Yandi and Chiyou were both developed by Shennong, and both belonged to the Irrigation Union of the Ministry of Agriculture. The direct descendant of Shennong is called because of the great achievements of his ancestor Shennong in inventing thunder. Emperor Yan and Emperor Shennong belong to two different historical stages, so Historical Records lists Shennong and Emperor Yan in turn when quoting the closing ceremony of Zen Buddhism. Records of the Five Emperors describes Shennong and Yan Di very closely, but does not specify their relationship. "Emperor Century" said: "The contribution of Shennong is Yan Emperor", and the relationship between them has been noticed. Hanshu, which shows the harmony between ancient and modern people, was called "Shennong" by Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty and Shennong.
The Book of Changes quoted the Emperor Century Cloud, and the title of "Yan Di" was passed on to the eighth generation: Lin Kuidi, Cheng Di, Ming Di, Zhi Di, Bi Di, Ai Di. In the world of Emperor Yu Wang, I began to see the emergence of the Ministry of Human-God.
The Chiyou tribe is the most powerful of a group of farming tribes developed from Shennong. The reasons for its strength are: first, it is beneficial to its local salt; Second, in the production process of boiling salt, the invention of smelting metal and making weapons.
"Meng Qian's pen talks about two volumes and three volumes" Note: "Xiezhou Salt Ze, in terms of twenty miles. After a long rain, the water of four mountains has never overflowed; The drought has not disappeared. [Brine] is red. Under the spring, it is called human-god blood. In Song Dynasty, Xiezhou ruled Jiezhou Town, Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province. Salt ze, now known as the "national treasure", has salts such as sodium sulfate, sodium chloride and magnesium sulfate, as well as rare elements such as calcium, iodine, potassium, boron, lithium, cesium and strontium. " "Taiping Universe" Volume 46 "Objectively Exists in yi county": "Chiyou Tian is eighteen miles south of the county". Therefore, Anyi County is now a county and is also under the jurisdiction of Yuncheng City. This used to be the residence of the Chiyou tribe. With the wealth of salt, the Chiyou tribe has the strength to fight against the Yellow Emperor. For example, "Historical Records of Five Emperors" said: "Xuanyuan's family is used to fighting, and it is not happy, and the princes are salty. And Chiyou is the most violent and can't be separated. "
"Guan Di Zi Shu pian" said: "The mountain of Gru rises and the water comes out, followed by gold, and Chiyou is thus formed. He thinks that swords, spears and halberds are nine princes, all young and old. When the mountain of the fox comes out of the water, gold will follow, and Chiyou will let it go. He thinks that Ji of the fox Riggs is a 20-year-old warlord. The specific reference of "Mountain of Gru" and "Mountain of Hu Yong" has not been verified. Its location will not be too far away from today's Yuncheng city. Or in its place. " "Gold" refers to metal in general, not limited to gold.
Sanmenxia City, Henan Province, which is adjacent to Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province, is also the settlement center of agricultural tribes. Thousands of years later, there are still descendants of Shennong here. According to Zhou's historical records, Zhou Wuwang succeeded in cutting Zhou. "To remember the holy king is to praise Shennong and then focus on Jiao". Pei Qian's "Historical Records" notes: "Geography shows that hongnong county has diplomatic relations with the city, so it has diplomatic relations with the country.". Geography of Han hongnong county Hongnong No.1 County lives in Lingbao County, Henan Province. Shaanxi county belongs to Sanmenxia city today. According to Geographical Records, Hongnong County "has an iron official in [] Pool" [] Pool, which is now Mianchi County and also belongs to Sanmenxia City. There are gold mines in Lingbao county, which still have great mining value. Other mineral resources such as silver, copper, iron, zinc and aluminum are also abundant, and the region has the necessary conditions for metal smelting. According to legend, the place where the Yellow Emperor cast the bronze tripod was located in Lingbao County [8], and its relative historical age was after the battle of Xuanyuan Chiyou. This area is not only rich in mineral resources, but also fertile land, rich in five grains and Chinese herbal medicines such as purple Hu, gastrodia elata, Scutellaria baicalensis and salvia miltiorrhiza, which is suitable for farming tribes to live in.
According to historical records, the Chiyou tribe became the most powerful tribe in the farming tribe alliance headed by Emperor Yan because of the benefits of salt ponds and the method of metal smelting. Both Chiyou and Yandi are descendants of Shennong. The outstanding one is Yan Di, and the unsuccessful one is Chiyou.
There are three theories about the battle between Chiyou and Huangdi. One is that after Huangdi defeated Yandi, he defeated Chiyou again to consolidate the throne. The battle between Huangdi and Chiyou seems to be the aftermath of the battle of Huangdi. On the other hand, Chiyou expelled Chi Di (Emperor Yan), Chi Di appealed to the Yellow Emperor, and the two emperors joined hands to kill Chiyou in Zhongji; Third, Chiyou attacked the Yellow Emperor as a soldier and was defeated and killed.
The first statement, such as A Record of the Five Emperors, says: "Xuanyuan is Xiu De's army, which is in charge of five qi and five techniques, caressing the people, moving around, and teaching bears to be brave tigers in order to fight against Emperor Yan in Sakamoto's wilderness. Fight three battles and win. Chiyou's insurrection does not require the life of the emperor. As a warlord, the Yellow Emperor fought against Chiyou in the land of Zhuolu, so he attached himself to killing Chiyou. Tai Shigong said that the name of the Yellow Emperor was Xuanyuan, and the national name was Xiong Xuanyuan, which means car. It should refer to the name of the clan and its leader who invented the technology of making cars. For example, the technology of making farm tools is called Shennong, the technology of making fishing gear is called operator, and the technology of striking fire is called Suiren. There is the bear country. The "country" at that time was actually a tribe. Bear, Yi, Yi, raccoon, 【】 and tiger are the names of six animals, which should be the names of six clans in the bear tribe, or totems. Hanquan, water name, is in Yanqing County, Beijing today. Zhuolu, a mountain name, is located in Zhuolu County, Hebei Province, not far from Hanquan.
The second statement can be found in Yi Zhou Shu Taste Mai Jie: "Chiyou is chasing the emperor and fighting for the position of Zhuolu, and Chi Di is terrified. It is said that in the Yellow Emperor, Chiyou was killed by Zhongji. " It's called Guangping Land. The battle took place in the open area under Zhuolu Mountain, and the corner refers to the corner. "Nine" means a lot, not limited to eight plus one. "Jiujiao Qing" means that Chiyou expelled the Chi Di (jiyan) tribe without leaving a legacy. Emperor Ji refers to Jizhou in the Central Plains. Erya Dish: "Jizhou is called between two rivers". Guo Pu's Note: From Donghe to Xihe. At that time, the place where the Yellow River entered the sea was called Donghe, and the place south of Hetao was called Xihe. Note of Li Zhou Zhi Fang: "Zhengbeiyue Bingzhou" belongs to Taiyuan, Shanxi, Baoding and Zhengding, Hebei. "The Northeast is called Youzhou", which belongs to Beijing today. Ancient Jizhou is located in the south of seclusion and merger, south of Shanxi and southwest of Hebei. Legend has it that Chiyou was killed in Xiezhou, Yuncheng, Shanxi Province.
The third argument, such as The Classic of Mountains and Seas, Huang Da North Classic, says: "Chiyou attacked the Yellow Emperor. The Yellow Emperor ordered Ying Long to attack the wild land of Jizhou. Livestock in Ying Long drink water. Chiyou asked Fengbo Rain God to make a big storm. Emperor Huangdi said that when the rain stopped, he killed Chiyou. Fengbo Rain Master is a wizard who is good at farming and meteorology of Chiyou tribe. Later, he became an agricultural meteorological god, and he set up a temple. He/kloc-gave a speech at the age of 0/8. " Han Feizi's Ten Years of Han Feizi said: "In the past, the Yellow Emperor put ghosts and gods on Mount Tai ... Chiyou was in front, Fengbo swept in, and the rain teacher sprinkled the road", which reflected the close relationship between the rain teacher in Fengbo and the Chiyou tribe, because the harvest department of agricultural tribes could not be separated from good weather.
It is impossible and unnecessary to examine right and wrong. For this prehistoric legend, which was circulated in Shanghai for thousands of years before it was recorded in books, historians pay attention to the historical shadow revealed in it; Ethnologists are concerned about the ethnic types, cultural characteristics and the formation and evolution of ethnic groups reflected in legends.
The result of Chiyou's defeat was captured and killed by the Yellow Emperor, which is recorded in history books, Yizhoushu and Shanhaijing. On the other hand, it was reused by the Yellow Emperor. For example, "Dragon Fish River Map" said: "The Yellow Emperor subdued Chiyou, and the Emperor made him the main soldier, ruling all directions." In the Qin and Han dynasties, there was a folk custom of paying homage to the shrine with Chiyou as the main soldier. As a result, Qin Shihuang's eastward expedition, Liu Bang of Emperor Gaozu set out from the folk ritual hall to kill you, which is contained in Historical Records, Closed Sutra, Historical Records and Biographies of Emperor Gaozu.
There is also a record in Guanzi Wuxing that the Yellow Emperor used Chiyou again: "In the past, the Yellow Emperor learned Chiyou and knew the way of heaven ... Chiyou knew the way of tomorrow, so it was formed at that time." "At that time" is an official name of the Yellow Emperor Tribal Alliance in the Central Plains. Its position and function are similar to those of Zhou Li's "heavenly officials" and those of later prime ministers. He is a minister who assists the leader (emperor) of the tribal alliance to manage the affairs of each tribe. The "Heaven" mentioned here refers to the experience and understanding of the moon order in the old days of astronomical calendar. Familiarity with these knowledge is the key to arrange the production and life of agricultural tribes and manage the agricultural tribal society well.
The record of two completely different endings of Chiyou reflects the different stages and sides of the relationship between the Yellow Emperor and Chiyou. "Chiyou" was originally the name of an agricultural tribe, not only the name of the tribal chief, but also the name of all the members of the tribe. The first chieftain of Chiyou tribe was called Chiyou, and the second chieftain was also called Chiyou. The first generation tribe members are called Chiyou, and the second generation tribe members are still called Chiyou. Just like the actual connotation of rumors such as "Five Emperors Rites" and "Three Hundred Years of the Yellow Emperor". Putting the post-war relationship between the Yellow Emperor and Chiyou into the historical background of primitive tribal wars, we can understand that killing is inevitable and it is impossible to kill them all. In the end, the defeated tribes can only live in their original state under the condition of submission.