay interest, but gives up the interest income that can be obtained by using it on other financial assets. When the interest rate rises, the cost of holding money increases, so people have to reduce their money holdings and buy other financial assets with money to get higher interest rates.
36. Explain the demand theorem with substitution effect and income effect.
Answer: (1) Substitution effect refers to the influence of the price change of a commodity on its demand under the condition of constant actual income. That is to say, if the price of one commodity rises and the prices of other commodities remain unchanged, then the relative prices of other commodities fall, and consumers will replace this commodity with other commodities. As a result, the demand for this commodity has decreased. The substitution effect reduces the demand for goods with rising prices. (2) Income effect refers to the influence of the price change of a commodity on its demand under the condition of constant monetary income. That is to say, if the price of a commodity rises and the monetary income of consumers remains the same, then the actual income of consumers decreases, thus reducing the demand for this commodity. (3) the demand theorem.
37. Why can cosmetics be small profits but quick turnover, but drugs can't?
A: Cosmetics are commodities with elastic demand, while medicines are commodities with inelastic demand. Therefore, cosmetics can be small profits but quick turnover, but drugs can't. Not all drugs can't be small profits but quick turnover. Compared with ordinary drugs, health care drugs in medicines are commodities with flexible demand, and the principle of small profits but quick turnover can also be applied to increase total income.
38. Try to explain the reasons for the reverse change of demand and price with the theory of consumer behavior.
A: (1) Consumers buy all kinds of goods to maximize utility, or to maximize consumer surplus. The price a consumer is willing to pay depends on the utility of the goods he gets at this price.
(2) The monetary price that the consumer is willing to pay for a certain number of items depends on the utility he gets from this certain number of items. If the utility is great, the price he is willing to pay is high, and vice versa. However, according to the law of diminishing marginal utility of consumers, with the increase of the quantity of goods purchased by consumers, the marginal utility brought by goods to consumers is decreasing, while the marginal utility of money is unchanged. In this way, with the increase of goods, the consumer surplus decreases, and the price that consumers are willing to pay is also decreasing. So demand and price are bound to change in the opposite direction.
Briefly explain the content of income method in accounting GDP.
A: The GDP calculated by the income method refers to all kinds of costs paid by enterprises when they engage in business activities, including wages paid to laborers, rents paid to landowners, profits paid to capital, etc. These operating costs are also various incomes that families get from enterprises.
40. What is deflation? Why is there deflation?
A: Deflation is an economic phenomenon opposite to inflation. It refers to the economic phenomenon that the overall price level keeps declining for a long time and the currency continues to appreciate during the period of relative economic contraction. Its essence is that the total social demand is less than the total social supply. The causes of deflation mainly include the following aspects:
(1) Overproduction and oversupply of products make a large number of products unsalable, resulting in deflation. This is because some countries have not fundamentally got rid of the constraints of overproduction, and once problems arise, they will face the risk of deflation.
(2) Weak demand, such as the stock market downturn and the negative impact of reduced investment, makes its consumer price index lower than before, which leads to deflation.
(3) High dependence on foreign countries. As the locomotive of the global economy, once the economic recovery is weak or declining, the currencies of other countries and regions that rely on the American economy will show a downward trend.
4 1. What are the three main motives for holding money?
A: There are three main motivations for holding money: trading motivation, preventive motivation and speculative motivation.
A: In the absence of effective social demand, the government will promote economic prosperity by increasing expenditure. However, high and volatile inflation inevitably has a negative impact on actual output and prosperity. These shortcomings are due to:
(1) The tax effect of inflation. When inflation is unpredictable, nominal wages will always increase. With the increase of nominal wages, the number of people reaching the tax threshold has increased, and many people have entered a higher tax rate, so the government's tax revenue has increased. The public's tax payment increases, while the real income decreases. It is not conducive to the increase of savings, but also affects the enthusiasm of private and corporate investment.
(2) Transaction costs. One of the transaction costs of inflation is the cost of leather shoes, which is the loss caused by accelerating currency circulation in order to avoid currency depreciation.
(3) the cost of uncertainty. When the inflation rate is high, the uncertainty of the long-term inflation rate will increase. This increase in uncertainty makes long-term planning difficult. The inflation rate has great variability, which makes many decision makers give up capital investment and other transactions involving long-term commitments, resulting in the loss of benefits beneficial to both sides and the reduction of market efficiency. So people are concerned about the short term. Reduced investment has led to a slowdown in economic growth. The increase of uncertainty also makes it impossible to allocate resources effectively. Inflation distorts the information brought by price, and unreliable price signals make producers and resource providers often make choices that they will regret later. The efficiency of resource allocation is often lower than that when the overall price level is relatively stable. Moreover, people often don't concentrate on their activities with comparative advantages, but try their best to avoid the losses caused by inflation.
42, the concept of balance of payments and the principle of compiling the balance of payments.
A: (1) The balance of payments is a comparison of the total income and total expenditure caused by all economic exchanges between a country and foreign countries within a certain period of time (usually within one year). This is a record of economic exchanges between a country and other countries. The balance of payments is reflected in the balance of payments, which is compiled according to the double-entry bookkeeping principle.
(2) The basic principles for compiling the balance of payments are:
First of all, only the economic transactions between domestic and foreign economic units are recorded in the balance of payments.
Second, we should distinguish between lending and borrowing transactions. In the balance of payments, borrowers and lenders always balance in the end.
Third, the balance of payments is a double-entry bookkeeping method.
43. Briefly describe the IS-LM model.
A: If the IS curve is combined with the LM curve, we can get the relationship between interest and national income when the product market and the money market are balanced at the same time. This is the IS-LM model.
When the product market and money market reach equilibrium at the same level of income and interest rate, the values of equilibrium interest and equilibrium national income can be obtained by solving the simultaneous equations of IS and LM curves.
44. What will happen to the market demand or demand of VCD players under the following circumstances? And explain why. (1) The cinema ticket price was reduced from 10 yuan to 5 yuan. (2) The government has intensified its crackdown on pirated DVDs, and cam- is almost gone. (3) A fire broke out in the factory that produced the core components of DVD players, and production could not be resumed within half a year. Breakthrough has been made in the production technology of DVD players.
Answer: (1) The demand is reduced, because going to the cinema and watching VCD are substitutes, and the price and demand between the two substitutes change in the opposite direction. (2) the demand is reduced. Because pirated DVD and VCD are complementary products, the price and demand between the two complementary products change in the opposite direction. (3) the demand is reduced, because the reduction of supply will cause the price to rise, and it will also reduce the demand. (4) Demand increases, because the increase in supply leads to the decline in prices and increases demand.
45, consumer behavior theory to enterprise decision-making what enlightenment?
A: (1) Consumer behavior theory tells us that consumers buy goods to maximize utility, and the greater the utility of goods, the higher the price consumers are willing to pay.
(2) When an enterprise decides what to produce, it should first consider how much utility the goods can bring to consumers. Utility is a psychological feeling, which depends on consumers' preferences. Therefore, enterprises should understand the current consumption fashion and grasp people's preferences; At the same time, we should be good at discovering the future consumption fashion in order to develop products that meet people's preferences in time. At the same time, consumer fashion is also influenced by advertisements. A successful advertisement will lead to new consumption fashions and influence consumers' preferences. Therefore, enterprises should develop new products according to the hobbies of specific groups.
(3) Consumer behavior theory also tells us that the marginal utility of a product is decreasing. If the quantity of a commodity only increases, the marginal utility it brings to consumers will decrease, and the price that consumers are willing to pay will be lower. Therefore, the products of enterprises should be diversified. Law of diminishing marginal utility In fact, enterprises should innovate and produce different products.
46. What are the types of short-term costs? What are they?
A: Short-term total cost. Short-term total cost is the sum of the costs required to produce a certain number of products in a short time. Short-term total cost is divided into fixed cost and variable cost. Fixed cost refers to the cost of production factors that enterprises must pay in a short period of time. Variable cost refers to the cost of adjustable production factors that enterprises must pay in the short term.
Short-term average cost. Short-term average cost is the average cost of producing each unit product in a short period of time. Short-term average cost is divided into average fixed cost and average variable cost.
Short-term marginal cost. Short-term marginal cost is the total cost that an enterprise increases per unit output in a short period of time.
47. Rising wages will lead to increased consumption. Can wage-driven inflation also be regarded as demand-driven inflation?
A: Yes. The process of inflation may begin with excessive demand, which leads to higher prices, thus prompting trade unions to demand higher wage rates, so that cost drivers will play a role and cause higher inflation. On the other hand, inflation can also be driven by costs, such as raising wages under the pressure of trade unions, which leads to rising prices. At the same time, with the improvement of monetary income level, market demand drives prices to rise continuously, leading to higher inflation rate.
48. What's the exchange rate? What are the ways to express the exchange rate?
A: (1) Exchange rate, also known as "foreign exchange market" or "exchange rate", is the exchange rate between one country's monetary unit and other countries' monetary units.
(2) There are two pricing methods for foreign exchange rate. The direct quotation is based on 65,438+0 units or 65,438+000 units of foreign currency and converted into a certain amount of local currency. This pricing method is also called payment quotation. The indirect pricing method is to convert the domestic currency of 1 unit or 100 unit into a certain amount of foreign currency. This pricing method is also called receiving quotation.
49. Why is the output effect of expansionary finance the biggest in the Keynesian trap area?
Answer: (1) Because securities speculation is infinitely sensitive to the change of interest rate, when interest rate rises slightly, the demand for currency speculation immediately decreases, and the expansion of total demand is easily supported by money.
(2) Because the problem of monetary support was solved immediately, when the national income increased, the interest rate only rose slightly. The reduction of this investment is almost zero.
50. Explain "cheap grain hurts farmers" with elasticity theory.
A: If a commodity is a commodity with inelastic demand, when the price of the commodity falls, the increase in demand (and thus the sales volume) is less than the decrease in price, so the total income decreases. There is an old saying in China that "cheap grain hurts farmers", which means that there is a bumper harvest of grain, and farmers' income is reduced because of falling food prices. The reason is that food is a necessity and the demand is inelastic. The fall in food prices caused by the bumper harvest will not increase the demand in the same proportion, thus reducing the total income and causing losses to farmers (increasing production without increasing income).
5 1. Why is the average income equal to the marginal income in a perfectly competitive market, but the average income is greater than the marginal income in a monopoly market?
A: In a perfectly competitive market, enterprises sell their products at a given market price, and the change of individual enterprises' sales volume cannot affect the market price, so price = average income = marginal income.
In a monopoly market, the selling price of each unit product is also its average income, so the price is equal to the average income. However, when the sales volume increases, the product price will drop, and thus the marginal revenue will decrease, so that the average revenue will not be equal to the marginal revenue, but the average revenue will be greater than the marginal revenue. Because the law of income change is the same as that of output change, according to the relationship between average output and marginal products, when average output or average income drops, marginal products or marginal income is less than average output or average income.
The relevant departments have announced the salary increase plan. Shopping in the market at this time may cost more than before. What kind of inflation is this?
A: Demand-driven inflation. The announcement of the salary increase plan means that people's consumer confidence will be enhanced, and people's consumption expenditure will increase accordingly in the future. With the current supply level unchanged, the general increase in price level belongs to demand-driven inflation.
53. Briefly describe the interest parity theory?
A: The difference in interest rates between the two countries will lead to the cross-border flow of arbitrage funds. Because arbitrage in the spot foreign exchange market is accompanied by write-off in the forward foreign exchange market, the forward exchange rate will be adjusted. Generally speaking, the currency forward exchange rate of countries with higher interest rates will be discounted, while the currency forward exchange rate of countries with lower interest rates will be raised. The constant adjustment of the forward exchange rate finally makes the arbitrage income disappear, at this time, the arbitrage funds stop flowing and the foreign exchange market reaches equilibrium. When the foreign exchange market is balanced, the interest income earned by a certain amount of funds in two countries is equal in value if measured by the same monetary unit. The theory that determines the exchange rate is called rate parity.
54. What principles should be followed in GDP accounting?
A: The principles that should be followed in GDP accounting include: (1) current price; (2) the final product principle; (3) flow principle; (4) Territorial principle.
John's dog is noisy all day, which affects the rest of his neighbors. For this reason, he was sued by his neighbor and paid a fine of $65,438+0,000. Please use externality theory to analyze whether John's dog has harmful externalities on his neighbors. Why?
A: John's dog noise is not a harmful externality.
Externality refers to the influence of the economic activities of a social member (consumer or producer) on other social members, and this influence has not been compensated by the market mechanism. In economic activities, if the mutual influence between the parties can be compensated through the market mechanism, then this influence does not belong to externalities.