Unit 1: Biology and Biosphere
1, scientific inquiry generally includes links:
Ask questions, make assumptions, make plans, implement plans, draw conclusions and express communication.
2. Biological characteristics
1) organisms need nutrition: most plants produce organic matter through photosynthesis (autotrophic); Animals get ready-made nutrition (heterotrophy) from the outside.
2) living things can breathe.
3) Organisms can excrete wastes from their bodies.
The way animals excrete waste: sweating, exhaling and urinating.
The way plants excrete waste: fallen leaves.
4) Organisms can respond to external stimuli-stress. Exodus: The zebra flees quickly after discovering the enemy's harm. The response of mimosa to stimulation.
5) Organisms can grow and reproduce.
6) All living things are made up of cells except viruses.
3. Scope of the biosphere: the bottom of the atmosphere, most of the hydrosphere and the surface of the lithosphere.
4. The biosphere provides basic conditions for living things: nutrients, sunlight, air and water, suitable temperature and a certain living space.
5. Environmental factors affecting biological survival:
Abiotic factors: light, temperature, moisture, etc. Biological factors: other organisms that affect the life of a certain organism.
Exodus: Ladybug septempunctata preys on aphids, which is a predatory relationship. Weeds and rice in rice fields compete for sunlight, which is a competitive relationship. Division and cooperation of family members of ants and bees.
6, biological adaptation and the impact on the environment:
1) Examples of biological adaptation to the environment: camels in the desert have little urine; The underground roots of Alhagi are much longer than the aboveground parts; Seals in cold seas have thick subcutaneous fat on their chests; Flag trees, etc.
2) Biological impact on the environment: Earthworms move in the soil, which can loosen the soil, and their feces increase the fertility of the soil; Sand plants such as windbreak and sand fixation belong to the biological influence environment.
7. Concept and composition of ecosystem
Concept: The unified whole formed by biology and environment in a certain area is called ecosystem.
Composition: including biological part and abiotic part. The biological part includes producers, consumers and decomposers. Abiotic parts include sunlight, water, air, temperature, etc.
8, food chain and food web:
The relationship between producers and consumers is mainly the relationship between eating and being eaten, thus forming a food chain. The food chain is intertwined to form a food web.
Matter and energy in the ecosystem flow along the food chain and food web, and toxic substances will accumulate through the food chain.
When writing the food chain, pay attention: it can only start from the producer and end at the highest level of consumers.
9. List different ecosystems:
Biosphere is the largest ecosystem, including forest ecosystem, grassland ecosystem, marine ecosystem, fresh water ecosystem and farmland ecosystem.
Second unit
10, and observe the loading situation with a microscope.
① The eyepiece sees an inverted image. Example: If you see a "D" in the field of vision of a microscope, then "P" is written on transparent paper.
② The magnification of microscope is the product of the magnification of objective lens and eyepiece. 10X30=300
③ When the object image is seen in the lower left field of vision, the specimen should move the object image to the lower left to move to the center.
(4) Distinguish the position of the stain: move the film, and the stain will move with it, and the stain will be on the film; Turn the eyepiece, the stain will move with it, and the stain will be on the eyepiece; Move the bracket and eyepiece, the stain will not move, then the stain will be on the objective lens.
1 1. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of biological activities. Basic structure and function of cells
① Cell membrane-protects the internal structure of cells and controls the entry and exit of substances inside and outside cells.
② Cytoplasm-The cytoplasm of living cells has fluidity, which is beneficial to the material exchange between cells and the external environment.
③ Nucleus-plays an important role in biological inheritance. The nucleus contains genetic material.
④ Cell wall-support and protection.
12, unique structure of plant cells: cell wall, chloroplast and vacuole.
13, Preparation and Observation of Onion Epidermal Cell Slices
Manufacturing steps: (1) First, drop a drop of water in the center of a clean glass slide. (2) Tear off a small piece of transparent film from the inner surface of the scale leaf with tweezers. (3) Put the torn film into the water drop in the center of the glass slide and flatten it gently with a dissecting needle. (4) Clamp the edge of one side of a cover glass with tweezers, first touch the other side with water drops, and then gently lay it flat and cover it on the film, which can reduce the generation of bubbles. (5) Iodine staining. (6) observation under a low-power microscope
14. Preparation and observation of oral epithelial cells
(1) Drop a drop of normal saline in the center of a clean slide. (2) Rinse your mouth with cold boiled water and scrape it gently from the buccal wall of your mouth with a toothpick. (3) Put some crumbs attached to the toothpick in the normal saline on the glass slide for a few drops. (4) Cover the cover glass. (5) Iodine staining. (6) Observe under a low-power microscope.
15, the function of cell membrane: let useful substances enter the cell, keep other substances out of the cell, and at the same time discharge the waste generated in the cell.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are energy converters in cells.
Chloroplast: converts light energy into chemical energy and stores it in the organic matter it produces.
Mitochondria: release chemical energy from organic matter for use by cells.
17, the role of nucleus in biological inheritance
The control center of a cell is the nucleus. There are chromosomes in the nucleus, DNA in the chromosomes and genetic information in the DNA.
18. Cells produce new cells through division: in the process of division, the nucleus is first divided into two parts, and then the cytoplasm is divided into two parts, each part contains a nucleus. Finally, a new cell membrane is formed in the center of the original cell, and plant cells also form new cell walls. As a result, one cell divides into two cells.
19. Cells differentiate into tissues.
There are four main organizations of plants: meristem, conservation organization, nutrition organization and transportation organization.
The four major tissues of human body: epithelial tissue, nerve tissue, connective tissue and muscle tissue.
20. The structural level of human body: cell → tissue → organ → system → human body.
2 1. The structural level of plants: cells → tissues → organs → plants (plants are unsystematic).
Six organs of green flowering plants: roots, stems, leaves (belonging to vegetative organs), flowers, fruits and seeds (belonging to reproductive organs).
23. An organism with only one cell.
Yeast, paramecium, Chlamydomonas, Eupolyphaga, Amoeba and so on are all single-celled organisms, which can live independently and have all physiological activities.
The causes of red tide are eutrophication of water and a large number of single-celled organisms.
24, the morphological structure of the virus and the characteristics of life activities.
(1) Species: According to parasitic cells, it can be divided into animal virus, plant virus and bacterial virus (phage).
(2) Structure: It consists of protein shell and genetic material (nucleic acid). No cell structure.
Life: It must be parasitic in living cells.
Third unit
27. Distinguish common algae, mosses and ferns.
Algae: Most of them live in water and can carry out photosynthesis without differentiation of roots, stems and leaves.
Common algae plants: Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas, Kelp and Porphyra.
Bryophytes: Most of them live in humid land environment, with stems and leaves, and their roots are false roots. Leaves have only one layer of cells, and there is no differentiation of conductive tissues. They can be used as indicator plants to monitor the degree of air pollution.
Common bryophytes: pumpkin, reed.
Pteridophyte: Most of them live in humid environment and have roots, stems, leaves and conducting tissues.
Common ferns: fern, Selaginella, Azolla.
28. Distinguish common gymnosperms from angiosperms.
Gymnosperms: The seeds are bare and there is no pericarp coating outside. Such as pine, fir, cypress, ginkgo, cycad, etc.
Angiosperms: The seeds are covered with pericarp. Such as peaches, soybeans, rice, roses, etc.
29. Main structure of seeds (similarities and differences between kidney bean seeds and corn seeds)
similarities and differences
Bean seeds have seed coat, embryos have no endosperm, and nutrients are stored in cotyledons. Two cotyledons.
Corn seeds have seed coat, embryos have endosperm, and nutrients are stored in endosperm. Cotyledons.
Drop a drop of iodine on the corn profile and the endosperm will be dyed blue.
30, seed germination conditions
Self-condition: The seed must be intact, and the embryo must be alive and not dormant.
External conditions: suitable temperature, certain humidity and sufficient air.
3 1. The process of seed germination: firstly, it absorbs water (for transporting nutrition), the radicle breaks through the seed coat to form roots, the hypocotyl elongates, and the embryo develops into stems and leaves.
32, plant growth:
1) Growth of young roots: The division of meristem cells increases the number, and the growth of elongated cells increases the volume.
2) Branches develop from buds.
3) Nutrition of plant development: water, inorganic salts and organic matter.
Nitrogen-containing inorganic salts: promote the growth of branches and leaves. Phosphorus-containing inorganic salts: promoting fruit formation
Potassium-containing inorganic salts: promote the growth of stems
Learn how to design experiments to prove that plants need nitrogen-containing inorganic salts.
33. Structure of peach blossom: flower stalk, sepals, petals, pistil (stigma, style, ovary), stamens (anthers, filaments).
34, the formation of fruits and seeds
Pollination: The process of pollen falling from anther to pistil stigma, which is called pollination.
Double fertilization: after the pollen falls on the stigma, it begins to germinate under the stimulation of mucus on the stigma and grows pollen tubes. The pollen tube passes through the style, enters the ovary and reaches the ovule. Sperm in pollen tube moves downward with the elongation of pollen tube and finally enters the ovule. There are egg cells in the ovule, which combine with sperm to form fertilized eggs, and polar nuclei combine with sperm to form fertilization polar nuclei.
Formation of fruits and seeds: petals, stamens, stigmas and styles → wither.
Ovary → ovary wall of fruit → pericarp ovule → seed integument → seed coat
Fertilized egg → embryo fertilization polar nucleus → endosperm
35. Characteristics of root system suitable for water absorption: The part of root system that absorbs water is mainly the mature area of root tip. There are a lot of root hairs in the mature area.
Function of conduit: transport water and inorganic salts.
Water is transported from bottom to top by conduit, and nutrients are transported from top to bottom by sieve tube.
36. Transpiration: Stomata are the gateway of plant transpiration and water loss, and also the window of gas exchange. Stomata are composed of a pair of guard cells.
The significance of transpiration: promoting plants to absorb water; Promote the transportation of water and inorganic salts by plants; Calm down.
37, photosynthesis:
① Conditions: light energy, chloroplast raw materials: carbon dioxide, aquatic products: organic matter, oxygen.
optical energy
② Formula: carbon dioxide+water+organic matter+oxygen.
Chloroplast (storing energy)
③ The application of photosynthesis principle in production: rational close planting, increasing illumination, increasing carbon dioxide concentration, etc.
④ The experimental steps of "green leaves make organic matter under illumination" are: dark treatment (organic matter in leaves is exhausted); Partial shadow; After a few hours of illumination, heat in water (remove chlorophyll with alcohol); Rinse with clear water and add iodine solution dropwise. The results showed that the shading part did not change to blue, and the light part turned to blue, which proved that the green leaves made starch under light.
38, the respiration of plants
Concept: Plant cells use oxygen to decompose organic matter into carbon dioxide and water, and release the energy stored in organic matter to meet the needs of life activities. This process is called plant respiration. Breathing is mainly carried out in mitochondria.
② Formula: organic matter+oxygen+carbon dioxide+water+energy.
(storing energy)
(3) Breathing is a common feature of living things. Carbon dioxide has the property of making clear limewater turbid.
④ Application of respiration principle in production: fresh-keeping of fruits and vegetables: cooling properly and filling with nitrogen or carbon dioxide; When storing seeds, dry them in the sun, cool them and inflate them. Loosening soil and draining water can promote root respiration; Increasing the temperature difference between day and night properly and reducing respiration can improve crop yield.
Fourth unit
The ancestors of modern apes and humans are forest apes.
Structure and function of male and female reproductive system
Male: Testicle-produces sperm and secretes androgen.
Female: ovary-produces egg cells and secretes estrogen.
Uterus-the place where embryos develop, and the place where fetuses exchange materials with their mothers is the placenta.
Fallopian tube-the place of fertilization
4 1 Physical changes in adolescence
(1) The height suddenly increased, and the nervous system and cardiopulmonary functions were also significantly enhanced.
(2) Rapid development of sexual organs: boys have nocturnal emission, and girls will menstruate.
42 main nutrients needed by human body
Six nutrients: sugar, fat, protein, water, inorganic salts and vitamins.
Water: About 60%-70% of body weight.
Inorganic salts: calcium-children are prone to rickets (chicken breast, X-shaped or O-shaped legs) due to calcium deficiency, and milk.
Middle-aged and elderly people are prone to osteoporosis.
Phosphorus-anorexia, anemia, myasthenia, bone pain
Iron-iron deficiency anemia (fatigue, dizziness) animal liver, spinach
Iodine goiter, children's physical and mental development disorders kelp, seaweed, iodized salt
Zinc-stunted and bad taste.
Vitamin A- cod liver oil and animal liver, used for dry skin, night blindness and dry eye.
Vitamin b 1- neuritis, beriberi, dyspepsia, loss of appetite
Vitamin C- scurvy, decreased resistance, bleeding gums, oranges
Vitamin d- rickets, osteoporosis, milk, etc.
44 the composition of the human digestive system:
Digestive tract: oral cavity → pharynx → esophagus → stomach → small intestine (duodenum) → large intestine → anus.
Digestive gland: salivary gland-salivary amylase liver-bile (emulsifying fat into fat particles)
The stomach glands-pepsin, pancreas and intestinal glands-contain enzymes that digest sugar, protein and fat.
Digestion of food and absorption of nutrients
For oral cavity, salivary amylase in oral cavity converts starch into maltose, gastric juice in stomach mainly digests protein, and intestinal juice, pancreatic juice and bile in small intestine digest sugar, protein and fat. Protein breaks down into amino acids and starch breaks down into glucose.
Starch maltose glucose; Fatty glycerol and fatty acids
Amino acids, the main products of protein.
Food is digested in the digestive tract and eventually decomposed into nutrients that can be absorbed by the human body, such as glucose and amino acids. Small intestine is the main organ for human body to absorb nutrition. After various nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine and other places, they are transported to the whole body with the blood of internal blood vessels. The stomach can absorb water, inorganic salts and alcohol. The large intestine absorbs a small amount of water, inorganic salts and some vitamins.
Salivary amylase that begins to digest oral sugar.
Stomach protein begins to digest pepsin.
Small intestine sugar, protein and fat can digest enzymes that digest sugar, fat and protein.
46 Pay attention to food safety
① Pay attention to the nutritional ingredients on food packaging, whether there are additives, production date, shelf life, manufacturer and production address, etc.
(2) According to the production date and shelf life, calculate whether it has expired.
(3) When buying food, it depends on whether the color of the food is fresh, whether it is stiff by hand, whether the color is shiny and smelly when buying fish, and whether the meat is stamped with the seal of the quarantine department.
Composition of human respiratory system
The respiratory system consists of respiratory tract and lungs.
The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchus in the respiratory system are the channels for gas to enter and leave the lungs, which are called respiratory tract. It is a channel for gas to enter and exit, which makes the gas entering the lungs warm, moist and clean.
The nose is the starting position of the respiratory tract, and the throat is the channel for breathing and the organ for making sounds. The lung is the main organ of the respiratory system.
47. Gas exchange between alveoli and blood:
When inhaling, the diaphragm contracts, the upper and lower diameters of the chest cavity increase, the intercostal muscles contract, the anterior and posterior diameters and the left and right diameters of the chest cavity increase, the lung expands, the air pressure in the lung is less than the external pressure, and the gas enters from the outside. Exhale is the opposite.
At the end of inhalation and exhalation, the air pressure in the lungs is equal to the external air pressure.
In exhaled gas, the oxygen content decreases and the carbon dioxide content increases.
Gas exchange is achieved by gas diffusion.
Composition and function of blood
Blood consists of plasma and blood cells.
(1) plasma (morphology): After blood stratification, the upper layer is light yellow transparent liquid.
(Function): Carrying blood cells, transporting substances needed to maintain human life activities and wastes generated in the body.
(2) Blood cells: including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
A. red blood cells: (shape) round cakes with concave sides. Mature red blood cells have no nucleus.
(Features) Hemoglobin is easy to combine with oxygen in places with high oxygen content and easy to separate from oxygen in places with low oxygen content.
(Function): It has the function of transporting oxygen.
B. White blood cells: (morphology): nucleated and spherical. Function: defense and protection.
Features: White blood cells can penetrate the capillary wall, concentrate on the invasion site of germs, surround and devour germs.
C. Platelets: morphology: irregular shape, no nucleus. Function: It can stop bleeding and accelerate blood coagulation.
49 Structure and function of three kinds of blood vessels
Concept and function of vascular types.
Centrifugal tube for arterial blood supply has the advantages of thick wall, high elasticity and fast blood flow rate.
The venous return blood vessel has thin wall, small elasticity and slow blood flow.
Capillaries connect at least the blood vessels between arteries and veins. The place where substances exchange between blood and cells is very thin and consists of a layer of epithelial cells, and the blood flow velocity in the tube is the slowest.
50 Structure and function of heart (P68 diagram)
The heart wall is mainly composed of myocardium. The heart has four chambers: left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle and right ventricle. Aorta connects left ventricle, pulmonary artery connects right ventricle, superior and inferior vena cava connects right atrium, and pulmonary vein connects left atrium. The role of atrioventricular valve and arterial valve is to ensure that blood can only flow in a certain direction, but not in reverse.
5 1 human systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation (P70)
Systemic circulation: left ventricular aorta, arteries at all levels, systemic capillary network, veins at all levels, superior and inferior vena cava, right atrium (making arterial blood become venous blood)
Pulmonary circulation: right ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary capillary network, pulmonary vein, left atrium (making venous blood into arterial blood)
Distinguish arterial blood from venous blood
Arterial blood: rich in oxygen and bright red in color.
Venous blood: low oxygen content, dark red color.
Blood transfusion, blood type and voluntary blood donation
During blood transfusion, the principle of blood transfusion of the same blood type should be adopted. O-type blood is a universal transfusion donor and AB-type blood is a universal recipient.
Since 1998, China has implemented a voluntary blood donation system to encourage healthy citizens aged 18~55 to donate blood voluntarily. Healthy adults donate 200 ~ 300ml of blood each time, which will not affect their health.
The composition of human urinary system: kidney (producing urine), ureter, bladder (temporarily storing urine) and urethra.
The formation and excretion of urine.
Formation of urine: nephron is the basic unit of kidney structure and function, which consists of glomerulus, renal capsule and renal tubule.
The formation of urine mainly goes through two continuous processes: filtration and reabsorption. When blood flows through the glomerular and renal capsule wall, some substances in plasma, such as water, inorganic salts, glucose, urea, etc., except protein and macromolecules of blood cells, can enter the renal capsule through glomerular filtration. The fluid in the renal capsule is called protourine. The urine produced by human body every day is about 150 liter.
When the original urine flows through the renal tubule, all glucose, most water and some inorganic salts are reabsorbed by the renal tubule, enter the capillaries around the renal tubule and return to the blood, while the remaining water, inorganic salts and urea form urine. The human body excretes about 1.5 liters of urine every day.
Urine excretion: urine formed in the kidney flows into the bladder through the ureter for temporary storage. When the urine in the bladder is stored to a certain amount, people will feel micturition, micturition and urine will be excreted through the urethra.
Urinating can not only discharge waste, but also regulate the balance of water and inorganic salts in the body and maintain the normal physiological functions of tissues and cells.
If there are protein and blood cells in urine, it is a glomerular problem; if there is glucose in urine, it may be a renal tubular lesion.
56. The structure of the eyeball and the formation of vision:
The main structures related to visual formation are cornea, iris, lens, vitreous body and retina.
Pupil: adjust the intensity of light entering the eyeball; The role of the lens: refract light and image on the retina.
The formation of vision: the light reflected by external objects passes through the cornea, pupil, lens and vitreous body, refracted by the lens, and finally falls on the retina to form an object image. Photosensitive cells on the retina transmit image information to the visual center of the cerebral cortex through the optic nerve, forming vision.
Pseudomyopia is due to the long-term contraction of ciliary muscle and the excessive curvature of lens, which leads to the object image formed by nearby objects falling in front of retina, while true myopia is due to the long anterior-posterior diameter of eyeball. You can wear a concave lens to correct it.
The formation of hearing: external sound waves pass through the external auditory canal to the tympanic membrane, causing the tympanic membrane to vibrate, passing through the ossicles to the auditory receptors in the cochlea, generating nerve impulses, and passing through the auditory nerve to the auditory pathway of the cerebral cortex, forming hearing.
57. The composition and function of the nervous system:
cerebrum
Cerebellum of central nervous system
brainstem
The composition of the nervous system spinal cord
Cranial nerve of peripheral nervous system
spinal nerve
Neurons are the basic units that constitute the structure and function of the nervous system, and have the functions of receiving stimulation, generating excitement and conducting excitement. 58. The basic way of neural regulation and the structure of reflex arc:
The basic way of neuromodulation is reflex. The structural basis of reflection is reflex arc,
Reflex: The regular response of the human body to various external or internal stimuli through the nervous system.
The structure of reflex arc: receptor → afferent nerve → nerve center → efferent nerve → effector.
Reflection type:
Simple reflexes-natural, such as shrinking hands, blinking, urinating, jumping knees, etc.
Complex reflex-is gradually formed by the accumulation of human life experience, such as: looking at plums to quench thirst, talking about plums secreting saliva, etc. Talking about plum quenching thirst and other reflections related to language and writing are unique to human beings.
59. The role of several hormones in the human body:
Exocrine glands: ductal salivary glands and sweat glands.
Endocrine gland: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus gland, islet and gonad that directly enter the blood circulation.
(2) Hormone: Trace chemical substances secreted by endocrine gland cells have a special regulatory effect on the body.
Symptoms of hormone secretion by endocrine glands
The development and function of thyroid hormone central nervous system can improve the excitability of nervous system. Dementia, hyperthyroidism, endemic goiter
Pituitary growth hormone promotes bone development and regulates growth and development. Dwarfism, gigantism and acromegaly
Islet insulin regulates glucose metabolism and reduces blood glucose concentration. Symptoms of diabetes and hypoglycemia
60. The impact of human activities on biology:
(1) Deforestation seriously damages the ecological environment, exacerbates soil erosion and causes sandstorms.
(2) Air pollution will form acid rain.
(3) Water pollution will destroy the water ecosystem.
(4) Invasion of alien species will seriously harm local organisms.
(5) Human activities will also improve the ecological environment.
Fifth unit
Animals can be divided into vertebrates and invertebrates according to whether they have backbones or not. There are 6.5438+0.5 million known animal species, among which there are more than 6.5438+0.5 million insects, which is the most diverse group.
6 1. Fish: Swimming depends on the swing of tail and the coordination of fins. The swing of the trunk and tail produces the power to move forward. The pectoral fin, ventral fin and dorsal fin maintain the balance of the fish, and the caudal fin controls the direction of movement; Gills are the respiratory organs of fish, and the gill filaments are densely covered with capillaries, which can absorb oxygen dissolved in water. Warm animals that lay eggs.
Coelenterates; With a mouth but no anus. Such as anemones, jellyfish and corals.
Molluscs: Molluscs are protected by shells. Such as octopus, squid, mussel, snail, etc.
Crustacea: There are hard nails on the body surface. Such as shrimp, crab, Daphnia, etc.
62. Earthworms: 1 live in humid soil rich in humus. 2. Feed on dead leaves and rotten roots of plants. 3. Make the body squirm through the cooperation of muscles and bristles (moving faster on rough paper than on glass plate); Body segmentation makes body movement more flexible. 4. Breathe by the body wall that can secrete mucus and keep it moist all the time. 5, annelids, such as Nereis, leeches, etc.
63. The main characteristics of mammals:
Body surface coat; Teeth are divided into incisors, canines and molars; There is a diaphragm in the body cavity; Breathe with the lungs; The heart has four chambers; Constant body temperature; Developed brain; Most of them are viviparous and breastfeeding.
The characteristics of rabbits adapting to phytophagy are: incisors (cutting off food) and molars (grinding food) are developed, canine teeth (tearing food) are missing, and cecum is developed.
64. Animals flying in the air:
① Bird: 1, streamlined body, specialized forelimbs, wings and feathers; 2, the digestive system is developed, the rectum is short, and the food residue is discharged quickly. 3, the sternum has a keel-like process, which is convenient for the development of chest muscles. 4. The developed airbag can reduce weight, double breathing and improve gas exchange efficiency. 5, the heart is developed and the heart rate is fast. 5. The body temperature is high and constant.
② Insects: 1. Features: The body is divided into three parts: the chest and abdomen, and the wings and feet are born in the chest. 2. The function of exoskeleton: support and protect the internal soft tissue and prevent the evaporation of water in the body. 3. Insects are the only invertebrates that can fly. Flying expands the range of activities and is conducive to foraging and reproduction.
③ Arthropods: 1. Features: The body is composed of many segments, and the body surface is divided by exoskeleton, feet and antennae. 2, such as: all insects, spiders, centipedes, shrimps, crabs, etc.
Amphibians: larvae live in water, breathe through gills, adults live in amphibians, breathe through lungs, breathe through skin, and develop metamorphosis. Such as frogs and toads.
65. The structure and characteristics of skeletal muscle:
Structure: Tendon: the thin milky white part at both ends of skeletal muscle, and a group of muscles are always attached to two different bones.
Abdomen: the thicker part in the middle
Features: No matter what kind of stimulation (including excitement from nerves), muscles will contract, stop stimulation and relax.
Joints include joint head, joint fossa, joint cartilage, joint capsule and joint cavity.
Structures that make joints strong: joint capsule, ligaments inside and outside the joint;
Structures that make joints flexible: articular cartilage (reducing friction and buffering vibration) and synovial fluid secreted by joint capsule.
66. According to the way of behavior acquisition, it can be divided into innate behavior and learning behavior of animals:
Congenital behavior (1): It is the innate behavior of animals, which is determined by their genetic material. For example, bees that collect honey, and hens that have lost their cubs raise kittens.
(2) Learning behavior: It is the behavior obtained from life experience and learning through the role of environmental factors on the basis of genetic factors, which is called learning behavior, such as parroting, counting dogs and monkeys performing tricks.
Social behavior characteristics: the division of labor and cooperation between groups are clear, and some have a hierarchical system.
There is movement, sound, smell, etc. In the way of group information exchange. Transmission of validity pheromone of butterfly moth.
67. The role of animals in nature:
(1) Maintain ecological balance (2) Promote material circulation in the ecosystem (3) Help plants pollinate and spread seeds.
Bioreactor: Using biology as production workshop to produce substances needed by human beings has the advantages of low cost, high efficiency, simple equipment and less pollution.
Bionics: thin-shell flight technology of aircraft-armored radar of birds-turtles-echolocation of bats
Fluorescent lamp-the luminous principle of fireflies-giraffe's neck in spacesuit
Sixth unit
68. Morphological structure and reproduction mode of bacteria.
Culture step: culture medium preparation, high-temperature disinfection, inoculation and culture.
Living conditions: moisture, suitable temperature, organic matter, certain living space and some special conditions.
The discoverer of bacteria: Levin? Hook. Father of microorganism: Pasteur.
Morphology of bacteria: spherical, rod-shaped and spiral.
The structure of bacteria: cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and some flagella and capsule. There are no forming nuclei, chloroplasts
Lifestyle: heterotrophic.
The way of reproduction is fission reproduction.
Spore is a dormant body, not a germ cell, which has strong resistance to adverse environment and can germinate into bacteria when it falls in a suitable environment.
70. The nutrition mode of mold and mushroom: There is no chloroplast in the cell, and ready-made organic matter is used to obtain the material and energy needed for life activities.
7 1. The difference between bacteria and fungi: there is no nucleus formed in bacteria.
Fungi: There are real nuclei and spores in cells.
72. The role of bacteria and fungi in the material cycle.
① Participate in the material cycle as decomposers: bacteria and fungi decompose animal and plant remains into CO2, water and inorganic salts.
② Causes diseases of animals, plants and people.
③ Symbiosis with animals and plants: lichen (symbiosis with fungi and algae).
Nodules (rhizobia are symbiotic with plants, and rhizobia can fix nitrogen)
72. Microbes and human life:
(1) food production:
Yeast-when there is no oxygen, it breaks down the sugar in food and produces alcohol and carbon dioxide, such as when making wine.
When there is oxygen, the sugar in food decomposes to produce carbon dioxide and water, such as steamed bread, steamed stuffed bun and bread.
Lactic acid bacteria-converts glucose into lactic acid under anaerobic conditions. Make yogurt, pickles, etc.
Lactic acid bacteria is a kind of bacterial insecticide.
Penicillium b causes fruit rot.
Methanogenic bacteria produce pickles.
Yeast nitrogen fixation
Bacillus subtilis E makes people suffer from tonsillitis.
Purification of sewage by Bacillus thuringiensis
Making steamed bread and bread with Streptococcus Gramineae
Penicillin production by rhizobia h
② Causes of food spoilage: It is caused by the growth and reproduction of bacteria and fungi in food.
Anticorrosion: dehydration, salting, smoking, vacuum packaging, freezing, canning, pasteur disinfection, etc.
③ Drugs: antibiotics and drugs produced by genetically modified organisms.
④ Purifying the environment: anaerobic bacteria decompose organic matter to produce methane. Aerobic bacteria produce carbon dioxide and water.