Since the 1950s, with the rapid development of social productive forces and science and technology in various countries, the oceans have been polluted and destroyed to varying degrees from all sides, and the increasingly serious pollution has brought extremely unfavorable consequences to the survival and development of mankind. According to incomplete statistics, from 65438 to 0999, there were 947 major fishery pollution accidents in China, resulting in direct economic losses of about 500 million yuan; In 2000, there were 1 120 fishery pollution accidents, which caused direct economic losses of about 560 million yuan. According to incomplete statistics, in 1999, there were sudden marine fishery pollution damage accidents 104 in China, which caused direct economic losses of about 270 million yuan, including 3 extraordinarily serious fishery pollution damage accidents (economic losses 100) and 3 major fishery pollution damage accidents (economic losses 100). In 2000, there were more than 20 major fishery pollution accidents/kloc-0, which caused direct economic losses of more than 20 million yuan. The increasingly serious pollution brought extremely adverse consequences to the ecological environment and attracted great attention from relevant international organizations and governments. In order to prevent, control and reduce pollution, with the efforts of some countries and international organizations, the international community has successively formulated a series of conventions, which have played a positive role in preventing, controlling and reducing pollution. Although coastal governments and international organizations have formulated corresponding laws according to their own actual conditions, and the international community has also formulated a series of international conventions aimed at world marine pollution, the situation of marine environmental pollution is still very serious. There are many reasons for pollution, such as air pollution, noise pollution and fresh water pollution. This paper only discusses the causes and countermeasures of marine pollution.

First, the causes of pollution

1, pollution caused by ships

What is ship pollution? It means that the balance of marine ecosystem is destroyed due to various harmful substances such as ship manipulation, maritime accidents and ship dumping entering the ocean. Characteristics of pollution caused by ships: (1) Various pollutants are introduced into the sea by ships. (2) Pollutants entering the ocean are caused by human factors rather than natural factors, that is, the pollution behavior is subjectively manifested as human intention or negligence. (such as tank washing sewage and engine room sewage discharged into the ocean without treatment) (3) After pollutants enter the ocean, they cause or may cause damage to the marine ecosystem.

The pollution caused by ships mainly shows as follows: (1) The pollution source of ship operation, which is mainly caused by the intention or negligence of ship staff. For example, some crew members deliberately discharge the cabin washing sewage containing harmful substances into the sea, and the engine room staff deliberately discharge the engine room sewage containing dirty oil into the sea without treatment, while others discharge fuel into the sea because of their weak sense of responsibility. (2) Pollution sources of marine accidents, such as ship collision, grounding, hitting rocks and other accidents, and various pollutants, mainly fuel oil leakage and oil tank leakage caused by accidents, pollute the ocean. (3) Sources of pollution caused by ship dumping; This pollution source is mainly manifested in the production garbage, domestic garbage and sludge sewage that ships deliberately dump into the sea from the pollutants generated by cleaning polluted waterways. Therefore, ship pollution is one of the causes of marine pollution.

2. Marine pollution caused by offshore oil development.

China is rich in offshore oil reserves. At present, most developers mainly focus on offshore exploration and development. With the rapid development of offshore oil exploration and development, some drilling ships and oil platforms have artificially discharged a large number of wastes and oily sewage into the ocean. Therefore, offshore oil development is also one of the causes of marine pollution at present. To some extent, it has affected the natural environment of China offshore. The pollution of offshore oil exploitation to the ocean is mainly manifested in: (1) domestic garbage, production (work) garbage and oily sewage discharged into the sea. (2) Accidents such as accidental oil spill, oil spill and blowout occur. (3) Wastes and oily sewage generated in man-made and natural processes flow into the ocean. When oil enters the sea, the harm to marine life is very serious. After the oil enters the seawater, a large amount of dissolved oxygen in the seawater is absorbed by the oil, and the oil film covers the water surface, so that the seawater is isolated from the atmosphere, resulting in seawater hypoxia and marine life death. It is very harmful to young fish and fish eggs. Young fish hatched in oil-polluted seawater are distorted and lifeless, and oil films and oil blocks will adhere to a large number of fish eggs and young fish, causing them to die. Oil pollution makes economic fish, shellfish and other seafood smell oily. After living in polluted seawater for a long time, adult fish and shellfish accumulate some harmful substances in their bodies, which will endanger human health if they enter the market and are eaten by people.

3. The pollution of the factory to the ocean.

With the deepening of China's reform and opening up and the leap from planned economy to market economy, the utilization area of beach culture by coastal residents has expanded year by year. From fish farming, shrimp farming and crab farming to aquatic animals and plants with more economic value and exotic flavor than the above. The development of these aquaculture industries has promoted the prosperity of aquatic products market, enriched people's diet life and improved their diet level. It has increased farmers' economic income and created employment opportunities for some people. However, in recent years, seawater deterioration such as red tide often occurs in coastal areas of China. What caused it? Besides venting factors, there are also human factors. In addition to the two reasons mentioned above, there is also a very important reason, which is the pollution of the sea by land factories. The pollution of land factories to the ocean is mainly manifested in (1) paper mills and chemical plants on both sides of rivers connected with the sea discharging sewage into the ocean. (2) Industrial garbage and domestic garbage containing pollutants are dumped on river banks or rivers, and enter the ocean with the ebb and flow of river water or tide. For example, on 200 1, Tianjin Maritime Court accepted the case that farmers in Laoting County, Hebei Province 19 sued Qian 'an Painting and Calligraphy Paper Co., Ltd. and other five units for compensation for beach pollution damage, which is a typical case of Luyuan factory using sewage from the sea to cause marine pollution. In this case 19, the plaintiffs were all engaged in prawn and clam breeding in Xiaohezi (Luanhe River) coastal prawn and beach shellfish breeding area in Wangtan Town, Laoting County, Hebei Province. Luanhe River is located in Chengde City and Tangshan City, Hebei Province. From Chengde, it flows through Qianxi, Qian 'an, Luanxian, Luannan and Laoting in Tangshan, and enters the sea in Jianggezhuang, Laoting County. Luanhe River diverges in Luanxian County, and the tributary that enters the middle of Laoting finally flows into Xiaohezi and enters the sea at Xinhaizhuang, Wangtan Town. There are tens of thousands of acres of shrimp ponds and shellfish culture areas on both sides of Xiaohezi estuary. From late April to mid-May in 2000/kloc-0, some fishery waters on both sides of Xiaohezi estuary were polluted due to sewage discharged from the upper reaches of Luanhe River, and cultured prawns and shellfish died. The accident caused 7056. 15 mu of aquaculture area in polluted waters on both sides of Xiaohezi estuary, including 656.1.15 mu of shrimp aquaculture area and 495 mu of shellfish aquaculture area. On May 30th, investigators investigated the death scene of shrimp shells in Xiaohezizha culture area. The results showed that 67.96% of mussels died, and the average mortality rate of Penaeus japonicus was 565,438+0%. The cause of the accident was that industrial and mining enterprises along the Luanhe River in Tangshan discharged substandard sewage.

Two. Countermeasures to prevent and control marine pollution

Marine pollution is caused by many factors, which is a long-term accumulation, and gradually changes from quantitative to qualitative. Therefore, it is impossible to really solve the problem of marine pollution only by focusing on individual governance. As we all know, since 1979, China has successively formulated and promulgated laws and regulations on environmental protection, marine environmental protection, water pollution prevention and control, marine pollution prevention and control regulations, marine dumping management regulations and port water protection regulations, etc. 1The Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) Municipality on Township Enterprises adopted at the 22nd meeting of the Standing Committee of the Eighth NPC on October 29th clearly stipulates that township enterprises should register and establish production projects, and prevent pollution in the process of production and operation. "Township enterprises must abide by the laws and regulations on the environment and follow the national industry. Under the unified guidance of the local people's government, we will take measures to actively develop enterprises with no pollution, less pollution and low resource consumption, effectively prevent and control environmental and ecological damage, and protect and improve the environment. "

Local people's governments shall formulate and implement environmental protection plans for township enterprises, so as to improve the ability of township enterprises to prevent and control pollution.

"Township enterprises must strictly implement the environmental impact assessment system when building projects that have an impact on the environment."

"The facilities for the prevention and control of pollution in the construction projects of township enterprises must be designed, constructed and put into use at the same time as the main project. The facilities for pollution prevention and control must be accepted by the competent administrative department of environmental protection before the construction project can be put into production or use. "

"Township enterprises shall not adopt or use production techniques and equipment that seriously pollute the environment and are explicitly prohibited by the state; May not produce and operate products that seriously pollute the environment that are explicitly prohibited by the state; If the pollutants discharged exceed the national or local standards and seriously pollute the environment, they must be treated within a time limit. If the governance task is not completed within the time limit, it will be closed, stopped or switched to production according to law. "

With the gradual deterioration of the environment, various disasters approach public life in different forms, which has aroused great concern from the public and the government. In order to curb the continuous deterioration of the environment, the government has formulated strict laws and regulations. Various activities organized by citizens with the theme of environmental protection have also set off a climax.

Judging from the current phenomenon of marine pollution in China, the main pollution is not caused by ordinary people. The reason is that most industrial and agricultural pollution and ecological environment destruction are caused by managers at different levels for various reasons. For ordinary people, to measure the environmental quality of a city, they often only pay attention to the surface sanitation of the city, whether the streets are clean and tidy, and whether the market is prosperous. Generally, they will not study whether the sewage treatment of a city with a good surface environment meets the national standards or whether it has caused pollution to the surrounding environment. Take Dalian as an example. Anyone who has been to Dalian will say that the environment in Dalian is really good, but who will study whether it pollutes the surrounding environment? When you analyze the environmental statistics of Dalian, you can see the source of marine pollution. There are 66 sewage outlets around Bohai Sea in Dalian, accounting for 30.4% of the main sewage outlets in China. This is just the statistics of a city in Dalian. There are three provinces and one city in the Bohai Rim region, and most of the urban sewage is directly discharged into the sea or into rivers connected with the sea. Therefore, it is well-founded that the pollution of the inland sea-Bohai Sea in China mainly comes from land. Whether it is the pollution of ships to the ocean or the pollution of land to the ocean. The result is the impact on human beings, marine life, marine plants and even the entire ecological environment. Therefore, I think: (1) It is necessary for local governments at all levels to put environmental protection work on the daily agenda by stepping up law enforcement, truly "enforcing the law strictly and prosecuting offenders", strengthening law enforcement supervision over government environmental protection departments and overcoming local protectionism. (2) To strengthen the anti-pollution management of ships and drilling and oil production platforms, we should first deal with the managers of ships and drilling and oil production platforms, and must carry out anti-pollution education, enhance anti-pollution awareness and improve anti-pollution and disaster relief skills. Operators must follow national laws and regulations. Make the sewage treatment equipment always in good working condition, strictly control the quality of decontamination chemical reagents, and prohibit the use of toxic chemical reagents for decontamination. (3) The local fishery administrative department and the anti-pollution department of the harbor supervisor should have a clear understanding of the pollution situation, pollution sources, geographical environment, hydrological conditions and biological resources in the waters under their jurisdiction, formulate anti-pollution plans according to their understanding, and be good government workers. Once a pollution accident happens, they can work out the best disaster reduction plan at the fastest speed according to what they know.

In a word, the responsibility of environmental protection is enormous, which concerns future generations. Therefore, we ask everyone to understand and support environmental protection, raise the awareness of environmental protection of the whole people, and let the whole people care about environmental protection. Let's join hands and oppose all people and things that affect environmental protection.

References:

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