Loulan Ancient City The world-famous Loulan Ancient City, an important historical site in Xinjiang [1], is located in the west of Lop Nur, at the hub of the western regions and occupies an extremely important position on the ancient Silk Road. Silk and tea in China's mainland, horses, grapes and jewelry in the western regions were all traded through Loulan at the earliest. When many caravans pass through this oasis, they have to rest there temporarily. Loulan Kingdom Loulan Kingdom was founded before 176 BC and died in 631 AD, with a history of more than 811 years. The scope of the kingdom starts from the vicinity of Guyangguan in the east, the ancient city of Niya in the west, Altun Mountain in the south and Hami in the north. However, with the passage of time, this kingdom gradually disappeared in the world. Why it died out is still a mystery until now. Loulan culture Loulan culture is the most humanistic landscape in the world. In human history, Loulan is a name full of mystery. The glory it once had formed its special position in the cultural history of Lop Nur in the world. People's interest and enthusiasm in Loulan culture fully shows that Loulan belongs not only to China, but also to human beings. In the spring of 1911, Sven Hedin, a Swedish explorer, was exploring in the west of Lop Nur. Aldica, his Uighur guide, was lost in a storm when he returned to the investigation camp to get his lost hoe. But this witty and brave Uighur guide, with the faint moonlight, not only returned to the original camp and found the lost hoe, but also found a tall stupa and dense ruins, where beautifully carved wood was half buried in the sand and ancient copper coins. The ruins discovered by Aldica in the boundless darkness were later discovered and proved to be the ancient city of Loulan. The archaeological team of our country reached the ancient city of Loulan after overcoming many difficulties. The tallest building in Loulan City is a pagoda tower with a height of l1.4 located in the east of the city, which is made of adobe and wood. The tower foundation is square, and each side is about 19.5 meters long. To the south of the tower, a large building site is connected, and a lot of wood is piled up, all of which are finely processed. According to archaeologists, human activities in the Tarim River Basin have a history of more than 11,111 years. If we connect the ancient cities abandoned in the Taklimakan desert on the Tarim River with a red line, we will be surprised to find that all the ancient cities, including the Loulan Kingdom, suddenly disappeared in the fourth to fifth centuries, and all the sites are in the desert 51-211 kilometers away from today's human life. Today, although many scholars have made great efforts, such as the rise and fall and disappearance of the ancient city of Loulan, it is still a huge mystery, and the site of Loulan has also become the focus of world attention. The ancient city of Luntai, Qiemo site, ancient tombs, ancient beacon towers, mummies, ancient cliff paintings and so on are all world-class tourist attractions. The most conspicuous architectural relic in Loulan City is the "three rooms" in the middle of the city. The walls of these three rooms are the only adobe bricks in the city, facing south and directly facing the south gate. The houses at the east and west ends are all wooden structures, and there is still red paint on the wood, some of which are as long as 6.4 meters. From the analysis of the location and structure of this group of buildings, this may be the location of the yamen mansion of the ruler of Loulan City. The expedition team also found a relic of an ancient channel that runs east and west and passes through the city, which may be the direct water source for the residents of Guloulan City. In the city, a large number of cultural relics of Loulan site, such as thick pottery jars, fragments of stone millstones, broken wooden barrels and various coins, rings, earrings and fragments of Chinese wooden slips, were also found. These items are priceless for studying the history of the ancient city of Loulan. Loulan Heritage Loulan is an immeasurable historical heritage left by ancestors to Bazhou, and it is also the pride of Bazhou people. At the same time, it also means excavating, sorting out and studying Loulan culture. Bazhou people should bear greater responsibility for displaying Loulan and the ancient western culture in various ways. When the 21th century is coming, the times provide Bazhou people with an excellent opportunity, that is, to develop the cultural heritage of Loulan and the ancient city in a planned way with the rapid economic development as an opportunity and the overall growth of economic strength as the premise. Make them serve the construction of modern spiritual civilization and material civilization. In fact, this is a new life for Loulan culture in the new historical period. Editing the discovery of this site found that the earliest discoverer passing through Loulan Kingdom was Swedish explorer Sven Hedin. At the beginning of March, 1911, the Heding expedition came to Rob wasteland along the left riverbed of the dry Peacock River, only to find that their shovel was accidentally lost in the camp last night when crossing a desert in Sven Hedin. Harding had to ask his assistant to go back and look for it. The assistant quickly recovered the shovel and even picked up a few pieces of wood carving. Heding was so excited to see the debris that he decided to excavate the ruins. From October to March, 1911, Sven Hedin excavated and found a stupa and three halls, as well as a large number of cultural relics such as woodcarving building components with Greek art and culture, five baht money, a letter in Bolu. Later, they found many beacon towers in the southeast of this ruin and continued to an ancient city buried by wind and sand on the west bank of Lop Nur, which is the ancient city of Loulan. The shape of the ancient city The plane of the ancient city is nearly square, and the side length is about 331 meters, almost all of which are buried by quicksand. The city wall is rammed with clay and red willow strips alternately. There is an ancient canal that runs obliquely through the city from northwest to southeast. There is an octagonal domed adobe stupa in the northeast of the canal. On the earthen platform in Tarnum, there are a group of tall wooden architectural relics, which have unearthed Chinese, Bolu documents, bamboo slips, five baht money, silk wool products, household appliances and so on. In the middle of the southwest of the canal, there are three large wooden adobe houses. A large number of Chinese documents, wooden slips and early Sogdian and Bolu documents have been unearthed in and around the houses, which are estimated to be the remains of the official offices. A group of courtyards in the west may be official mansions, and short houses are distributed in the south. All kinds of documents and bamboo slips unearthed in the city are called Lop Nur documents. During the inspection in the early 21th century, a large number of Loulan cultural relics were taken away by foreign investigation groups. The historical origin of this section is Loulan, which was recorded as one of the 36 western regions in the Western Han Dynasty. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, it became the seat of the governor's office in the western regions, and was later merged by Shanshan State. Because it is located in the east of Tarim Basin, it became the most convenient passage for the ancient Loulan State site in the Central Plains to reach the western regions. As the hub of politics, economy and transportation in the western regions at that time, Loulan was once brilliant and prosperous, but it disappeared in historical records after the Eastern Han Dynasty. At the end of the 4th century, people went to the city to empty fields and became barren, "there were no birds above and no animals below". The most basic reason for being abandoned was the diversion of the Peacock River, which caused the water source in the downstream area to dry up. Therefore, all kinds of cultural relics unearthed from Loulan site, especially wooden slips, not only make up for the lack of historical records, but also help us to further remind the ancient civilization of the ancient Loulan country. Edit this section of the ancient loulan culture. Loulan culture is the most humanistic landscape in the world. According to archaeologists, human activities in the Tarim River Basin have a history of more than 11,111 years. If we connect the ancient cities abandoned in the Taklimakan desert of Muhe River in Taloulan culture with a red line, we will be surprised to find that all the ancient cities, including the Kingdom of Loulan, suddenly disappeared in the 415th century A.D., and all the sites are in the invisible desert 51-211 kilometers away from today's human living place. Today, although many scholars have made great efforts, such as the rise and fall and disappearance of the ancient city of Loulan, it is still a huge mystery, and the site of Loulan has also become the focus of world attention. The ancient city of Luntai, Qiemo site, ancient tombs, ancient beacon towers, mummies, ancient cliff paintings and so on are all world-class tourist attractions. In human history, Loulan is a name full of mystery. The glory it once had formed its special position in the history of world culture. People's interest and enthusiasm in Loulan culture fully shows that Loulan belongs not only to China, but also to human beings. Loulan is an incalculable historical heritage left by ancestors to Bazhou, and it is also the pride of Bazhou people. At the same time, it also means excavating, sorting out and studying Loulan culture. Bazhou people should bear greater responsibility for displaying Loulan and the ancient western culture in various ways. When the 21th century is coming, the times provide Bazhou people with an excellent opportunity, that is, to develop the cultural heritage of Loulan and the ancient city in a planned way with the rapid economic development as an opportunity and the overall growth of economic strength as the premise. Make them serve the construction of modern spiritual civilization and material civilization. In fact, this is a new life for Loulan culture in the new historical period. Edit this section of the history of the ancient Loulan According to the Biography of Historical Records in Dawan and the Biography of Hanshu in the Western Regions, as early as the 2nd century, Loulan was a famous "country with city walls" in the Western Regions. It connects Dunhuang in the east, Yanqi and Yuli in the northwest and Ruoqiang and Qiemo in the southwest. The south and north roads of the ancient Silk Road diverged from Loulan. China Wei-Jin and Qianliang Period Western Regions Chief Historian Office. Located in the northwest of Lop Nur, Xinjiang. It was named after the Chinese documents unearthed in the site called the city "Kuluo Laina" with the antithesis of "Loulan" and "Lu Lu Wen". At the beginning of the 21th century, the British Stein and others came here many times to steal and dig. After 1951s, China scholars made investigations and excavations. Loulan is one of the thirty-six countries in the western regions, bordering Dunhuang and closely related to the Han Dynasty around A.D.. The record of ancient Loulan is based on the biography of Han Dynasty in the Western Regions, Fa Xian and Xuanzang's record of Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions. "History of the Western Regions" records: "Shanshan country, whose real name is Loulan, Wang Zhi Qian Mud City, went to Yangguan for 1,611 miles and Chang 'an for 6,111 miles. There are 1,571 households and 44,111 people. " Fa Xian said, "The land is rugged and barren. The layman's clothes are the same as those in Han, but the carpet brown is different. Its king obeys the law. There are more than 4,111 monks who know about Hinayana. " At the end of his trip, Genjyo Sanzo made a very simple account: "From then on, he traveled more than a thousand miles northeast to the old country of Najanbo, that is, Loulan Land." Loulan State in the Han Dynasty sometimes became the eyes and ears of Xiongnu, and sometimes belonged to Han, playing with the policy of two-faced, between Han and Xiongnu, and skillfully maintaining its political life. Because Loulan is located in the traffic hub between Han and western countries, Han can't cross this area to fight Xiongnu, and Xiongnu can't threaten Han Dynasty under the guise of Loulan's strength. Both Han and Xiongnu tried their best to implement the policy of softening Loulan. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Bo Wanghou Zhang Qian to Da Yueshi, but failed to conclude an offensive and defensive alliance. After that, he sent an army to crusade against the distant kingdom of Dawan, and sent envoys to the western countries many times. When these messengers passed through Loulan, Loulan could not bear the heavy burden and even killed the messengers. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty finally sent troops to crusade against Loulan. As a result, as evidence of surrender, Prince Loulan was sent to the Han Dynasty as a hostage. Loulan also sent a prince to Xiongnu, saying that he was strictly neutral between Xiongnu and Han. Since then, when the Han Expeditionary Force attacked a vassal state of the Xiongnu, Loulan Wang connected with the Xiongnu and stationed an ambush in the country, which angered the Han court. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once again sent troops to crusade against Loulan, forcing the capital to stand in the mud city. King Loulan was so frightened that he immediately opened the city gate to apologize, and Emperor Wu asked him to monitor the movement of Xiongnu. King Loulan died in 92 BC, and the prince who was taken hostage in the Han Dynasty went back to the throne. The prince was very sad and did not want to return home easily, and his brother succeeded to the throne. The new king died a short time ago, and the Huns took this opportunity to inherit the throne with the eldest son of the former king who had been taken hostage in his own country. After hearing the news, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was surprised and quickly sent messengers to persuade the newly established king to the Han court to take him hostage, but failed. In the following two or three years, there was no major incident between Han and Xiongnu, and they were very stable on the surface. Loulan's border is close to Yumen Pass, and the Chinese envoys often go to the western countries through this closed door, passing through the desert named Bailongdui in Loulan. There is often wind in the desert, which throws quicksand into the air like a dragon and loses pedestrians. The Han Dynasty constantly ordered Loulan Kingdom to provide guides and drinking water. Because the Chinese envoys repeatedly abused the guides, Loulan refused to obey their orders, and the relationship between them deteriorated. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty finally sent an assassin to assassinate the new king. To marry the prince who was taken hostage in the Han court, a Maggie was sent back to Loulan to inherit the throne. But the king was afraid of being assassinated. In the name of protecting the king, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops to the territory of Tunloulan, thus gaining the initiative to crusade against Xiongnu and other countries in the western regions. The above is the relationship between Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and Loulan. Since then, the power of the Han Dynasty has weakened and Loulan has betrayed again. Editing the Rise and Fall of the Ancient Loulan In this paragraph, when the ancient city of Loulan was built and when the kingdom of Loulan was formed is not recorded in the existing historical materials. However, prehistoric stone tools, such as stone axes, stone hoes, stone shovels, stone knives, Shi Mao, stone arrowheads, yu fu, jade shovels, jade knives and Yu Pei, have been found around Lop Nur and the edge of Loulan City. This shows that there were human activities in and around Lop Nur depression in prehistoric times, and it is obvious that there are Shicheng sites in Altun Mountain and Kunlun Mountain. Most Neolithic tools were found in Lop Nur and its surrounding areas, about 6111 years ago. In the Western Han Dynasty, Loulan was one of the 36 city-states in northwest China. It was recorded in Historical Records that Loulan was "a city with a walled city and salt marshes", with a population of more than 14,111 and more than 2,911 holy soldiers. At that time, Guloulan was the first stop on the ancient Silk Road to the west of Yangguan. In those days, it was a "messenger facing the road" on this traffic line, with busy traffic and prosperous urban economy. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the court was in turmoil, and the Xiongnu took advantage of it to collude with the local rulers, resulting in the cut-off of traffic in the western regions. The book "The Story of the Western Regions in the Later Han Dynasty" in Hexi area said: "The city gates are closed during the day." From Wang Mang's usurpation of the throne to the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were three links in the western regions, and finally they tended to be stable and developed. "The Biography of the Western Regions in the Later Han Dynasty" said: "It is endless to rush to the post; Hu merchants, the Japanese money is stuffed. " By Cao Wei, the Silk Road went out of Yumenguan to the Western Regions, and Loulan began to prosper again. Strangely, after five or six hundred years of prosperity, the famous Loulan Kingdom suddenly disappeared from the 4th century, with no record of history and no name. In the 7th century, when Tang Xuanzang returned from his westward journey to Tianzhu, he saw that Loulan Kingdom was "desolate and deserted". In Xuanzang's eyes, Loulan became an empty city. Editing the Mystery of the Disappearance of the Ancient Loulan in 411 A.D., the eminent monk Fa Xian traveled west to learn the scriptures, passing through this place. He said in the Book of Buddha's Country that this place is "no birds above, no animals below, everywhere, and only the bones of the dead Loulan are used as the logo ears". Loulan, an important town on the Silk Road, gradually disappeared after nearly 511 years of glory and disappeared silently on the historical stage. After the 4th century AD, Loulan Kingdom suddenly disappeared. According to the Water Classic Note, after the Eastern Han Dynasty, Loulan was seriously short of water due to the diversion of the water injection riverside in the middle reaches of Tarim River. Soller of Dunhuang led 1,111 soldiers to Loulan, and also called 3,111 soldiers from Shanshan, Yanqi and Qiuci. Around the clock, he injected water from the riverside into Loulan to alleviate the water shortage in Loulan. However, after that, although Loulan people made the utmost efforts and attempts to dredge the river, the ancient city of Loulan was finally abandoned because of water shortage. It is said that Loulan's death was caused by human beings' violation of the laws of nature. Loulan people's blind and indiscriminate logging led to soil erosion, sandstorm attack, river diversion, abnormal climate, epidemic plague, water reduction and salt and alkali accumulation, which eventually led to the inevitable demise of the kingdom. Anyway, one thing is certain, the last blow to Loulan people is the plague. This is a terrible acute infectious disease, which is called "hot nest disease" in legend. One village suffers from one disease and one family dies. In the face of great disaster, Loulan people chose to flee-just like the previous migration, they were forced.