1. In 1899, Borio (Italy) published The Movement of Foreigners in Italy and Their Expenses, which started the research of tourism economics.

2. the attributes of tourism activities: a. the cultural and spiritual attributes of tourism activities; B. the economic attributes of tourism activities; C. Social

social attribute of tourism activities

3. Tourism economic activities:

(1) Definition: tourism activities in the form of commodity production and exchange. Or the sum of various economic phenomena and economic relations formed on the basis of the commercialization of tourism activities.

(2) Generation: Tourism economic activity is the product of the development of commodity economy to a certain class.

the British industrial revolution laid the foundation for the emergence and development of tourism economic activities.

a. socialized mass production; B. changes in social consciousness and values;

C. the openness of society.

(3) development: a. initial development period: the end of the 9th century-the end of World War II

B. vigorous development period: since the end of World War II

C. Bo's development laid the foundation.

4. Some ideas about the composition of tourism: (1) Tourism is not an independent sector of the national economy;

(2) Travel agency industry is not equal to tourism;

(3) Tourism can be divided into different levels.

5. tourism level: (1) core tourism: scenic spot industry and travel agency industry

(2) basic tourism: hotel accommodation industry, catering industry and tourism transportation industry

(3) expanding tourism: tourism shopping industry, entertainment industry and departments directly related to tourism consumption activities.

6. characteristics of tourism: a. comprehensiveness; B. sensitivity (volatility); C. openness; D. growth.

7. Tourism economic structure: refers to the composition of various departments, regions, various economic components and various links of economic activities in the tourism economy, and the relationship between them.

8. Optimization of tourism economic structure:

(1) Definition: refers to the process of coordinating the development and gradual improvement of structural elements through certain industrial policies and other macro-adjustment measures to meet the increasing needs of society and tourists.

(2) significance: the development of tourism economy mainly includes gross growth, structural transformation and level improvement.

(3) signs of optimization: rationalization, elevation and equalization.

9. Structure of tourism industry

(1) Definition: The internal relations and proportional relations among industries that meet the different needs of tourists within the tourism industry. It is mainly composed of travel agency industry, scenic spot industry, tourist hotel industry and tourism transportation industry.

(2) Optimization approach:

A.B.

C.

D.E. Adjust the weak links of the tourism industry and take a balanced development path.

11. Quadratic method and regional development strategy

(1) Quadratic method for promoting development: according to the two-dimensional standard of economic development and tourism development

(2) Regional development strategy: A. Polar region: develop to high added value and high income, and implement the tourism multiplication plan. B. excellent area: resource transformation, development and promotion.

C. Special Zone: Improve the level of tourism facilities and services and implement brand strategy.

D. Pingqu: Grasp the characteristics and focus on development.

11. The meaning of tourism products:

In a narrow sense, it refers to the combination of various services provided by tourism operators to meet the needs of tourists for sightseeing, leisure, health preservation and experience, as well as the corresponding transportation and accommodation needs.

in a broad sense, it refers to the aggregate of materials and services that are related to tourism consumption activities and provide all convenient conditions for tourism consumption activities.

Illustration of tourism products:

12. Features of tourism products (inspiration for tourism operators):

(1) Comprehensiveness: It is the whole industry, not a certain enterprise, that determines the improvement of tourism service quality.

(2) service (intangibility): it is decided that the improvement of tourism service quality depends on every employee of the tourism enterprise, especially the front-line employees.

(3) the simultaneity of production and consumption: it determines that tourists have greater uncertainty when choosing tourism products, and tourism enterprises monitor the product quality afterwards.

(4) Non-storability: It is decided that tourism enterprises should pay more attention to the planning of production.

(5) ownership is not transferable: sex determines the complexity and variability of cost accounting of tourism enterprises.

13. Characteristics of the use value of tourism products: (1) The use value of tourism products is various.

(2

(3

14. Realization and compensation of tourism product value

Tourism operators exchange tourism products with tourists' currencies, so that the value of tourism products can be realized and compensated. However, the realization and compensation of tourism product value has its own particularity. Different types of tourism products will have different ways of value realization and compensation.

(1) Tourism products based on natural tourism resources

If natural resources are to become natural tourism resources, it is necessary to develop and protect them. All kinds of material consumption and labor consumption need to be compensated in development and protection. Therefore, this part of value must be included in the value composition of tourism products. However, the pricing of tourism products can not only consider the compensation of this part of the value. Due to the scarcity of natural tourism resources, the market price is often higher than the value of tourism products.

(2) Tourism products based on historical and cultural heritage

Historical and cultural heritage is a direct result of human labor and is valuable, but its compensation should be based not on its original value, but on its existing value and its significance to contemporary people.

(3) Tourism products based on social reality

Social phenomena such as festivals, sacrifices and folk customs. Social phenomenon is hardly a product of labor, and usually it is not for exchange, so it has no value in itself. There is no problem of social phenomenon value transfer in tourism products based on social phenomena. However, social phenomenon is a unique local culture, and tourism activities will impact it and destroy its original structure and characteristics. Therefore, protection and economic compensation must be given. In this way, the price of tourism products based on social phenomena must consider these costs.

(4) Tourism products based on artificial landscapes

The value realization and compensation of such tourism products are relatively clear. Because man-made landscape is the product of human labor now. The value transferred to tourism products is the labor input (including materialized labor and living labor).

15. the meaning of tourism product mix: it refers to the process of integrating various elements of tourism into a whole through the design of tourism routes and the arrangement of tourism schedules.

16. Principles of tourism product mix:

(1) Targeted and diversified;

(2) Effective time arrangement and rationality of vehicle use;

(3) Appropriate spatial transfer and choice of tourist spots.

17, the development stage of tourism products

(1 Existence basis: the economy has just started, and the demand for tourism consumption is low

(2 products. This kind of products deepen the utilization of resources, improve the technical content and have greater added value. Such as: business, conference, adventure, honeymoon, folk tourism, etc. Existence basis: the economy has developed to a certain extent and tourism consumption is diversified.

(3) Third-generation tourism products: At the mature stage of tourism development, the products are not only diverse and rich in connotation, but also emphasize individualization and ecology, focusing on cultural and leisure tourism products, and the traditional scale production has been difficult to meet the requirements of the third-generation tourism products. Existence basis: high economic level and mature tourism consumption.

18. The development ways of China's tourism products: a. Focus on developing new products; B. Vigorously strengthen external promotion; C. strive to improve product quality; D. there is an urgent need to improve marketing forms; E. actively develop charter flights.

19, tourism shopping goods: refers to the tangible goods in material form purchased by tourists in tourism activities, which are tourism products in a broad sense and are not necessary factors for tourism activities.

classification: commemorative consumer goods, collectible consumer goods, practical consumer goods and daily consumer goods.

21. Differences between tourist shopping products and general department stores:

(1) Different clients; (2) Different use values;

(3) the sales outlets are different; (4) Different production and operation

21. The significance of developing tourism shopping products:

(1) increasing tourism income and improving economic benefits; (2) improving foreign exchange earned by tourism to make up for the shortage of foreign trade

(3) providing employment opportunities and enriching local residents

22. Shortcomings in the development of tourist shopping products in China and their improvement

Shortcomings: (1) The market is flooded with middle and low-grade products; (2) The variety is monotonous and the development is weak;

(3) lack of local characteristics; (4) Rough packaging

Improvement measures: (1) Establish a comprehensive evaluation system for tourism, including the foreign exchange earning of tourist shopping products

(2) Straighten out the system and strengthen the centralized leadership of the development and distribution of tourist shopping products

(3) Protect famous products and prevent vicious sales price competition

(4) Policy support, and enjoy the same treatment as foreign trade exports in terms of foreign exchange earning and retention

23. Three conditions for the realization of tourism demand: willingness to buy, actual ability to pay and leisure time.

24. Factors affecting tourism demand:

(1) Price factor: Generally speaking, the price of tourism products and demand change in the opposite direction. That is, if the price of tourism products rises, the demand for tourism will decline; On the contrary, on the contrary. Expressed by a function, that is, qd = f (p) as shown in Figure 3-1

, the price of a certain tourism product has not changed, but the price of other tourism products or leisure products has changed, which will also cause changes in the demand for this tourism product, and there is a substitution relationship between the two commodities. This is the substitution effect.

(2) Income factors

Generally speaking, the disposable income of individuals changes positively with tourism demand. That is, income increases, so does tourism demand, and vice versa. Expressed by function, i.e. qd = f (i) as shown in Figure 3-2

(3) Currency exchange rate factor

(4) Psychological factors, such as expected psychology, personal preference and sense of security.

(5) Political and social factors, such as tourism policy, population size and structure, unexpected events, leisure time and cultural identity.

(6) Geographical seasonal factors

25. Changes in tourism demand and changes in demand level

Changes in demand are the effects of price changes on tourism demand assuming other factors remain unchanged. From the diagram, it is a change on the same demand curve;

the change of demand level is the change of tourism demand caused by the change of other factors, assuming that the price is unchanged. It is a change on different demand curves. See Figure 3-3 < P > 26. Law of Tourism Demand: When other factors affecting tourism demand remain unchanged, tourism demand changes positively with people's disposable income, but inversely with the price of tourism products.

People's disposable income and the price of tourism products are the most important factors affecting tourism demand:

▲ universality ▲ directness ▲ obviousness

27. Price elasticity of tourism demand: refers to the degree of influence of price fluctuation of tourism products on tourism demand fluctuation.

percentage change of tourism demand

price elasticity coefficient of tourism demand = ——————————

percentage change of tourism product price

point elasticity:

Q2-Q1P2-P1

EP = —————————

Q1P1 < —————————————— =——————

(Q2+Q1)/2 (P2+Q1)/2 (Q2+Q1) (P2-P1)

Price elasticity coefficient of tourism demand

(1. Great flexibility)

(2)Ep﹤1 Price fluctuation range ﹥ Demand fluctuation range (price has little influence on demand and little flexibility)

(3)Ep =1 Price fluctuation range = demand fluctuation range (unit elasticity)

The demand price elasticity coefficient is negative. Generally, the absolute value is taken, and the greater the absolute value, the more flexible it is.

28. Tourism income elasticity of demand: refers to the extent to which changes in disposable income of tourists affect changes in tourism demand. Income elasticity of demand coefficient of tourism = percentage change of tourism demand/percentage change of disposable income

Formula:

Q2-Q1I2-I1

EI = ———————

Q1I1

29. Tourism supply: refers to the willingness and willingness of tourism operators in a certain period of time at the possible market price level. Conditions for the realization of tourism supply: market demand, profitability and production capacity.

31. Factors affecting tourism supply:

(1) Price factors

Generally speaking, the price and supply of tourism products change in a positive direction. Expressed by function, i.e. QS = f (p) as shown in figure

(2) Business factors, such as cost, capital and technology.

(3) resource factors

(4) environmental factors: the environmental capacity and tourism carrying capacity of tourism resources directly and indirectly restrict the tourism supply.

(5) Policy factors, such as taxes, financial subsidies, loans, land, etc.

(6) Seasonal factors

31. Changes in tourism supply and changes in supply level

Changes in supply are the effects of price changes on supply assuming other factors remain unchanged. From the diagram, it is a change on the same supply curve;

the change of supply level is the change of tourism supply caused by the change of other factors, which is the change on different supply curves

32. Law of tourism supply: under the condition that other factors affecting tourism supply remain unchanged, tourism supply changes inversely with the cost of producing tourism products and positively with the price of tourism products.

▲ universality ▲ directness ▲ obviousness

The price elasticity of tourism supply is the same as that of tourism demand, but the price elasticity coefficient of tourism supply is positive.

Enlightenment of price elasticity of tourism supply:

(1) Tourism products with labor-intensive, low technology content, simple combination and rich resources, Ep> 1； On the other hand, Ep

(2) Tourism products whose tourism capacity can't continue to expand and whose tourism carrying capacity has reached the limit, Esp=1.

33. Three forms of tourism supply and demand:

(1) Demand exceeds supply; (2) Supply exceeds demand;

(3) The price is relatively stable (individual balance, total balance and structural balance)

34. The main manifestation of the contradiction between tourism supply and demand

(1) The contradiction between tourism reception capacity and the total number of tourists; (2) the structural contradiction between tourism supply and demand;

(3) brigade