catalogue
Related concepts of 1
Legendary monster
Ding and gluttony
Gluttony and gluttony
Metaphor greed
One of the four murderers.
Other explanations
extended meaning
2 historical records
3 related issues
4 decorative patterns-ancient gluttonous culture
Religious culture
spirits culture
Architectural art
Furniture decoration
music
5 Overeating Night
Related concepts of 1
Legendary monster
Taotie image
Taotie image
In ancient Zhong Ding, the shape of the head was carved on Yi vessels as decoration. "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals": "If you are greedy, you can eat it, but if you don't swallow it, it will harm you." "Classic Wonder Book of Southwest Wilderness": "Southwest is a sea of people, hairy, greedy as a wolf, greedy for their own money, and does not eat other people's valleys. The strong seize the old and the weak, and fear to strike the order, which is called gluttony. " "Song Shaobo recorded after listening" Volume 26: "Shao Shengchu, his ancestor was an official in Chang 'an Mansion. He sold soup and cakes in front of the temple of Emperor Gaozu in Xicheng, and got a white jade, which was more than a foot high. Carved with clouds and dragons all over the ground, it is built into a mountain in the sea, which is enough for gluttony and is the treasure of three generations. "With the changes of the times, the gluttonous pattern in the business harmony symbolizes the meaning of governing the country and is gradually forgotten by people. Later generations have exaggerated the gluttonous part of the gluttonous image. Su Dongpo once wrote an article "Ode to a Gourmet", saying that "the beauty of polymers is made to support my gourmets", adding cuteness to gluttony. Up to now, friends who like food are called "gluttony".
In Shan Hai Jing, the word "you are an owl" refers to gluttony.
Dragon gave birth to nine sons, namely: prison cow, yazi, Chifeng, Bulong, armadillo, armadillo, kiss, gluttony, pepper map and centipede.
Ding and gluttony
Gourmet food, so stand in the tripod cover. He also said that gluttony is called gluttony, so gourmets are commonly known as "gourmets"; Greedy for money. Represents greed in human nature.
Shu Wei Huan Xuan Chuan, a greedy and disabled person: "Take the pride of concubines, almost like six bodies, and make ministers and servants shoot as matchmakers, and the long history is to welcome guests and celebrate the long autumn." Sun Hua's "Send Millet" in the Qing Dynasty: "Make officials eat and drink, and the imperial edict is empty." Zhang Daiyi: "Therefore, the greedy husband is in the court and gluttonous in the big court."
Gluttony and gluttony
The first act of Cao Yu's Peking Man: "And he is the most particular about eating. He is a famous glutton and is good at tasting the beauty and evil of food. " Gluttony is an ancient biography of China.
A person who loves ...
Gluttony (14)
The biggest feature of god beast is that it can eat. It is a fictional mysterious monster. This monster has no body because he eats his own body too much, only a big head and a big mouth. He was so greedy that he finally ate himself. It is a symbol of greed, so it is often used to describe greedy or greedy people.
Tang Du Fu's poem "Chewing": "Pretend to be a thief, gluttonous." Qing Li Yu's "Nai Tian Companion Vinegar": "In the end, I don't feel gluttonous, and the first guest is empty." Nie Gannu's "On Lu Xun": "The evil spirits of human beings live on these living bones, and they eat human flesh from death to life."
Metaphor greed
Greedy and incomplete "Old Tang Wenshuyuan Xia Chuan Ada": "There is no policy of clearing benefits at home, but there is gluttony; There is no loyalty, but there is a crime of rape. " Ai Qing's poem "Reed Flute Ma Qian": "Its gluttonous swallowing of whales can make the rich land of the East suffer from locust plague and drought, which is beyond saving!"
One of the four murderers.
"Zuo Zhuan Wen Zhuan Gong Eighteen Years": "Yao, a guest in four doors, four fierce families, chaos, and gluttony, voted for four generations to resist charm. It is because of the collapse of Yao that the world is one, and it is one, thinking that the son of heaven, with sixteen differences and four evils. " Lu Chunqiu Yijun [1]: "North of Sakamoto, Eagle, Bird, Land to Be Seen, Land of Gluttony, Qiong Qi." See the four fierce entries. The Four Fierces are just metaphors of chaos, Qiong Qi, elegance and gluttony.
Other explanations
Gluttony is a tattoo totem, with Australian aborigines as the offshoot of Kabang, Hainan Li people as Taotan, and Xiangxi Miao people as disciples. "The Biography of Nan Man in the Later Han Dynasty": The famous canal commander said that the delicate husband and wife called for disciples.
In the Southern Dynasties, the surname of Liang Sai-jo gave Wuling Ji Wang a gluttonous surname. See Liang Shu's Biography of King Wuling.
Gluttony, one of the seven deadly sins in Divine Comedy, is wasting food, or indulging one's appetite excessively, drinking too much or hoarding too much food. Dante's view is "excessive greed for pleasure."
extended meaning
The original meaning of "gluttony" is gluttony, but in modern catering industry, gluttony is extended to "being able to eat". For example, the word "Gourmet" in the monthly magazine "Gourmet" of Zhou Jiming's point house (teahouse) in Guangzhou is the exclusive reputation of those diners who love and can eat, and many gourmets also gladly call themselves "Gourmets".
2 historical records
It is recorded in Ci Hai: Gluttony.
It is a legendary gluttonous beast. In ancient Zhong Ding, the shape of its head was carved as a decoration. When explaining the word gluttony in Ci Hai, it is said that gluttony is "greed". In A Brief History of Rites and Music, Yan Shigu noted: "Greedy is gluttony. "Especially gluttony."
"Lingyi Jing Southwest Wilderness Jing": "There are people in the southwest, with hair on their bodies and tapirs on their heads. Greed is like evil, gathering wealth without using it, stealing people's food (the original sentence "gathering wealth without eating people's food" was changed according to the historical records of the five emperors). The strong take the old and the weak, and fear to attack the single, which is called gluttony. " Spring and Autumn Annals is a gluttonous person, and Jinyun is also a talented person. "
"Zuo Gong Eighteen Years" says: "Jinyun's family is incompetent, gluttonous, bribing with goods, invading luxury, and can't be tired; Accumulate facts and don't know the truth; No matter who is widowed, there is no pity. People in the world are more fierce than the third watch, which is called gluttony. " This is the so-called Spring and Autumn Annals in the mind.
"Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals": "Gluttony, with its body, cannibalism has not swallowed its body, and it is more rewarding."
Song's Biography of Human-God: "The God of Human-God is not very common. There are three generations of barbarians, as many as Human-God, which is a ring of greed and abuse. Its image rate is animal-shaped and its meat wings are rich. " If you slap what you say, you are almost greedy.
Zuo Zhuan says that gluttony is "the Jinyun family is not a gifted scholar", and Historical Records of the Five Emperors says: "The Jinyun family is a gifted scholar, greedy for food and goods, and the world calls it gluttony." Jia Xuan was quoted in Historical Records of the Five Emperors: "Jinyun, surnamed Jiang, descended from Emperor Yan, was an official in Jinyun when the Yellow Emperor was there." Jiang Chiyou's surname is also a descendant of Emperor Yan (Biography of Daoshi Chiyou), so Chiyou is probably the "incompetent" gluttony of Jinyun. According to legend, gluttony is the resentment after being beheaded after being defeated by Emperor Yanhuang, and it has the ability to devour everything. It was sealed by the Yellow Emperor with a Xuanyuan sword (with a dragon tattoo on it) and guarded by the lion family for generations (a gatekeeper lion). And "Yan Yan" recorded in The Two Classics of Shan Hai Jing Bates is considered by Guo Pu to be the gluttony in Zuo Zhuan.
Genie: There is an evil beast at the southernmost tip of China, with four black eyes, a long neck and four feet. It is fierce and extremely greedy. It would be a disaster if the March was swift and violent. A kind of dragon water beast, its head is diagonal, its surroundings are cold, mostly bluish-white, and it is dozens of feet long, sometimes gentle and sometimes violent, and it flies up and stirs up dozens of feet of water waves, which is extremely powerful.
There is a cloud in Shan Hai Jing Bei Shan Jing: "There is more jade on the mountain and more copper on the mountain in Wu Gou. There is a wild animal that looks like a sheep's body and a human face. Its eyes are under its arm and its teeth are claws. It sounds like a baby and is called cannibalism.
There is a cloud in the Western Divine Classic: "Gluttony, the name of the animal, the body is like an ox, the face is like a man, and the eyes are under his arm, eating people."
3 related issues
First, gluttony is a kind of "evil beast", not a fish, snake, python or crocodile, not a fish or reptile.
There are also gluttonous patterns in Shang and Ci Hai. As long as you look at it, you can recognize who that fierce beast looks like, very much like the front of a wolf, with round eyes and fierce eyes.
The second is overeating.
This characteristic clearly points out the characteristics of wolves. "Extreme gluttony" is one of the most prominent characteristics of coyotes. If you don't believe me, you can ask the old herdsmen who is the most "gluttonous beast" in the world. The answer must be a wolf. As we all know, "greed" is synonymous with wolf nature. Dong Zhongshu said that greed for wolves was a common custom in Qin dynasty, and he also juxtaposed greed with wolves. People in China always describe gluttony as "gorging" and put wolves in front of tigers. Wolves are more greedy than tigers. When describing greed, they all say "wolf ambition", not "tiger ambition"
Because gluttony has the characteristics of "evil beast" and "very gluttonous wolf", and the gluttonous mode is very similar to a wolf. Therefore, the legendary gluttony is probably a wolf, or a beast evolved from a wolf.
Third, gluttony has become the main decoration of business and harmony, which involves a series of problems.
Baoding was an important weapon of the Chinese nation in the Bronze Age. In the Zhou Dynasty, "Ding" was a symbol of the supreme royal power, and it was also a ritual instrument for offering sacrifices to heaven and ancestors. Ding is a national "totem pole" in the eyes of Chinese ancestors. Therefore, only the totem belonging to the nation is qualified to ascend such a lofty position and be engraved and cast on the Baoding.
This phenomenon also reflects two problems: First, in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the Chinese nation was a dragon totem, and the totem worship heritage of Yan Di and the ancestors of the Yellow Emperor may still exist. Because Zhou originated in Xirong, and Xirong is mostly a nomadic people who worship wolf totem; Second, the "dragon" at that time may not have been generally accepted, and it has not really become the national totem of the Chinese nation. Otherwise, Baoding, a symbol of kingship, will definitely use dragons as its main decoration. Moreover, at that time, Zhou had not sat in the dragon chair. At that time, he continued the nomadic legacy of China people: sitting on the floor.
The decorative patterns on the Zhou Ding are mainly composed of gluttonous patterns and moire patterns, and moire patterns surround them. Obviously, the gluttonous beast is in the sky, sticking its head out of the clouds and looking down at the world. Its body is hidden in the clouds. I don't know whether there is a snake body or a dragon body, but if the dragon body is attached to the back of the gluttonous head, it is not far from the later standard dragon. So I think there may be a transitional stage between the wolf totem and the dragon totem. Gluttony not only has the character of a wolf, but also has the ferocious face of the context.
The real name and prototype of the beast referred to in the animal face pattern have long been buried in an era that cannot be reproduced. Later generations were named gluttonous because of their ferocious, mysterious and horrible faces, and some of them still had heads in their mouths. Gourmets were originally used in Zuo Zhuan to describe heartless people who are greedy for money and food. Modern scholars point out that it is far-fetched to name the animal tattoo as a gluttonous person, which goes against the social and cultural situation in Shang and Zhou Dynasties.
Because of its fierce and horrible face and notorious gluttony, the trace of this beast in the cultural and artistic evolution of China is almost impossible to find. In the mid-Western Zhou Dynasty, animal ornamentation, which had prevailed for hundreds of years, suddenly withdrew from the main pattern of bronze decoration. However, several animal patterns, such as dragon, tiger, phoenix and turtle, which appeared on bronzes at the same time, appeared in official and folk cultures in the later cultural evolution, and became the most famous mascot and endless theme of artistic expression in China culture. Dragons, in particular, in the bronze age, mostly had the same ferocious face as gluttonous patterns. As far as mystery, power and status are concerned, dragons were far less than gluttony in the Bronze Age. However, the dragon later ascended the highest throne of China's cultural and political symbol, and the supreme "gluttony" in the Bronze Age has been hard to find.
4 decorative patterns-ancient gluttonous culture
This kind of gluttonous decorative pattern first appeared on the jade articles of Liangzhu culture in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River 5,000 years ago, but it was more common on bronzes, especially on Ding, and as far away as Erlitou Xia culture.
However, the name "gluttonous pattern" did not exist in ancient times, but was named by Song people when epigraphy rose. The most perfect gluttonous mask is 2 1.0 cm high, which is now in the Seattle Library. This decoration usually takes the bridge of the nose as the center line and is symmetrically arranged on both sides.
What exactly does gluttony mean? There have been different opinions, and there is no conclusion so far. There are many types of gluttonous patterns in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, some of which are like dragons, tigers, cows, deer and mandrills. Others are birds, phoenixes and people. Among all the decorative patterns, the gluttonous pattern is the most widely recognized tiger shape. Many scholars engaged in the study of primitive culture and art believe that the gluttonous pattern is an exaggerated deformation of the tiger pattern.
In ancient times, the tiger was also a very important god beast. Later, the figure of a wizard riding a tiger appeared in the cultural relics.
Tao Tao Wen ornaments
Gourmet ornaments (8 pieces)
In the long cultural history of China, there was a long stage of dragon and tiger worship before the worship of "Dragon and Phoenix". From the Eastern Zhou Dynasty to the Western Han Dynasty, Long Hudou's pattern modeling was very popular, among which the Long Hudou figure unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb was the most exquisite and extraordinary. The ancients thought that the tiger was a yang beast, "the cloud follows the dragon and the wind follows the tiger." Fighting between dragons and tigers means intercourse between yin and yang. In the Han Dynasty, Black Dragon, White Tiger, Suzaku and Xuanwu respectively represented the four astronomical officials in the Middle East, the West, the South and the North. At least, in the early history of China, the status of the tiger was not lower than that of the dragon. However, the description of the magical power of the tiger in ancient books is obviously difficult to compare with the prominent position of gluttony in bronze wares.
Legend has it that the dragon gave birth tāo tiè sons, and the fifth son is called gluttony, which is a fierce and cruel Warcraft in ancient times. It likes cannibalism and eats a lot.
Because gluttony is a fierce Warcraft with great power, it is regarded as a symbol of possession by many ethnic minorities in the north. Carve its pattern on utensils and food plates, thinking that with the help of gluttony, it will not be swallowed up by other wild animals. Later, it gradually replaced the cruel side of eating people and became a god beast. [2]
Religious culture
For example, the bronze pattern of the Shang dynasty elephant cover: the height of the device is 17.7 cm, which consists of three parts: the body, the foot and the cover. The cover is decorated with gluttonous patterns, with thin clouds and thunder patterns on the substrate. The belly of a vessel is greedy. Animal patterns have religious significance. There are gluttonous patterns on all kinds of ding in Shang Dynasty. Ding is the most common and mysterious vessel when ancestors offered sacrifices, which has strong religious significance.
For example, the gluttonous bronze wares unearthed in Lijiahe, Pinggu, Beijing (Shang Dynasty) are 27 cm high and 7.5 cm in diameter. The abdomen is decorated with gluttonous patterns, and the upper and lower parts are decorated with sacrificial beads.
spirits culture
Shuowen is respected as a wine container for offering sacrifices or entertaining guests. Don Li Bai: "The morning traveler Gefeng lives in the village at dusk. The old man in the village saw Yu and opened a statue for Yu. " "Zun" refers to the container for holding wine, which is equivalent to a modern hip flask. 19 12 a bronze statue of Shang dynasty gluttony unearthed in Qianshan county, Anhui province, has been buried underground for more than 3000 years and is still green and beautiful. This statue is 2 1.5cm high, 9.4cm in diameter and 2kg in weight. Trumpet-shaped, high neck, bulging belly and round foot, named after the gluttonous pattern of utensils and jewelry. The gluttonous pattern symbolizes the face of the gluttonous beast in ancient legends. From Shang Dynasty to Western Zhou Dynasty, it was often used as the theme decoration on vessels, and most of them were lined with Yun Leiwen, with many patterns.
Another example is the bronze statue of the bull's head: Shang (BC 1600-BC 1046), with a height of 30.5 cm and a caliber of 28 cm. 1982 unearthed from Xiangyang Hui food factory in Zhengzhou, used as a sacrificial tool for ancestors. Its gluttonous tattoo is a wine vessel that can only be used by five nobles in Shang Dynasty. Jue is a drinking vessel, with a "stream" of drinking in front, a cup in the middle, a tail at the back, ears on one side and three feet at the bottom. There is a pillar between the "Liu" and the cup, which can not only be decorated, but also stand against the bridge of the nose when drinking to prevent excessive drinking. Jue, gradually disappeared after the early Western Zhou Dynasty.