Modern high-rise buildings are like a small city with vertical layout, with highly concentrated internal personnel and complex and diverse functions. There are many combustible materials for interior decoration and exterior wall insulation, and various vertical tube wells and curtain walls, such as cable wells, ventilation pipes and tube wells, have dense gaps. Air conditioning, lighting, catering and other electricity and gas consumption are large. Once a fire breaks out, under the action of "stack effect", fireworks spread rapidly, the fire burns violently, and it is very difficult to put out, which can easily cause heavy casualties.
Modern high-rise buildings have complex functions, including office buildings, residential apartment buildings, commercial complex buildings, hotels and restaurants, and outpatient ward buildings. People in the building are highly concentrated, some are relatively familiar with the building situation, some are highly mobile and unfamiliar with the building situation, and some are vulnerable people such as the old, the young, the sick, the disabled and the pregnant. The situation varies widely. In case of fire, we must make full use of all kinds of fire-fighting facilities inside the building and actively carry out self-help and mutual rescue.
1. Safe evacuation of high-rise buildings
The characteristics of high-rise buildings determine that the basic concept of fire safety design is "self-help first", that is, make full use of the facilities such as automatic fire alarm, automatic fire extinguishing, smoke prevention and smoke exhaust, fire prevention zoning, etc. in the building to realize the purpose of early alarm, quick extinguishing and saving lives. In terms of safe evacuation, the highest climbing height of the fire ladder truck is only about 111 meters, and it is almost impossible to evacuate people at this height. Therefore, it is necessary to make full use of the internal evacuation facilities. The fire case shows that only by mastering the necessary evacuation knowledge and safety self-help skills, and understanding the functions and usage of safety evacuation facilities in high-rise buildings, can people evacuate safely in case of fire.
(1) Dial the alarm phone in time
Call 119 immediately after finding the fire, and briefly explain the location of the burning building, the fire floor, the fire site and the burning materials, as well as whether the fire is fierce and where you are. Don't panic, or be too busy to put out the fire by yourself, but don't report or report the fire late. Many serious fires have caused serious casualties because the parties did not call the police in time after finding the fire, which delayed the best time to put out the fire.
reporting fire in time is not only the basic obligation that citizens should perform according to the fire prevention law, but also the most effective way to protect themselves and others' lives when a fire breaks out. From the law of building fire, it can be divided into five stages: initial, development, spread, violence, decline and extinction. Generally, it is still in the initial stage within 1.5 minutes, and the burning area is not large, the flame is not high, the radiant heat is not strong, and the burning speed is not fast. If the fire brigade can carry out fire fighting in the initial stage, it will be beneficial to control and put out the fire. On October 2, 2118, a fire broke out in the wholesale market of Dehui Square in Urumqi, Xinjiang. The unit security guards failed to call the police in time because they were busy putting out the fire. After failing to put out the fire by themselves, they used the indoor wall fire hydrant to put out the fire. Because the fire hydrant was waterless, the fire spread rapidly, and several security guards at the scene felt that the fire was out of control and fled the scene.
Telephone alarm is the fastest and most convenient. At the same time, we should make full use of the manual fire alarm button in high-rise buildings. Each fire zone of modern high-rise buildings is equipped with a manual fire alarm button, which is generally located in an obvious and easy-to-operate position on the walkway wall. When using it, just break the glass and press the button, the fire control room in the high-rise building will receive an alarm signal, and the fire alarm can be reported quickly after the fire is confirmed.
(2) Keep calm and act rationally
After you find a fire or hear a fire alarm, especially when the smoke blocks your sight, the visibility is obviously reduced, you feel the high temperature or even directly see the flame, you must overcome your fear, don't panic, and don't blindly make irrational actions such as jumping off a building. You must try to keep calm, make rational judgments about your environment quickly, and make use of all conditions to choose the correct evacuation and escape methods.
according to China's fire technical standards, high-rise buildings with fire alarm systems are generally equipped with fire emergency broadcasts. When a fire breaks out, the public radio amplifier will be forced to switch to the state of fire emergency broadcasting, and the audio broadcasting system of the bedside control cabinet in high-rise hotel rooms can also be forced to switch to the state of fire emergency broadcasting, so as to inform the personnel in the building of the fire situation in time. People in the building must pay attention to the broadcast notice, accurately understand the situation in the building, and take corresponding actions according to different situations.
situation 1: when there is a fire in the room and hall, if it is difficult to put out the initial fire after the alarm, you should evacuate and escape quickly. Close the door behind you when you leave, and loudly call other people on the same floor to evacuate. In the fire of Harbin Swan Hotel in 1985, Andrich, an American, smoked in bed and caused a fire. After being awakened by smoke, he left the room without closing the door or calling for help, and rushed downstairs. The flame in the room met the fresh air in the aisle, forming convection, and the fire quickly spread to the aisle. When the sleeping guests in other rooms found the fire, the fire had blocked the door, thus causing heavy casualties.
situation 2: when there is a fire in other parts of this floor, never open the door at will. First of all, you should touch the door with your hand and try the temperature of the door. If the door is hot, it cannot be opened, otherwise smoke and fire will rush into the room; If the door is not hot, it means that the fire is not strong enough to open the door. If you can't see the open flame and the smoke is not strong after opening the door, you should use the evacuation indicator signs installed on the wall to determine the evacuation direction, and try to lean down and escape to the corridor far away from the fireworks. When conditions permit, it is best to wet the clothes first, or wrap the whole body with a wet blanket and hold the first-class exposed parts with wet clothes. The staff in the hotel room should wear the spare smoke mask in the guest room. Be sure to close the door behind you after leaving the room to prevent the fire from spreading. If you encounter smoke, high temperature or even an open flame, don't try to rush through the fireworks, but quickly retreat and find another escape route.
the plane design of high-rise buildings follows the basic principle of "two-way evacuation", that is, any location can be evacuated in two different directions. A few buildings are limited by the plane layout, and there are also "bag-shaped walkways" that can only lead to one direction, which is commonly called "dead ends", but the code strictly limits the length of "bag-shaped walkways". If the trapped person happens to be within the "bag-shaped walkway" and the only walkway is blocked by fire and smoke, it is necessary to retreat from the room and quickly close the door for help.
situation 3: when the fire is on other floors, evacuate quickly, and don't stay or covet property. Close the door behind you when you leave to limit the spread of the fire. It should be emphasized that some people think that only the directly threatened personnel L need to be evacuated immediately when there is a fire in the high-rise building N, and the corresponding safety total evacuation concept is "partial evacuation, waiting for assistance in place", that is, only the personnel on the fire floor and the 1 ~ 2 floors above and below are evacuated immediately when a fire occurs. However, because the fire itself is an accidental event full of uncertainty, the development of the fire is also difficult to estimate. If the evacuation opportunity in the early stage of the fire is delayed, "waiting for help in the same place" is likely to become "waiting for death"! The principle of "partial evacuation" is debatable.
situation 4: in case of being trapped in a burning room, first of all, try to find other escape routes, such as whether it can be transferred to an adjacent room through a corridor or balcony, and then use the doors of the adjacent room to evacuate and escape. Secondly, close the door and water it to cool down. At the same time, try to get close to the window and balcony of the street where it is easy to be found, dial 119, keep in touch with the operator, guide the rescuers to come to the rescue, and shout for help to the rescuers, throw soft items such as sofa cushions, pillows and clothes downstairs, shine down with a flashlight and knock on metal utensils to make a sound so that the rescuers can find them in time. In the process of waiting for rescue, you can retreat to a relatively safe bathroom for a short time to take refuge. After entering the bathroom, you can shut the doors and windows tightly, plug the gaps tightly, unscrew all the faucets to drain water, especially in the bathtub, and always keep a high water level. On the one hand, it is convenient to take water and pour it on the doors and windows to cool down. On the other hand, when the fire develops to the bathroom, people can lie in the bathtub for a while.
if you are directly threatened by fireworks, and the fire is life-threatening and there is no other way to save yourself, you must take certain risks and take active actions, and you must never wait and die. For example, you can stand on the slow platform outside the window and call for help on the outdoor unit of the air conditioner. In the fire of Harbin Swan Hotel, passengers in three rooms turned out of the window, grabbed the windowsill with their hands and stepped on the protruding part with a width of 11 cm outside the wall until they were successfully rescued by the fire brigade. If you are in a lower position below the third floor, you can tie the sheets, curtains, clothes, etc. into a rope and tie it in a solid place indoors to slide the rope to save yourself. If you can get out of danger by going down to one of the floors below, you don't have to reach the ground, you can kick through the glass and enter.
(3) Try to use the facilities in the building to evacuate
First, stairs are the most important evacuation facilities. The main evacuation facility of modern high-rise buildings is stairs. The staircase of high-rise building is different from other buildings in that it is equipped with "closed staircase" and "smoke-proof staircase" according to different heights and functions. As the name implies, "closed staircase" is a staircase where fire doors are set at the position where each staircase leads to the walkway, and the stairwell is closed to prevent smoke and hot air from entering. "Smoke-proof staircase" means that there is a smoke-proof antechamber at the entrance of the stairwell, or a balcony, recessed gallery, etc., which is specially used for smoke exhaust. In case of fire, the blower that is automatically started can continuously send fresh air into the antechamber and stairwell to ensure a certain positive pressure between the antechamber and stairwell, thus preventing fireworks from entering. The typical evacuation route is: enter the aisle horizontally through the doors of rooms and halls, then enter the stairwell through the front room, and the vertical evacuation is mainly based on stairs, and finally complete the evacuation process through the safety exit directly outside.
second, determine the evacuation direction flexibly. If the trapped person is located close to the ground and below the fire floor, it is necessary to evacuate downward in the stairs, but pay attention to the floor signs to prevent people from being mistaken in the basement. If it is on the floor above the fire floor, and the upward spreading fireworks make it impossible to evacuate to the ground, you can't escape down forcibly, but you can escape up through the stairs and reach the platform at the top of the floor through the stairs. Because according to China's fire protection technical specifications, high-rise buildings generally have at least two stairs that can go straight to the roof platform. In this way, on the one hand, it can be evacuated from other adjacent stairwells that are not affected by the fire, which is especially commonly used in slab high-rise residential buildings with multiple units. On the other hand, if you can't use other stairs to evacuate, you can also temporarily avoid the fire at the level and wait for the rescue of firefighters.
some super-high-rise buildings have special refuge floors every 15 floors or so, and the refuge floors are equipped with special smoke prevention facilities.
The plane position of the evacuation staircase changes at the refuge floor to ensure that people can continue to evacuate after passing through the refuge floor, thus providing temporary refuge space for trapped people. In a high-rise building with a refuge floor, trapped people can also choose to wait for rescue at the nearest refuge floor.
thirdly, use the elevator carefully under the condition of ensuring safety. Many high-rise buildings are equipped with fire elevators, which usually serve as passenger elevators and cargo elevators, and are powered by special fire-fighting power supply and distribution lines, and safety measures are adopted to prevent smoke, fire and fire-fighting water from invading, so they can be forced to land on the first floor in case of fire. Fire elevators are mainly used by firefighters, carrying fire-fighting equipment to quickly approach the fire point to launch fire fighting and rescue operations. At the same time, under the organization of fire management personnel and on-site firefighters in high-rise buildings, fire elevators can also be used for safe evacuation, especially for people with disabilities and patients in wheelchairs.
The above are collected and sorted by Zhongda Consulting.
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