First, analyze financial statements and interpret financial information.

The significance of financial analysis lies in measuring the current financial situation, finding problems, seeking to explain the reasons through the changes of financial statements, and transforming the data on the statements into information materials, so as to provide basis for future development trends and decision-making. For example, to browse the financial statements of an enterprise, it is not necessary to do various ratios and statistical analysis first, but to see whether there is any abnormality in the operation of the enterprise from the abnormal reflection and distribution of the amount of different items in the table. In practice, all kinds of accounts receivable and payable of enterprises are sometimes like warehouses, and everything may enter. Once the accounts receivable are too large, financial analysis shows that the enterprise's funds may be occupied, lack of opportunity cost, and may also become bad debts. For another example, some financial statements are well done, and some non-recurring business profits are often used to whitewash the shortage of main business profits. Non-recurring operating profit refers to the profit generated by infrequent or accidental economic activities, which is often included in investment income, non-operating income and subsidy income. If the total net profit of an enterprise is far greater than the net profit after deducting non-recurring gains and losses, such as more than 50%, then there is reason to believe that the profit source of an enterprise is not created by the main business, but by the infrequent or accidental business. Although the income statement looks good, the profit level is not long and cannot reflect the performance of business operators.

Second, from the perspective of business operators to effectively achieve financial analysis statements

Financial analysis, based on the financial statements and other materials of enterprises, is an after-the-fact evaluation and analysis of the financial situation and operating results of enterprises, a reflection of the profit and loss of enterprises and a judgment of future development trends, thus providing important reference information for managers' decision-making and future financial management. From the operator's point of view, we should analyze the information reflected in financial statements from the following aspects.

(1) business performance analysis

First of all, analyze the implementation of the budget target at the beginning of the year, study and analyze the implementation of the main business according to the annual budget target set at the beginning of the year, and check whether it is implemented according to the established target, so as to predict the progress of future periods. Through comparison, find out the difference between the implementation results and the expected goals, and consider the factors of internal and external environmental changes to provide more reasonable and accurate information for financial analysis. For example, for the analysis of income statement items, the percentage method of relatively fixed base is adopted, that is, assuming that all financial indicators in the first period are 100%, based on the data in the first period, the data in subsequent periods are converted into percentages to find out the changes and development trends of various items in recent periods, and then focus on the analysis of items with large changes. This analysis method is intuitive and easy to understand. Paying attention to some projects that management is interested in, such as new markets and new product development, and making special analysis will help management make correct judgments and decisions. Secondly, the analysis of profitability, in the production and business activities of enterprises, the index that can best reflect the economic benefits is the profit index. Through this indicator analysis, the profit and loss of the main business, other business profits and losses and non-business income and expenditure are simply listed, the key points are highlighted, and the overall situation is grasped, which is conducive to the report users' judgment on profitability. Finally, there are two ways to analyze the impact of costs and expenses on profits. One is to consider the factors of unit price and variable cost. In practice, excluding the factors of individual high added value and material price fluctuation, the main business products are generally stable in unit price and variable cost. Therefore, as long as the market is well grasped, its sales volume and fixed cost can be compared with the annual data of previous years. Second, starting with the analysis of profit structure, starting with the elements of the income statement, such as comparing the sales revenue in different periods and comparing with the data in previous years, whether the sales in this period have changed greatly, and if other items in the income statement account for the proportion of sales revenue, we can also get some financial analysis indicators, such as operating profit rate, whose formula is the proportion of operating profit to operating income. The greater the proportion, the stronger the market competitiveness of enterprises, and the greater the development potential and profitability of enterprises.

(B) Asset management efficiency analysis

In asset management, management pays more attention to the strength of enterprise's asset operation ability, which also reflects the level and efficiency of asset management. The faster the asset turnover rate, the better the liquidity, the stronger the solvency and the higher the asset utilization rate. For example: accounts receivable turnover rate, inventory turnover rate, etc. The turnover rate of accounts receivable refers to the ratio of business income to the balance of accounts receivable, which reflects the turnover rate of accounts receivable in a certain period of time. If the turnover rate is high, the following information can be provided: First, the accounts are collected quickly and the account age is short; Second, asset liquidity is strong and short-term debt repayment ability is high; The third is to reduce the cost of collecting accounts; The fourth is to reduce the loss of bad debts. To understand the turnover of accounts receivable, aging analysis is usually used to pay attention to overdue accounts receivable, classify them according to the past credit degree and importance, compile detailed information, and make the responsible person take the initiative to collect them, and analyze the losses of confirmed bad debts and bad debts. Inventory turnover rate is also a financial analysis index that enterprise management is keen on. Its speed and size not only reflect the management level of supply, production, sales and storage of enterprises, but also have an impact on the solvency and profitability of enterprises. Generally speaking, the higher the inventory turnover rate, the faster the inventory will be realized. If the inventory turnover rate is large, the asset utilization efficiency is high and the occupancy rate is low. Through the analysis of this index, it is helpful to find out the problems existing in enterprise inventory management, on the one hand, compare it with the previous period of the enterprise, and on the other hand, compare it with the same industry, and analyze the influencing factors of inventory turnover rate. On the other hand, it is necessary to analyze the rationality and quality reliability of the inventory structure, so as to avoid the shortage of inventory affecting normal production and sales, and avoid the backlog and sluggishness caused by excessive inventory.

(C) Analysis of solvency

Solvency analysis refers to the repayment ability of an enterprise's due debts, including short-term debt repayment index analysis and long-term debt repayment index analysis. This ability is what creditors are most concerned about. As managers and shareholders, for the sake of enterprise safety, they will also pay attention to solvency indicators. Among the short-term solvency indicators, there are generally current ratio and quick ratio. Among the long-term solvency indicators, there are property rights ratio and asset-liability ratio.

(D) cash flow analysis

The management of the enterprise attaches great importance to the cash flow statement, which can reflect the creativity of the cash flow of the enterprise, help to understand the changes and reasons of the cash inflow and outflow in a certain period of time, evaluate the capital organization structure of the enterprise, predict the future cash flow of the enterprise, and reveal the relationship between the profit level and cash flow of the enterprise. The preparation of cash flow statement is based on cash basis, which is objective and complementary to other financial analysis indicators.

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