I have information about earthquake prevention and disaster reduction here.

Earthquake prevention and disaster reduction is to prevent and mitigate earthquake disasters.

Earthquake is a natural phenomenon.

Earthquakes, commonly known as earthquakes. It is a common natural phenomenon and a manifestation of crustal movement. Just like the usual wind and rain, it is the earth's surface vibration caused by the sudden release of slowly accumulated energy inside the earth. According to statistics, there are about 5 million earthquakes every year in the world. Most of these earthquakes are too small to be detected without sensitive instruments, accounting for about 99% of the total number of earthquakes, and the rest 1%, about 50 thousand times, will be felt by people. In general, earthquakes of magnitude 5 or above can cause damage, which is customarily called destructive earthquakes, with an average of about 1000 times per year; Strong earthquakes of magnitude 7 or above average 18 times a year; Earthquakes of magnitude 8 or above occur 1-2 times a year.

Is there a precursor to the earthquake?

Earthquakes, like natural phenomena such as wind and rain, have precursors and can be predicted. During the gradual accumulation and strengthening of crustal stress and strain, a series of abnormal physical and chemical changes will occur in the source and its adjacent materials. We call these abnormal changes related to earthquake preparation and occurrence as earthquake precursors. Generally speaking, the geophysical field, chemical field and micro-deformation anomalies observed by seismic instruments are called micro-precursors, while the anomalies displayed by animals, plants and nature are called macro-anomalies.

Animal anomalies before earthquakes

The scientific truth that animals are more prophetic than people before earthquakes is not completely clear at present, but the abnormal phenomena of animals before earthquakes have long been recorded in ancient earthquake data in China. According to incomplete statistics, there were dozens of abnormal animals before the earthquake, flying in the air, running underground, swimming in the water, and everywhere. According to the abnormal reaction of animals before earthquakes, people in earthquake areas in China wrote a ballad to predict earthquakes: animals have signs before earthquakes, and it is very important to prevent and treat them by groups. Cattle, sheep, mules and horses don't enter the circle, pigs don't eat dogs and bite people. Ducks don't go into the water and make noise on the shore, but chickens fly to the trees and scream loudly. The snake came out of the hole in the ice and snow, and the big cat ran away with the kitten in its mouth. The rabbit jumped and bumped, and the fish jumped into the water. Bees are moving noisily, but pigeons are too scared to fly back to their nests. Every household observes and comprehensively predicts the abnormal situation. In short, before the earthquake, animals were very common, and their behaviors were: fidgety, panic, anxiety, abnormal activities, not eating, not entering the circle, and some were listless and sluggish. The abnormal time of animals is mostly concentrated in a few minutes to two or three days before the earthquake, and the reaction is mostly on the day before the earthquake, and the epicenter is the most concentrated.

4. How often will there be an earthquake when animals are abnormal? Generally speaking, the greater the magnitude of the earthquake, the closer it is to the impending earthquake, the more kinds and quantities of animal anomalies, and the stronger the response. The earthquake time is: (1) a few hours to a day before the earthquake for cattle, horses, sheep and pigs. (2) rats? One to five days or even half a month before the earthquake. (3) chicken? One or two days before the earthquake. (4) dogs? Half an hour to two days before the earthquake. (5) snakes? Two or three days before the earthquake, I hibernated and went out early. (6) Pigeons? Hours or even a day before the earthquake. (7) fish? Hours to ten days before the earthquake.

Plant anomaly before earthquake

Before the earthquake, the abnormal phenomena of plants were related to the changes of air temperature and ground temperature. In winter, the fruit trees bloom, the fruit is heavy, the bamboo blossoms, the bamboo shoots sprout, the trunk cracks, and the leaves germinate ahead of time. In summer, if the ripe pumpkin blooms again, the opening and closing time of the leaves of mimosa and banyan is abnormal.

Meteorological anomaly before earthquake

There are many kinds and forms of meteorological anomalies before the earthquake, including wind, frost, clouds, rain, hail, snow, sound, light, electricity, air pressure, ground temperature, temperature, drought and flood, sun and moon images and so on. These are very rich. Before the earthquake, there were blue and white flashes and red and green flashes to publicize earthquake prevention and disaster reduction.

Belt, fireball, flake light, ribbon light, columnar light, spherical light, stars falling like rain, strong wind and heavy rain, dust covering the sky, strange wind blowing, continuous rain, lightning, hail and heavy snow, sudden change, sultry, abnormal temperature, cold temperature, sudden drop of air pressure, black gas like fog, gray moonlight, dusty all over the sky, foggy and gloomy. These anomalies usually occur a few seconds, minutes to days before an earthquake. If this abnormality is found, measures should be taken immediately to prepare for earthquake prevention and report to the relevant departments in time.

Groundwater anomaly before earthquake

The earthquake happened underground, and the groundwater was buried in the stratum. Before the earthquake, the stress changes caused the groundwater level to rise and fall, and the well water turned over, bubbled, whirled, turbid, voiced, changed temperature, changed taste, floated oil or caused changes in chemical composition before the earthquake. Well water is a treasure, and the precursor comes early. When there is no rain, the spring water is turbid, and when there is drought, the well water gushes out. The water level rises and falls, and flowers are bubbling. Some change color, some change taste. It's going to rain, and the water will make trouble. Establish a forecasting network and report abnormal situations quickly. This is a summary of the experience of the people in the earthquake-stricken areas in China on the groundwater changes before previous earthquakes. How to use groundwater to predict earthquakes? There was a trend change in groundwater several years before the earthquake, and it suddenly changed a few days to a few hours before the impending earthquake, with an accelerated speed and increased amplitude. In space, it gradually concentrated from the periphery to the epicenter before the earthquake and spread from the epicenter to the periphery after the earthquake. We have mastered these general abnormal changes, adopted the simplest method, observed well water regularly every day, and mastered obvious and special changes, which can provide reliable basis for earthquake prediction.

Earthquake monitoring and prediction

What earthquake monitoring methods are available in China?

In the process of earthquake preparation, various abnormal phenomena such as geophysics, geochemistry, geology, geodesy, meteorology and biology often occur. Since Xingtai 1966 earthquake, more than 70 moderate-strong earthquakes occurred in China, and more than 1000 precursory anomalies were recorded. Because the process of earthquake preparation and occurrence is extremely complicated, the earthquake precursors are also rich and varied. After sorting out and studying, these anomalies can be classified as 10: earthquake precursors, crustal deformation, geomagnetism, geoelectricity, gravity, hydrology, geochemistry, dynamics of underground fluids (water, steam, gas and oil), stress and strain, meteorological anomalies and macroscopic precursor phenomena. Seismologists have scientifically monitored the above precursors. Only by comprehensively analyzing and studying these precursors can we capture the information of earthquake precursors.

Who invented the first seismograph in the world?

An instrument for observing and recording earthquakes is called a seismograph. 132 July (the first year of Yang Jia, Emperor Shun of the Eastern Han Dynasty), Zhang Heng invented the world's first instrument for observing earthquakes-the Hou Feng seismograph, which opened a new era for human beings to observe earthquakes with instruments. Zhang Heng is called the father of seismograph.

What is earthquake prediction?

What are the three elements of earthquake prediction? Earthquake prediction is the prediction of the time, place, magnitude, impact strength and damage vulnerability of earthquakes. Usually, the three elements of earthquake prediction mainly refer to the time, place and magnitude of the earthquake.

What types of earthquake prediction include?

(1) Long-term earthquake prediction refers to the prediction of areas where destructive earthquakes may occur in the next 10 years; (2) Medium-term earthquake prediction refers to the prediction of areas where destructive earthquakes may occur in the next year or two; (3) Short-term earthquake prediction refers to the prediction of the time, place and magnitude of an earthquake that will occur within three months;

In order to reduce earthquake disasters, human beings have formulated a series of strategies and tactics to deal with earthquakes in order to obtain certain social and economic benefits, which are earthquake countermeasures. In short, it is the way and measures to deal with the earthquake, that is, what to do when the earthquake comes. The main contents of earthquake countermeasures include: earthquake monitoring, earthquake prediction, engineering earthquake resistance, social disaster prevention, post-earthquake disaster relief, recovery and reconstruction, and calming panic.

Common sense of earthquake emergency and rescue

The usual preparatory work

Preparing at ordinary times is the basic condition to minimize disaster losses. (1) Family safety measures: Take measures to fix wardrobes, sideboards, refrigerators, etc. And prevent dumping. Stick transparent film or adhesive tape on glass such as sideboards and windows. To prevent the glass from splashing around when it is broken. In order to prevent the cupboard door from opening due to earthquake shaking and the contents from falling out, hinges are installed on the doors of cabinets and closets for fixing. Don't put TV sets, vases, etc. In a higher place. In order to prevent the glass fragments scattered on the ground from hurting people, thick slippers are usually prepared. Pay attention to the placement of furniture to ensure a safe space. Pay full attention to the management and storage of dangerous goods such as fire fighting equipment and kerosene heating. Strengthen the cement precast slab wall to make it strong and not easy to collapse. Always put fire extinguishers and buckets near the fire source. Do a good job in building maintenance and reinforcement (especially foundation columns and roof tiles, etc.). (2) Prepare emergency supplies and drinking water; Food, baby milk powder; First aid medicine; Portable radios, flashlights and dry batteries; Cash and valuables; Underwear, towel, toilet paper, etc. (3) hold a family disaster prevention meeting once a month. Where is safer at home? Confirmation of shelters and roads; Learn first aid and rescue knowledge; Division of labor among family members; Confirm the location of fire extinguisher; In case of emergency, the contact information and meeting place of family members; Inspection of fire fighting equipment, etc. Check the emergency handling bag and confirm its placement. (4) Establish a cooperative system of neighborhood mutual assistance in peacetime. After the earthquake, it will cause serious disasters in a large area. In this case, it is impossible for fire engines and ambulances to arrive at any time. Therefore, it is necessary to organize local residents to communicate through streets and other places in peacetime, and establish a mutual assistance and cooperation system to deal with earthquakes, fires and rescue the wounded. In peacetime, neighbors should establish a cooperative system; Actively participate in civil disaster prevention organizations; Actively participate in disaster prevention training.

Here is how to prevent shock.

Seize the opportunity and absorb shock scientifically.

When an earthquake happens, you should calmly deal with it and take immediate action to prevent it. If you act calmly, you will be safe and avoid disaster, otherwise, you will cause unnecessary losses. The existence of early warning phenomenon, early warning time and earthquake-proof space is the objective basis for people to save themselves and survive in the earthquake. As long as you have some knowledge of earthquake prevention and make some preparations in advance, you can make use of the early warning phenomenon, seize the early warning opportunity, choose the right earthquake prevention method and space, and there is hope for survival. Early warning phenomena: Early warning phenomena mainly include ground tremor, building shaking, strong and weird ground sound, bright and terrible ground light, etc. Warning time: the time to escape. It takes about ten seconds from feeling the earthquake to the collapse of the house. As long as you are prepared in advance, it is possible to use this precious ten seconds to get out of danger and turn the corner. Shockproof space: a space that can be hidden in ruins. Don't think that the collapse of the house is a dead end. Under the support of indoor furniture and articles, there will always be some living space in the ruins.

What should be paid attention to in earthquake emergency?

(1) Do you want to run or hide during the earthquake? Most experts in China believe that it is a better way to evacuate to a safe place after an earthquake. This is because the phenomenon of earthquake early warning is very short, and people are often unable to act independently because of intense exercise; However, if you live in a bungalow and find an early warning phenomenon, you should try to run out to an open and safe place to absorb shock. The so-called nearby shock absorption means taking different countermeasures according to different situations. (2) What posture should the body take? "Lie down to be determined", that is, squat down, sit down or get down, curl up as much as possible to lower the center of gravity of your body, and firmly grasp the solid objects around you with your hands to prevent you from falling or being injured due to out-of-control displacement and contact with objects. (3) How to protect important parts of the body? Protect the head and neck: bend the head and protect the head or back neck with your hands. If possible, put things around you, such as schoolbags, bedding and sofa cushions, on your head. Protect your eyes: lower your head and close your eyes to prevent foreign objects from invading. Protect your nose and mouth: If possible, cover your nose and mouth with a wet towel to prevent inhalation of dust and toxic gases. 4. After the earthquake, will aftershocks cause damage to buildings? Many buildings were not damaged by the main earthquake, but they became unstable. At this time, if there are some strong aftershocks, although the magnitude is smaller than the main shock, the damage may be greater than the main shock.

Key points of emergency shock absorption in different environments

(1) Special reminder on how to prevent shock at home:-Never stay in bed; -Never stand in the middle of a room; These are the most exposed and unsafe places in the body! For friends who live in the building, the safer hiding places are:-under a solid table or bed; -Low, sturdy furniture edges; -Open a small supported room, such as a bathroom; -Corners of internal load-bearing walls; —— Earthquake-proof space prepared before the earthquake. Actions that should not be taken during an earthquake:-Never jump off a building; -don't go to the balcony; -don't go up the stairs; -Don't take the elevator; If you are in the elevator during the earthquake, leave as soon as possible; If the door won't open, lower your head and grab the handrail on the wall. -Don't run around, especially don't go to crowded places in the corridor. Friends who live in bungalows: If the outdoor space is open and early warning phenomenon is found, you can run out of the outdoor shock absorber as soon as possible. Safe place for indoor shock absorption:-under the edge of the kang; —— Earthquake-proof space prepared before the earthquake. Things not to do in an earthquake:-Don't hide under the roof beam; -Don't hide by the window; -Stay away from fragile walls; -Don't run away from the window, lest you be hurt by the glass or fall down. (2) Special reminder on how to avoid shock at school:-Listen to the teacher's command in all actions; Students should take care of each other, especially those who are young, weak and disabled. In class:-under the instruction of the teacher, hold your head quickly, close your eyes and hide under the desk; -Don't panic, crowd or flee during the earthquake, and then evacuate in an organized way after the earthquake under the guidance of the teacher; -If the classroom is a building, don't jump off the building, don't rush to the stairs, and so on. When you are in the playground or outdoors:-If you are in an open place, you can stay still, squat down and cover your head with your hands; -Pay attention to avoid tall buildings or dangerous objects; -Don't run around, don't push around, and follow the teacher's instructions after the earthquake. (3) How to prevent electric shock in public places? Special reminder:-obey the command of the on-site staff; -don't panic and crowd, run to the exit and avoid the crowd; -if you have to squeeze into the crowd, you should prevent falling; Cross your hands on your chest to protect yourself and bear external pressure with your shoulders and back; Follow the flow of people and avoid being squeezed into walls or fences; -Unbutton the collar and keep breathing smoothly. In theaters, gymnasiums, etc. -Squat under the row chairs and protect your head with your hands or other things; -Avoid hanging chandeliers, electric fans and other items; -After the earthquake, follow the instructions of the service personnel and evacuate in an organized manner. In shopping malls, bookstores, exhibition halls, subways, etc. -Choose solid counters, commodities (such as low furniture) or columns, crouch in the inner corner, and cover your head with your hands or other things; -Avoid glass doors and windows and glass counters; -Avoid placing heavy objects and fragile objects on tall and unstable shelves; -Avoid hanging chandeliers and billboards. On a moving bus or car; -Hold the handrail tightly and bend your head to avoid falling or bumping; —— Lower the center of gravity and hide near the seat to prevent injury in case of accident; Get off after the earthquake. (4) Special reminder on how to prevent electric shock outdoors:-leave all kinds of tall and dangerous things quickly; —— Choose an open area nearby for shock absorption; -Don't go indoors. Pay attention to avoid tall buildings and structures:-buildings, especially those with glass curtain walls; -Crossing bridges and overpasses; -Tall chimneys, water towers, etc. Pay attention to avoid dangerous objects, towering or hanging objects:-transformers, telephone poles, street lamps, etc. -billboards, cranes, etc. Pay attention to avoid other dangerous places:-dangerous old houses and dangerous walls; -Under parapets, high doors and awnings; -Stacking places for bricks, bricks, wood, etc. (5) How to prevent earthquakes in the wild: If you are traveling in the suburbs during the earthquake; Or, you live in the country and are playing in the wild, collecting firewood or herding cattle. What should you do? -Leave dangerous places such as mountain sides and waterside quickly; -Choose an open and stable place for local shock absorption; -Squat or get down to prevent falling; -Take shelter from the wind and turn your back on the wind to avoid inhaling toxic gases (if there is a chemical factory nearby, etc.). ). Avoid the following dangerous environments near the water surface: —— Riverside, lakeside and seaside, in case the riverbank collapses and falls into the water, the upstream reservoir collapses and rises, or a tsunami occurs; -On dams and dikes, prevent dam collapse or flood; —— Deck or under the bridge to prevent the bridge from collapsing or flooding. Avoid the following dangerous environments on the hillside:-at the foot of the mountain and the edge of steep cliffs to prevent landslides, rolling stones and mudslides; -On steep slopes and cliffs to prevent ground fissures and landslides. Avoid other dangerous places:-under transformers and high-voltage lines to prevent electric shock; -Factories or dangerous warehouses that produce dangerous goods to prevent injuries in accidents. (6) What should I do if I encounter special dangers during an earthquake? Indoor:-In case of fire. Not to mention never running around, going to crowded places, lying on the ground and covering your mouth and nose with wet towels; After the earthquake stops, move to a safe place; Pay attention to crawl forward and go against the wind; -Gas leakage. Cover your nose and mouth with a wet towel; Never use an open flame; Try to move after the earthquake. Outdoor:-If rivers, lakes and seas overflow, run to high places; -In case of landslide, run in the direction perpendicular to the rolling stones, and never run down the mountain along the rolling stones; You can also hide under solid obstacles, or squat under ditches and canopies, paying special attention to protecting your head; -When the chemical plant is on fire and toxic gas leaks, don't run in the downwind direction, but go around the upwind direction of the factory as soon as possible; Try to cover your nose and mouth with a wet towel. 6. Countermeasures for emergency treatment of production posts in case of earthquake In order to avoid secondary disasters caused by earthquake and ensure the continuity of key systems, when an earthquake suddenly occurs, all on-the-job personnel should be calm and take decisive measures according to the actual situation: (1) Pull down the switch urgently and cut off the power supply; (2) All high-temperature and high-pressure devices immediately stop heating and pressurizing, and take decompression and exhaust measures; (3) put out the fire and close the fuel oven door; (4) Isolate substances that are prone to chemical reactions from each other; (5) Quickly close containers or valves for storing toxic gases and bacteria to prevent leakage; (6) The operator of the machine should do a good job of safe parking; (7) The running trains and cars should be braked quickly and urgently; (8) For some uninterrupted production and scientific research departments, on-the-job personnel should stick to their posts and deal with various problems that may arise at any time.

Earthquakes can be prevented

At present, earthquake prevention in China is generally divided into two aspects: prediction and prevention. Prediction is to analyze and predict the data recorded by observation instruments, so as to reduce earthquake disasters. Another way is prevention, because casualties and property losses mainly occur in buildings, so it is very important to strengthen the seismic work of buildings. Strengthening the earthquake-resistant work of houses may increase the investment in capital construction, but it is beneficial in the long run, especially in some political and economic centers such as big cities, large industrial and mining areas, traffic trunk lines, power hubs and international projects. After the earthquake danger zone is determined, the construction should be carried out in strict accordance with the requirements of earthquake-proof and earthquake-resistant design, so as to be prepared.

Numbers related to earthquakes

The biggest earthquake in the world

The largest earthquake was Chile's M8.9 earthquake, which occurred on May 22nd, 1960. The deepest earthquake,1June 29th, 934, occurred in the east of Sulawesi, Indonesia, with a magnitude of 6.9 and a focal depth of 720km. The country with the highest basic earthquake intensity is Japan, and the national earthquake intensity is above nine degrees. The country with the least earthquakes is Brazil. China's prediction of 1975 Haicheng earthquake with M = 7.2 is recognized by scholars all over the world as having practical significance for human beings. The earthquake that caused the biggest economic loss was the 7.2-magnitude earthquake that occurred in Hanshin, Japan on June/KOOC-0/995+/KOOC-0/0/7, with a loss of/KOOC-0/0 billion US dollars. The earliest instrument for observing and recording earthquakes in the world, the Hou Feng Seismograph, was invented by Zhang Heng, a famous scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and recorded an earthquake that occurred in Longxi in 132.

The place with the most earthquakes in China

The earthquake with the highest intensity occurred in Haiyuan, Ningxia on June1920+February 16, with an epicenter intensity of 12 degrees. The largest earthquake in China was 1920 in Haiyuan, Ningxia and 1950 in Chayu, Tibet, both with magnitude of 8.5. The earthquake with the largest number of deaths was1the M8 earthquake that occurred in Huaxian County, Shaanxi Province on October 23rd. The death toll "has been reported to more than 830,000 famous people, and unknown people are not counted." The earthquake with the greatest damage and loss was17.8 earthquake that occurred in Tangshan on July 28th, 1976, and the direct economic loss was 9.6 billion yuan. The province with the most earthquakes in China is Taiwan Province Province. China is the country with the most earthquakes in the plate. The death toll accounts for 60% of the global earthquake death toll. The first self-built seismic station in China was the Beijing Jiu Feng Seismic Station, and records began at 1930. The earthquake with the deepest focal point in China was1April 1969 in Hunchun, Jilin, with a depth of 555 kilometers.

Numbers related to earthquakes

There have been 17 earthquakes of magnitude 8 or above in the history of our country. China is divided into 23 seismic zones. There are two giant seismic belts in the world, namely, the Pacific seismic belt and the Mediterranean Himalayan seismic belt, and 99% of the world's earthquakes occur in these two seismic belts. There are more than 300 cities in China, half of which are located in areas with a basic intensity of seven degrees or above. 70% of the 20 big cities with a population of more than one million are located in areas with intensity of seven degrees and above. Earthquakes that killed more than 50,000 people occurred 17 times around the world, 7 of which occurred in China. There were four earthquakes that killed more than 200,000 people, all in China, once in Ningxia and once in Sichuan.