Dong Li
(Hydrological Bureau of Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission)
Abstract: After three years' work, the plan of groundwater utilization and protection has been initially completed, and the opinions of high-level experts are being sought. On the basis of the second water resources assessment, the plan divides the shallow groundwater functional areas into three major areas and eight categories according to two levels, and focuses on the control scheme of centralized water sources and key areas, and establishes an effective monitoring and supervision system: the planning objectives of total groundwater exploitation, pollution elimination and water quality protection, and buried water level control; The concept difference between deep confined water and shallow water, and the repeated calculation of karst water, riverside well, spring water, mine water utilization and surface water utilization; Shallow overexploitation area is mainly pressure mining, and deep confined water is limited, which is mainly used for emergency and strategic reserve. Over-exploitation area increases mining through the balance of mining and compensation. The work route is under the technical responsibility of the Water Conservancy Institute, and the basic work of provinces and regions, the summary of river basin institutions and the summary of the country are fully coordinated and balanced, and the differences between provinces and regions are maintained under the principle of persistence; The implementation of the approval of planning results will greatly improve the comprehensive management level of groundwater in China and catch up with the advanced management level in the world.
Groundwater planning; Shallow water functional area; Deep confined water; Total quantity control; Monitoring management system
The national groundwater utilization and protection planning is not only a special planning of the national comprehensive water resources planning, but also a special planning of the revision of the comprehensive river basin planning. Under the leadership of the Ministry of Water Resources, the General Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Planning and Design, as the overall technical responsible unit, together with the China Academy of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, river basin institutions and project undertakers of various provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government),
In June 2009, 165438+ 10, the National Groundwater Utilization and Protection Plan (Draft for Comment) solicited high-level experts' opinions.
In the specific work, the coordination, consultation and balance between "bottom-up" and "top-down" are adopted many times, and the flexible working method of "seeking common ground while reserving differences" is adopted under the basic principle, which can make some data different between provinces and regions and between the whole country (river basins) without affecting the overall planning results; The two accounts can better reflect the objective situation, and adapting to local conditions will be conducive to the development of local work.
Combined with the technical problems in the planning work and the opinions of senior experts in the National Groundwater Utilization and Protection Plan (Draft for Comment), this paper summarizes some problems related to the planning and puts forward some superficial understandings.
1. ribbon
1. 1 functional division
Groundwater functional zoning is the focus and highlight of groundwater utilization and protection planning.
According to the national groundwater utilization and protection plan, groundwater function zoning is the basic platform for groundwater utilization and protection. According to the requirements of the Notice on Developing Groundwater Function Zoning (Water Resources [2005] No.386), shallow groundwater function zoning has been carried out nationwide, and the functional orientation of shallow groundwater has been defined. For deep confined water, according to the principle of reserve priority, functional areas are no longer divided.
According to the leading function of groundwater, divide the national groundwater functional areas; According to the leading function and other functional requirements of groundwater functional areas, the water level, total exploitation control index and water quality protection target for maintaining water supply safety in each functional area are determined. On the basis of the second water resources assessment, this plan divides the shallow groundwater functional areas into three major areas and eight categories according to two levels. Groundwater function is divided into two levels.
First-class functional area: The first-class function of groundwater is divided into three categories: development zone, protected area and reserved area, which mainly coordinates the relationship between water consumption for economic and social development and ecological environment protection, and reflects the overall deployment of the country for rational development, utilization and protection of groundwater resources.
Secondary functional zones: within the framework of the primary functional zone of groundwater, it is divided into eight types of secondary functional zones of groundwater according to the leading function of groundwater. Among them, the development zone is divided into two types of groundwater secondary functional zones: centralized water supply source zone and decentralized development and utilization zone. Protected areas are divided into three types of groundwater secondary functional areas: ecologically fragile areas, geological disaster-prone areas and groundwater source conservation areas. The reserved area is divided into three types of secondary functional areas of groundwater: unfavorable mining area, reserved area and emergency water source area. The secondary functional area of groundwater mainly coordinates the relationship among regions, water departments and different groundwater functions.
The functional zoning of shallow groundwater in China is characterized by that the hilly areas are mainly protected areas and the plain areas are mainly development areas. The boundary of the secondary functional area of groundwater cannot cross the secondary area of water resources. If the area of the basic planning unit is too small, it can be merged appropriately according to the situation.
On the basis of groundwater functional zoning, the Ministry of Water Resources issued the Notice on Doing a Good Job in the Compilation of the National Groundwater Utilization and Protection Plan in 2007 (Office Planning Letter [2007] No.409), requesting the compilation of the groundwater utilization and protection plan.
1.2 Difference between groundwater functional area and surface water functional area
The revision of comprehensive river basin planning involves all aspects, among which water functional area and groundwater functional area are closely related.
The division of groundwater functional areas is aimed at the groundwater on the surface of the basin and is the basis of the utilization and protection planning of shallow groundwater. Based on groundwater functional areas, the planning scheme of zoning, classified development, utilization, protection and restoration is put forward according to its functional status.
Groundwater function area is defined by groundwater resources, exploitable quantity and water quality function, and water function area is defined by surface water resources.
The zoning of groundwater functional area adopts water resources evaluation, and the area of surface water resources evaluation is consistent with the zoning, that is, the method of full coverage of river basin is adopted, including impervious area, water surface area and desert area. The water functional area is based on the main stream and tributaries, which has been approved by the Ministry of Water Resources and will be reported to the State Council for approval.
The division of water functional zones is aimed at the main rivers and tributaries in the basin. According to the natural conditions, functional requirements, development and utilization status of water resources, comprehensive basin planning, water resources protection planning and economic and social development requirements, in order to meet the needs of rational development and effective protection of water resources, specific areas with corresponding quality standards are delineated and implemented in the corresponding waters according to their leading functions.
According to the different approval documents of the same Ministry of Water Resources, the zoning is different: the first-level zone is 3 and 4, and the second-level zone is 8 and 7.
Article 3 of the Measures for the Administration of Water Function Zones issued by the Ministry of Water Resources [2003] No.233: Water function zones are divided into Class I water function zones and Class II water function zones. The first-class water function is divided into four categories: protected area, buffer area, development and utilization area and reserved area. The secondary water function is divided into seven categories: drinking water source area, industrial water area, agricultural water area, fishery water area, landscape and entertainment water area, transition area and sewage control area.
1.3 The groundwater functional area needs to be improved.
How to coordinate with water functional areas is a problem that groundwater functional areas need to face.
In fact, the so-called water function zone should be accurately expressed as a water function zone with corresponding quality standards for most major river sections and major tributaries of surface water (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, canals, channels and other surface water bodies) in a specific area.
Water functional area is a line along the river (lake), and groundwater is a watershed outside the river.
In areas with strong water resources development and utilization, the exchange between surface water and groundwater is also strong, and the reuse amount is greater.
Both surface water functional areas and groundwater functional areas are closely related to environmental protection departments, especially surface water. In the multi-head water control mode known as "Jiulong Water Control" in China, the water conservancy department and the environmental protection department are two important industry management departments, and in the water management authority, the two most important parts are water quality and quantity. Water control work can be summarized as follows: the main water quantity of water conservancy department, that is, the utilization of water resources; The environmental protection department mainly deals with water quality, that is, water pollution. At present, China has formed such a division of labor system: "The environmental protection department does not go into the river, and the water conservancy department does not go ashore."
In the setting of management system, give full play to the role of existing river basin water resources protection institutions and establish a system combining river basin management with regional management.
The slogan of World Water Day on March 22, 2009 is: "Groundwater-an intangible resource." Once groundwater is polluted due to improper development and protection, its self-purification ability is extremely weak, which will have a serious impact on the ecological environment and directly endanger human beings and their activities. Therefore, it is of great significance to strengthen the protection of precious groundwater resources.
The emergency water source area or protected area in the groundwater functional area can also belong to the development zone, and some infrastructure equipment should be put into the emergency water source area to really play an emergency role.
On June 5438+065438+ 10, 2005, Harbin announced that it would stop water supply for four days. In order to ensure citizens' domestic water consumption, Harbin has started an emergency plan to transfer water from cities and counties in Heilongjiang Province. The drilling team of Daqing Petroleum Administration Bureau came to Harbin to help universities and water supply and heating enterprises in Harbin drill about 100 new deep wells, and started 386 spare wells in Harbin urban area. In Harbin, which only supplies Songhua River surface water, the water supply project of Mopanshan water source with a total storage capacity of 523 million cubic meters was completed in 2009. Harbin's water supply pattern has achieved a major change from Songhua River water source to Mopanshan water source, and all citizens in the main city are about to drink high-quality water from Mopanshan. After the Mopanshan water supply project runs at full capacity, the water plant with Songhua River as the water source in Harbin will be used as the backup water source, and the urban water supply will become a pattern of "one supply and one standby", which meets the national requirements for the urban multi-water source security system.
2. Deep confined water and shallow water
2. 1 Inform the concepts of deep confined water and shallow water.
Groundwater resources refer to the dynamic water quantity of groundwater (aquifer gravity water), which is based on recharge or discharge. In the Technical Outline for Compilation of China Water Resources Bulletin, the water supply of underground water source refers to the amount of underground mining, which is calculated by shallow water, deep water and brackish water respectively. Shallow water refers to groundwater that has a direct recharge relationship with local precipitation and surface water bodies; Deep water refers to confined groundwater. The water supply of Karez is contained in shallow water. According to the local conditions, the production of mixed production wells is divided into shallow fresh water and deep confined water in proportion, and it is explained in the remarks.
Because the deep water in the water resources bulletin is divided according to the actual buried depth of each province, some provinces have a buried depth of 100m or 80m, while the grassland in Inner Mongolia is 50 m, so it is quite different from the concept of deep confined water, and some provinces have no or less statistics on deep confined water. The actual exploitation amount of deep confined water reported by provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) according to the results of the Water Resources Bulletin includes some confined water and karst water that are easy to recharge and update.
2.2 This plan adopts this concept.
This time, the phreatic water with direct hydraulic connection with local atmospheric precipitation and surface water body and the confined water with close hydraulic connection with phreatic water are collectively called shallow groundwater, and the relatively deep groundwater without direct hydraulic connection with local atmospheric precipitation and surface water body and difficult to recharge is called deep confined water.
Shallow groundwater is widely distributed in hilly areas and plains of China, and deep confined water is mainly distributed in Songnen Plain, Huanghuaihai Plain and Yangtze River Delta Plain.
In order to solve the problem of inaccurate statistics on the actual exploitation amount of deep confined water in groundwater utilization and protection planning, according to the definitions of shallow groundwater and deep confined water in the National Comprehensive Water Resources Planning and the research results of the Ministry of Land and Resources, the related concepts are further clarified: shallow groundwater includes phreatic water, confined water and karst water which are easy to recharge and update; Deep confined water refers to confined water that is extremely difficult to update and replenish and basically does not participate in the modern water cycle.
2.3 The deep confined water which is extremely difficult to renew can be approximately regarded as "mineral water".
This plan takes 2005 as the current year, and adjusts the deep confined water according to the current situation of groundwater recharge in China, river basins and provinces in 2005.
According to the Special Report on Comprehensive Planning of National Water Resources: Calculation Method of Deep Confined Water, except Songnen Plain, North China Plain (Huanghuaihai Plain) and Yangtze River Delta, there are deep confined water in great basin, such as Junggar Basin, Tarim Basin, Qaidam Basin, Hexi Corridor, Ordos Basin and Sichuan Basin. Because the middle-deep confined water in piedmont plain is easily replenished by lateral seepage in piedmont and is closely related to groundwater, and the middle-deep confined water in Songnen high plains also has the characteristics of piedmont plain, groundwater exploitation in both types of landform areas belongs to shallow groundwater. Therefore, the actual exploitation of deep confined water is only counted in Songnen Plain, central great basin, central and eastern North China Plain and Yangtze River Delta.
The Technical Issues Concerning the Compilation of Water Resources Bulletin put forward by the Bulletin Compilation Group of the Ministry of Water Resources at the national conference on the compilation, summary and coordination of water resources bulletin in July 2009 requires that attention should be paid to the comparative analysis and coordination between the bulletin and related achievements, especially the comprehensive planning of water resources, and the latest concepts of shallow and deep confined water supply should be determined: shallow groundwater includes phreatic water, confined water and karst water that are easy to recharge and update; Hilly basin, piedmont plain, Songnen high plains. Deep confined water refers to confined water that is extremely difficult to update and supplement and basically does not participate in the water cycle. Only Songnen Plain, central great basin, central and eastern North China Plain and Yangtze River Delta are counted.
The implementation of the new concept of deep confined water in China Water Resources Bulletin needs to be formally written after the approval of this plan.
After many summaries, it is determined that the groundwater which is extremely difficult to renew is used as the deep confined water in this scheme.
Because the concept of long-term application in various provinces and regions can not be unified with this quickly, some provinces and regions still retain the original concept of deep confined water. For example, Henan province involves four major river basins, but the plan has been approved by the province.
It takes a certain time for provinces and regions to accept deep confined water, which is not directly related to local atmospheric precipitation and surface water bodies. The amount of groundwater resources accumulated in geological history, the amount of water that cannot be recycled and reused in water-bearing systems, and the storage resources of "deep confined water that is extremely difficult to update" can be interpreted as this kind of water similar to mineral deposits. Of course, "mineral water" can not be fully understood as deep confined water, so it is easier to understand.
The mineral water exploitation in China accounts for a small proportion of the total reserves. Since deep confined water is "mineral water", it is also a one-time resource like coal, so it is not difficult to understand as a strategic reserve. The author also tends to think that since it is a mineral deposit, it can be mined in moderation, such as solving the drinking water safety in heavily polluted areas and the use of special industries.
3. Ribbon protection indicator
3. 1 yield, water quality and water level
According to the functional requirements, present situation, water resources allocation scheme and the needs and possibilities of future utilization and protection of groundwater, the groundwater protection objectives of each functional area are reasonably determined, including the total amount control objectives of groundwater development and utilization, that is, the target mining volume, the water quality protection objectives of maintaining water supply safety and the reasonable ecological water level control objectives of maintaining a good ecological environment.
Protection indicators of functional areas: water quality, exploitation amount and water level.
The water quality should be strictly controlled according to the water quality requirements of the leading function to avoid the deterioration of groundwater quality.
The amount of groundwater exploitation is reasonably determined by the exploitable amount and the groundwater recharge conditions in the mining area, so as to realize the balance of regional groundwater exploitation and recharge.
The groundwater level should be reasonably determined according to the requirements of the ecological environment protection target of the groundwater functional area.
Groundwater protection indicators, strengthening protection and control targets are not lower than the status quo; Three measures are taken to control the over-exploitation of groundwater: saving, replacing and increasing the source; Strengthen water resources protection, reduce and control groundwater exploitation to replace water source construction. Through the allocation of water resources, groundwater overexploitation is replaced by surface water, and groundwater exploitation is compressed. Increase groundwater recharge and increase the exploitable amount of groundwater.
3.2 Water quality protection objectives
Fill in the water quality categories according to categories I, II, III, IV and V, and select the average water quality status of representative wells in the functional area as the water quality status of the functional area; For example, the centralized water supply source area is determined according to the average water quality concentration data of mining wells, and the decentralized development and utilization area represents the water quality of functional areas according to the average water quality of typical wells.
Taking the protection target of centralized water supply source area as an example, the water quality standard is explained: it has the function of domestic water supply, the water quality standard is not lower than the standard value of Class III water, and when the current water quality is better than Class III water, the current water quality is taken as the control target; The centralized water supply source area with industrial water supply function takes the current water quality as the control goal.
According to the Groundwater Quality Standard (GB/T 14848-93), the groundwater salinity of centralized domestic water source is not more than1g/L; The quality of groundwater in the centralized industrial water use area is not worse than that of Class IV water; The quality of groundwater in decentralized agricultural water use areas is not inferior to V-class water.
The water quality requires that the groundwater should not be polluted or deteriorated, and it will not affect the normal use function of the functional area. According to the groundwater quality and pollution source control in different regions, the planning objectives of groundwater development and utilization and resource protection in different stages are put forward. In the target control of water quality, the water quality of unpolluted areas should be maintained, and the water quality should be improved by measures such as water quality improvement, replacement and water diversion. The polluted areas should be treated and protected to achieve the original water quality.
3.2 Mining control scheme and water level target
The requirement of groundwater development and utilization is reasonably determined by the exploitable amount and the groundwater recharge conditions in the mining area, with the aim of realizing the balance of groundwater exploitation and recharge in the development and utilization area and realizing the virtuous cycle of groundwater; Groundwater level is an important index to maintain the function of groundwater ecological environment, which should not be too low or too high, and should be reasonably determined according to the actual protection objectives of each functional area. The exploitable amount is verified according to the investigation and evaluation results of groundwater resources.
Water quantity standard: the annual exploitation amount is not greater than the exploitable amount.
Within the framework of the results of the national comprehensive water resources planning, the control schemes of groundwater exploitation in different levels are formulated. According to the principle of zoning planning and pressurization, the pressure production of over-exploitation area is the key point of planning.
Most of the centralized water supply source areas are urban industrial and domestic water supply, which has relatively good water resources conditions in local surface water, inter-basin water transfer and reclaimed water utilization, and will focus on pressure mining in the future.
In addition to the shallow groundwater exploitation control scheme, the deep confined water exploitation control scheme should also be implemented. The planning report lists the control schemes of groundwater exploitation in key areas: Huang-Huai-Hai Plain (from Haihe Plain, Huaihe Plain and Lower Yellow River Plain), energy bases in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River (Shanxi, northern Shaanxi, Ningxia and Erdos Plateau in Inner Mongolia are important energy and chemical bases in China), Yangtze River Delta region (including Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, Taizhou, Zhejiang and Hangjiahu areas in Shanghai) and Northeast Plain (Songnen Plain, Sanjiang Plain and Liaohe River in the northeast)
Because the groundwater level can't be counted uniformly in the whole country, it should be replaced by buried depth, and there should be a high and low data, which is an interval value; Overmining area is generally pressure mining, "export mining", and the buried depth of the center increases; Salinization, such as Ningmeng Hetao and Yellow River Diversion Irrigation District in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, requires pumping groundwater to reduce the water level and maintain a certain buried depth; According to the survival requirements of vegetation, desertification areas should maintain a certain water level. For example, the buried depth of deep confined water in North China should generally not be more than 50 meters, and the buried depth of groundwater in Populus euphratica forest should be kept at a depth of not more than 8 meters.
4. Repeated water volume (karst water, riverside wells, springs, etc.). )
4. 1 groundwater classification and exploitation concept
Groundwater in this plan refers to saturated gravity water existing in the gap between rock and soil below the ground. According to the different aquifer media and burial conditions in different regions of China, groundwater can be divided into different types.
According to the burial conditions, groundwater can be divided into diving and confined water.
According to different aquifer media, groundwater can be divided into loose rock pore water, carbonate karst water and bedrock fissure water. Groundwater refers to the water body buried in aquifer media such as underground pores, cracks and caves for storage and migration.
Karst water mainly exists in karst caves and fractures of carbonate rocks, and karst in southern China mainly develops in the form of karst caves and even underground rivers. For example, Guizhou and Guangxi are relatively developed karst provinces in southern China. Karst water in northern CAMBRIAN or Ordovician is an important water source in some cities, such as Taihang Mountain in Hebei, Shanxi and Shandong, with the characteristics of developed fractures, large water output, good mining conditions and excellent water quality.
Groundwater exploitation: pumping groundwater with pumping equipment is called groundwater exploitation; Including the use of karst caves and even underground rivers, karez wells, wells near rivers and springs. In fact, it is the utilization of surface water, which is closely related to the utilization of mine water.
The higher the degree of development and utilization of water resources, the more intense the exchange between surface water and groundwater, and the more water can be reused.
4.2 Reuse of Karst Water and Other Groundwater and Surface Water
For some clear reuse water, such as karst water, some provinces and regions are allowed to keep it in this plan and do not participate in the evaluation. Digging wells along the river, such as the Weihe River in Guanzhong and the tap water wells inside and outside the Yellow River levee in Zhengzhou, actually use surface water.
In the central region with strong karst development in southwest China, the surface water conservation capacity is weak, the development and utilization of water resources are difficult, and the problem of water shortage in the project is very prominent. Karst mountain area is rich in karst groundwater because of the dual spatial structure formed by surface and underground. Karst springs and underground rivers are the main forms of karst groundwater in Guizhou. Dig deep wells to solve the drinking water safety of rural residents, and build water collection facilities after the spring water is exposed.
The utilization of Guizhou Province is about 2.8 billion m3, and there are nearly 6 billion reclaimed water in China.
4.3 Improve the water consumption rate of water resources and sewage reuse rate.
According to China Water Resources Bulletin, in 2007, the national total water consumption (water supply) was 58 19 billion m3, the total water consumption was 302.2 billion m3, the national comprehensive water consumption rate (percentage of water occupied) was 52%, and the total wastewater discharge was 75 billion t; Wastewater discharge refers to the amount of water discharged by water users such as industry, tertiary industry and urban residents' life, but does not include direct cooling water discharge from thermal power plants and mine drainage.
The development and utilization rate of water resources (the total water supply accounts for the total water resources of the year) is 23%; Among them, surface water supply accounts for 8 1.2%, underground water supply accounts for 18.4% and other water supply accounts for 0.4%. The difference between water supply and water consumption is close to 280 billion cubic meters. By increasing other water sources such as sewage reuse, rainwater utilization and seawater desalination, the water consumption rate will have the potential of nearly 654.38+000 billion m3, reducing the use of a large number of fresh water resources.
According to the different water sources, it can be divided into three categories: surface water source, underground water source and other water sources. Other water sources include sewage treatment and reuse, rainwater utilization and seawater desalination. The reuse amount of sewage treatment refers to the reuse amount of sewage after centralized treatment in urban sewage treatment plants, excluding the reuse amount of waste sewage treatment in industrial enterprises. Reclaimed water, also known as reclaimed water and reclaimed water, refers to the non-drinking water that can be used in a certain range after urban sewage and industrial wastewater are purified and the water quality is improved to meet the national urban sewage recycling standards. If these wastewater can be converted into reclaimed water through treatment, it will undoubtedly be a huge resource. Improve sewage treatment rate and increase sewage utilization, and sewage resources will enter the stage of large-scale utilization.
5. Planning safeguard measures
5. 1 engineering measures
The main measures of groundwater utilization and protection planning include groundwater overexploitation control, groundwater pollution control, groundwater protection and restoration, urban and rural water supply safety and groundwater monitoring project. Except for water supply measures, other measures belong to protection.
Over-exploitation control is the focus of this plan. The main measure to control over-exploitation is to reduce the amount of groundwater exploitation, make the groundwater system gradually recover naturally, and realize the virtuous cycle of groundwater resources and the restoration of related ecosystems.
5.2 Management measures
Groundwater resources management measures mainly include legal system construction, system construction, capacity building, mechanism and system.
Formulate regulations and measures for the management of groundwater resources, and issue and improve the functional zoning of groundwater.
Groundwater functional zoning should be incorporated into the Regulations on the Management of Groundwater Resources as an important management basis for the utilization and protection of groundwater, and the groundwater functional zones should be given due legal status. Establish and improve the management system of groundwater functional areas, and guide the development, utilization, protection and conservation of groundwater by zoning and classification. Establish a system of total groundwater control and sub-regional quota management, and improve the system of groundwater intake permit management and paid use of water resources.
5.3 Inter-basin water transfer will restore groundwater environment.
According to the results of this plan, in 2020, the whole country will use the water from the inter-basin water transfer project11800 million m3 to support groundwater overexploitation and reduce the corresponding groundwater exploitation. Among them, the 20 14 South-to-North Water Diversion Project is the direct water receiving area of Haihe River and Huaihe River Basin, with the largest displacement of nearly 7 billion m3. In northwest China, the replacement amount of groundwater controlled by inter-basin water transfer is 2.9 billion m3.
According to the moving average analysis of natural runoff in the Yellow River Basin 19 19 ~ 2008, the long-term dry season since 1986 will end in 20 13 years, and normal years may appear, which will also ease the tension of water resources utilization.
The comprehensive utilization of sewage resources, combined with inter-basin water transfer, makes it possible to suppress mines and restore the environment in related areas. Therefore, 20 15 will be a first-class "turning point" in the utilization of groundwater in northern China.
5.4 The implementation of this plan has greatly improved the comprehensive management level of groundwater.
On the basis of this groundwater utilization and protection plan, the implementation plan of groundwater protection is formulated and implemented, and the relevant measures of groundwater utilization and protection plan are implemented to ensure the realization of the planning objectives.
In the implementation planning of groundwater utilization and protection, it is necessary to establish a monitoring and evaluation system, establish a dynamic mechanism based on adaptive management, find new problems in the implementation process in time, and put forward solutions to ensure the realization of planning objectives.
The division and implementation of groundwater functional areas will focus on the control scheme of centralized water sources and key areas, establish an effective monitoring and supervision system, dynamically manage the total amount, water level and water quality of groundwater sources in various places, and even manage groundwater aquifers in important areas, so as to give full play to the awareness of water saving and water control of water users or self-regulatory associations. The implementation of this plan will certainly improve the comprehensive management level of groundwater in China and catch up with the advanced management level in the world.
5.5 Suggestions
This scheme adheres to the principle of retaining the differences between provinces and regions, and the remaining problems are left for further improvement in future work. It is suggested that the base year of 20 15 be used to modify the scheme, and work should be started before that year to avoid unnecessary troubles caused by the change of the base year in the scheme.