The Tale of Genji, the world's oldest novel, celebrated its millennial birthday on October 1. It is known as "a literary masterpiece that has made the Japanese nation proud for a whole century". With its unique small universe, it has influenced several generations of writers from the Edo era to the present, leaving a colorful mark on the history of literature and the world of novels.

The Tale of Genji is composed of short stories, with loose connection and simple narration, and there is no inevitable connection between the passage of time and the changes of characters' personalities. Even as a novel, its structure is composed of short forms. This feature runs through the whole history of Japanese literature and becomes a tradition.

the lascivious generation of men, written more than 311 years ago by Hiroyuki Ihara, a great literary master in the Edo era, imitates the Tale of Genji in structure, and writes 54 short stories about the life experience of the protagonist "Shisuke" from the age of 7 to 61. Each story is independent and coherent, and it is interesting to read alone, but it is also a different world, so it is known as the Tale of Genji in the Edo era.

after translating the Tale of Genji in modern Japanese, Junichiro Tanizaki, a master of aestheticism, published his masterpiece Fine Snow, which was deeply influenced by the Tale of Genji, overlapping the leisurely narrative rhythm with the psychological activities of the characters on stage, vividly showing the local customs of Japan, and the life scene of the protagonist is exactly similar to the six courtyards where Guangyuan lived in his later years in the Tale of Genji.

Nobel Prize in Literature winner Yasunari Kawabata admired The Tale of Genji in middle school, which greatly influenced his later creation. According to critics, the nihility expressed in Kawabata's most famous work Snow Country comes down in one continuous line with the idea of mourning for things in The Tale of Genji, but it is more finely carved and strangely changed. Another representative work of Kawabata, Ancient Capital, also has a strong color of Tale of Genji, in which the twin sisters who grew up in a family with great disparity between the rich and the poor are almost "modern copies" of barnacles and Ruozi.

Asahi Shimbun believes that the Millennium Tale of Genji has influenced several generations of literary masters. Apart from the late Junichiro Tanizaki and Yasunari Kawabata, Haruki Murakami, who is now very popular, is also dyed with the color of Genji. In Kafka by the Sea, Murakami's most representative novel, not only the famous plot of The Tale of Genji, in which Otokoyo tortured Kwai Ji to death through the manifestation of the living soul, but also Kafka Tamura, a teenager, read the Tale of Genji translated by Junichiro Tanizaki. Professor Masako of Mitamura, a scholar, said that Haruki Murakami "hung" the plot of Tale of Genji under the unconscious of Kafka, a teenager, and that the two masterpieces which had been separated by nearly a thousand years actually had the same structure.

Jakucho Setouchi, an 86-year-old famous nun writer, said: "If you want to find a book that condenses the essence of Japanese culture, The Tale of Genji is the only choice." Jakucho Setouchi spent more than ten years translating The Tale of Genji into a modern novel, which sold nearly 3 million copies and successfully presented this classic to the public. Therefore, he was awarded the Cultural Medal by Emperor Akihito in 2116. Not long ago, Jakucho Setouchi caught up with fashion and tested the most popular mobile phone novels for the first time. She said that from the pen name "Zi" she used to the hero's name "Guang" in the novel, this creation was inspired by the ancient Tale of Genji. This is just as the Yomiuri Shimbun said: Today, Tale of Genji continues to stimulate the imagination of Japanese writers.

Communication is a basic way for human beings and human society to survive and develop, and it is also an important symbol that human beings are different from the animal kingdom besides labor and language. (1) And cultural communication is a very important and worth studying. Cultural communication refers to the exchange and interaction of cultural information between people, people and society, and society and society. (2) As far as literature is concerned, its significance in the spread of people's social life is a tool for people to record, express, impart and exchange knowledge and ideas, which mainly plays a role in the spiritual field. Because of the written records, information dissemination transcends the boundaries of time and space, and information is preserved permanently and accurately, and has the characteristics of openness and universality. (3) It is precisely because of these characteristics of communication that the masterpiece A Dream of Red Mansions has been widely circulated and even affected the whole world, which is lamented by people today. Of course, written communication separates the writer and the reader in time and space, so it is a one-sided communication mode compared with the kind holographic oral communication, which leads to the hard work of the critics and the whimsy of the indexers.

the research direction of cultural communication is very wide, and there are many factors that affect it, but sharing and control will always occupy the main position and are two key elements. Sharing is the most important thing, which can be divided into two aspects: on the one hand, it means that cultural communicators consciously or unconsciously spread their own culture to the audience and let other cultural circles accept it; On the other hand, for the audience, it is not completely passive to accept the cultural entry, but to actively, actively and reasonably absorb its nutrients and obtain the benefits brought by the new culture. On the one hand, Cao Xueqin put his life's efforts into this book. It is presented to the world with its encyclopedic knowledge. So what does the recipient do? Here, I try to analyze the influence of this amazing work from two aspects: the sequel of A Dream of Red Mansions and the spread of A Dream of Red Mansions abroad.

First, the sequel of A Dream of Red Mansions

In the fifty-six years after Qianlong, Cheng Gaoben came out, thus ending the form that A Dream of Red Mansions was circulated only in the form of manuscripts, which greatly expanded the influence of this famous work. Since the first year of Jiaqing, Xiaoyaozi's The Later Dream of Red Mansions, written by Cao Xueqin, appeared, and immediately, the sequels of A Dream of Red Mansions, such as "dream continuation", "dream supplement", "dream interpretation" and "fantasy dream", which started from the ninety-seventh or one hundred and twenty chapters, came out one after another, and their influence extended to the contemporary era. We should note that the phenomenon of book renewal is mainly caused by the influence of famous books themselves, and studying the problem of book renewal in the history of literature is actually an extension of the study of the influence of famous books. (4)

(1) Causes

Any kind of communication structure is inseparable from the four basic elements of communication situation, sender, receiver and communication channel. Communication channels can be understood as searching media, including national languages, social communication tools and facilities. I won't talk about it here. The first three elements are analyzed as follows:

1. Social reasons

Cultural adaptation is one of the important mechanisms of cultural communication, and it is the selectivity of cultural communication. (5) There is a * * relationship between social and political structure and communication structure. The communication system directly shows the social, political and cultural mechanism. (6) Yinglishi said: "The mode of communication and the channel determine the method of social control and the government system." (7) From another angle, it can be said that what kind of social, political and cultural structure there will be what kind of communication system. In a broad sense, social environment refers to the comprehensive expression of all social relations, lifestyles, cultural traditions, social systems and ideologies between people in the process of social development. In a narrow sense, social environment refers to social customs and ethos. (8) Communication refers to the information exchange activities between people in all social organizations and groups. Human nature is the sum of all social relations. Therefore, we can say that all social behaviors of people are communication behaviors that influence others. However, both individual communication behavior and group communication behavior are influenced and restricted by certain social environment. The book "Principles and Applications of Communication" clearly points out that "the influence of environment on human communication behavior has many properties. This versatility is caused by the broadness of the environment, the complexity of the communication behavior itself, and the mutual feeling and interaction between them. Although many communication researchers turn a blind eye to the factors that affect the communication effect in the environment, more and more facts prove that it is the surrounding environment that has a great influence on people's behaviors, opinions and beliefs. There is not only an absolutely isolated and closed communication system in the world, but also human communication activities can't get rid of the influence and restriction of the environment. " (9)

Although the Qing Dynasty came to power as a culturally backward nation, with the economic recovery, culture began to recover. The Qing court took some measures that were objectively beneficial to cultural development, such as resuming the imperial examination and compiling books, which also provided a favorable environment for novel creation to some extent. With the increasing social influence of novels, sometimes the emperor also takes a happy attitude. According to Qing? Zhao Kun's Miscellaneous Records of Xiao Ting contains one volume: "In the early days of Chongde, Emperor Wen suffered from the ignorance of Chinese characters and the ignorance of governing style. He ordered Da Wencheng to translate Mandarin, Four Books and The History of the Three Kingdoms on the high seas, and awarded them as the old ones, which was considered as the norm of political affairs. After the ding, he set up a study room under the west porch of Taihe Gate, J. He turned over the books of The West Chamber and Jin Ping Mei, and the words were sparse, and everyone was eager to recite them. "(11) This kind of storm and folk love for novels has contributed to the prosperity of novels. Of course, at that time, the Qing government's tolerance for novels was limited, and it was only limited to novels that did not hinder the rule. It was very meaningful that the sequel to A Dream of Red Mansions could be produced and existed in the dry and fine times when books were strictly forbidden. Perhaps in the Qing court's view, this kind of books are harmless, and the love of Baodi described in the sequel books is generally included in the track of feudal ethics. Although the pen and ink are related to romantic affairs, it can still be tolerated by the Qing court.

2. Reasons for the book A Dream of Red Mansions

As far as A Dream of Red Mansions itself is concerned, it was first popular and spread in the world in the form of manuscripts. When Cao Xueqin was alive, it was only circulated among his relatives and friends. After Cao's death, it spread widely and became a very popular novel reader at that time. Just as Cheng Weiyuan said in the preface, "Every time a good person copies a copy and puts it in the temple city, it is worth tens of gold, which can be described as a person who walks away without a path." It can be seen that as soon as it came out, it was widely loved by all walks of life, and princes and nobles and common people rushed to read it. Since Cheng Jiaben and Cheng Yi published this magazine, it has spread more widely, and for a time, the cultural fashion of "Red House fever" appeared in Beijing. Xiaoyaozi wrote in the preface to A Dream of Red Mansions: "Cao Xueqin's Dream of Red Mansions has been well-known for a long time, and each copy needs tens of gold. The word Tieling Gaojun became a success, and it was popular for a while, and it was set at home for a few times. " Hao Yixing recorded in the Record of Printing a Book Hall: "When I entered the capital between Qianlong and Jiaqing, I must have a Dream of Red Mansions at my desk." ⑾ At that time, there was a saying that "it is useless to talk about a Dream of Red Mansions and read poetry books vertically". Although A Dream of Red Mansions has been banned by the imperial court for many times, it has been banned repeatedly and its influence is growing. This provides a premise for the emergence of the sequel books of Zhongduo. Moreover, A Dream of Red Mansions is rich in pregnancy and profound in thought, far exceeding any famous book in ancient China. It is called an encyclopedia and a "cultural novel" of the Chinese nation. Indeed, it raises too many questions: social, family, moral, ethical, marriage, imperial examination, etc. It attracts people to try to answer these questions, and many people have their own unique views on these questions in the sequel.

1, the author's own reasons

The thoughts of literati should be influenced by the literary trend of thought of their time. Under the impact of commodity economy, the trend of humanistic attention, which pursues personal value and advocates personality liberation since Ming and Qing Dynasties, has been more deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, and this trend has played a decisive role in the real independent creation of literati. In essence, the specific process of social environment influencing and restricting communication behavior even refers to the socialization process of social environment to people. Socialization refers to the dual interactive process in which individuals actively accept life skills, behavior norms, values, cultural traditions, complete the shaping of social people and tell that this result reacts on society. (12) People look at things with their own eyes, analyze the society and express their unique feelings, which is probably an important reason for the sequel to A Dream of Red Mansions. Just as Wu Yanren, a famous denouncing novelist in the late Qing Dynasty who wrote a sequel to A Dream of Red Mansions called The New Stone, a passage in his first book may represent the voices of many readers at that time: Since the publication of A Dream of Red Mansions written by Cao Xueqin, how many more novels have been written by later generations, such as A Dream of Red Mansions, A Dream of Red Mansions, and A Dream of Red Mansions. However, as far as I'm concerned, when a person writes a composition, he always has some meaning first. When he writes, he doesn't have to be appreciated by others, but he just writes about his own arms as he pleases. As for the praise and criticism of future generations, it had nothing to do with me. Wu Yanren's words are very representative, in which "writing about one's own arms" tells the main creative motives of many sequel authors, which is the embodiment of this motivation in different authors, and there will be many sequel books.

(II) The influence of the sequel to A Dream of Red Mansions

Once the sequel to A Dream of Red Mansions came into being, there were many bookshops that published and engraved it. At that time, the main bookshops that published and engraved these sequels were Guiwentang, Juzhentang, Wenguang Hall, Jingxuntang, Shujingtang, Jinguyuan, Baowengxuan, Hongqiangge, Tenghuaxie and so on.

These sequels have been published and engraved many times. Therefore, there are many versions of the same sequel. These sequels are not only widely circulated in China, but also spread overseas, and some overseas collections are rare in China. According to Liu Cunren's Bibliography of China's Popular Novels Seen in London, the Royal Society of Asia in Britain has "Jia Qing Yi Wei Ben" and "Dream in the Red Chamber", which was not seen by Ceng Yun in Sun Jiedi's Bibliography of China's Popular Novels. A chestnut's Record of a Dream of Red Mansions thinks that this book does not exist, because the author's preface ends with the phrase "Jiaqing's four-year-old second time did not live in the Mid-Autumn Festival and Chunzhou's Rongzhu Mountain House". Now it seems that the existence of this version can be confirmed. According to Japan again? Otsuka Hideyoshi's Supplement to the Bibliography of China's Popular Novels is recorded, and the University of Tokyo has a dream after the Red Mansion, which has not been seen in China so far. However, according to this bibliography, it is "Tongzhi Yuan Yearbook, Yangcheng Wenguangtang Tibetan Board, without volume, twenty-four times, nine lines per page, two crosses, and no picture." Such a conclusive record shows that this book did exist, not a different name of the later Dream of Red Mansions. If you pay attention to the follow-up books like this, you may find some more. In addition, the Russian sinologist JI? TI Menshchikov, B? JI Li Fuqin recorded in the article "The Unknown Copy of the Novel A Dream of Red Mansions" that the library of Oriental Department of Chinese Leningrad University has a collection of Supplementary Dream of Red Mansions, Continued Dream of Red Mansions, Later Dream of Red Mansions, Dream in a Dream in a Red Mansion, Increase Dream in a Red Mansion, Dream in a Red Mansion, etc. The Sinology Library of the Asian People's Institute of the former Soviet Academy of Sciences also has a sequel to Dream of Red Mansions. It is worth noting that some sinologists have unusual attitudes towards these sequels. For example, Russian academician Vasiliev commented in his book catalogue that "it is said that these imitators have not reached the level of the original, but we know that they should also reflect the kind of life and spirit of China people. Therefore, we don't think they are completely uninterested. " (13) Moreover, South Korea has also translated the sequel to A Dream of Red Mansions. The spread and influence of the sequel to A Dream of Red Mansions are considerable.

the spread and influence of A Dream of Red Mansions abroad

The spread is a complex dynamic balance. In that most general sense,