At the end of the 19th century, the Qing Dynasty was closed to the world, weak and impoverished, and the European and American powers' "sharp cannons" repeatedly blasted open the door of the "Heavenly Kingdom", and at the same time awakened the Chinese people's consciousness of salvation and survival, and the realization of change and self-improvement. The call of "to seek strength against foreign invasion, to seek strength and want to change" is increasing, "abolish the imperial examinations, the rise of schools", and nurture talents without any restriction, and become an important initiative of the New Reform and change of law. Nanjing University's predecessor - Sanjiang Normal School was born in this trend of the country's strong thinking.
In 1901, the Qing court was forced by the internal and external situation to order all provinces to change their schools into academies. In the following year, it promulgated the "Regulations of the Imperial Academy" (the "Imjin School System"), which categorized school education into primary, secondary and tertiary education, forming a relatively complete and systematic education system.
Liu Kunyi, then Governor of Liangjiang, formed the "Southeast Mutual Protection" alliance with Zhang Zhidong, then Governor of Hubei and Hunan, and Sheng Xuanhuai, etc. In July 1901, he and Zhang Zhidong jointly presented the "Governor of Hubei and Hunan, Liangjiang, the Governor's meeting of the Three Remedies" (historically known as the "Change of Law" three remedies). In July 1901, he and Zhang Zhidong jointly presented the "Three Proposals of the Governors of Huguang and Liangjiang" (known as the "Three Proposals for Changing the Law"). Proposed "the big end of education" four: "one said that the establishment of civil and military academies; two said that discretionary change of arts; three said that stop striking the martial arts; four said that the incentive to travel to study." (Historians believe that the "change of law," in fact, is "the implementation of the late Qing dynasty New Deal outline").
May 8, 1902, Liu Kunyi invited Zhang Jian, Miao Tsuen Sun, Luo Zhenyu and other scholars in Jiangsu, celebrities to discuss the establishment of the school matters, to reach a *** knowledge: the main difficulty in raising education is the lack of teachers and the shortage of funds, and the opening of the Higher Teacher Training College, not only for the cultivation of teachers for the various levels of the school, but also "can be more than the higher education school to reduce the cost of the savings by half! ". Liu Kunyi in the same day to Zhang Zhidong's letter informing the discussion of the process, the main school "should start from the teacher training college".
1902 May 15, Liu Kunyi together with the Jiangsu governor, Jiangsu, Jiangsu, the school of politics on the "preparation for the Jiangnan Province, the situation of the school fold", May 30, he again on the "preparation for the school situation fold", submitted to the original establishment of the School of the Marine Division, the Land School and Gezhi School outside, another small, medium and high school three schools. That is: the Jiangnan Wenzheng College into a small school, Zhongshan College into a middle school, "are on the original site of the discretionary increase in velvet"; the provincial capital of the Higher School "class specialization", "the scale must seek spacious, so that a wide range of talented people ", and therefore "hired Hanlin Academy editor Mu Tsuen-sun as the chief teacher" (Note: Mu Tsuen-sun was hired as Jiangning Higher Learning School "chief teacher", rather than the teacher training school "chief teacher") (Note: Miao was employed as the "Chief Teacher" of the Jiangning Higher Education College, not the "Chief Teacher" of the Normal College. Zaozuo statement of the school must be gradual, need to focus on textbooks and teachers of the proposition, and the cloud: "has set up another teacher training college, selecting the middle school drowning through, the character of the upright, taught to algorithms, drawings and other things, learning to give a diploma, so that for the primary school instructor."
After the death of Liu Kunyi, Zhang Zhidong succeeded the Governor of the two rivers, the "founding of Sanjiang Normal School", "first do a large Normal School, as the program of the whole situation of the academic affairs". He also prescribed a specific plan to run the school, set up under the Governor's Office of the two rivers school affairs, planning and management of school matters. At the same time, appointed Hanlin Academy editor Mu Tsuen Sun rate to Japan to study education, and then hired Mu Tsuen Sun for the three rivers teacher training school chief inspector, responsible for the construction of the three rivers teacher training school.
School named "Sanjiang" cause, there are two points of view:
One point of view: Nanjing at that time for the Governor of the two rivers in the section of the place, the Governor of the two rivers under the jurisdiction of Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi Province are located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, that is, the ancient reference to the "Yangzhou" area. "area. Therefore, "Sanjiang" means "Southeast", and the name of Sanjiang Normal School was given to it without losing the ancient style, but also in line with the jurisdiction of the Governor of Liangjiang. (According to legend, Dayu ruled the water, divided the world for Ji, Yanzhou, Qing, Xu, Yang, Jing, Yu, Liang, Yong nine states, and "southeast said Yangzhou"; "book - Yugong" "Yangzhou" records: "three rivers have entered, Zhenze bottomed out. " ; "Zhouli - job square" "Yangzhou" also cloud: "its river three rivers." (Probably refers to the southeast of the land of rivers, water network intertwined meaning.)
Another opinion is that Anhui was historically a province of Jiangnan, "Three Rivers" means "Jiangsu" (or "Jiangning"), "Jiangnan", "Jiangnan", "Jiangnan", "Jiangnan", "Jiangnan", "Jiangnan", "Jiangnan", "Jiangnan", "Jiangnan", "Jiangnan", "Jiangnan" and "Jiangnan". Jiangsu" (or "Jiangning")," Jiangnan "," Jiangxi "three provinces of the abbreviation. "Three rivers teacher training school" chapter 1, section 1 on the "name" said: "the school name three rivers teacher training school, for Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi Province, the public school." Perhaps this is the origin of the name "Sanjiang". November 8, 1902 (Guangxu 28 October 9) to March 20, 1903 (Guangxu 29 February 22), Zhang Zhidong was called to act as the two rivers again. The founding of the Sanjiang Normal School was his greatest achievement during his second term of less than four and a half months in charge of the two rivers.
(1) Beginning to prepare for the establishment of Sanjiang. Zhang Zhidong arrived in Jiangning on November 5, 1902, to Zhongshan Academy as a pavilion; "the first nine days to take over the seal of the Governor of the two rivers". In his <
(2) the establishment of the two rivers school affairs. In order to better implement the school affairs, especially to speed up the founding of Sanjiang Normal School, Zhang Zhidong in December 1902, the establishment of the two rivers school affairs, "specializing in the province's school matters". The chief office of the school for the Jiang'an governor of the amount of Hu Yansun observation, and the Silver Dollar Bureau ZhiZhongLu observation, land division school YuKeShi observation for the deputy chief office. Zhang Zhidong appointed jiangning silver dollar bureau officials for the deputy director of the school affairs office, intended to raise money from the silver dollar bureau to support the founding of three rivers.
(3) the creation of Sanjiang. February 5, 1903 (Guangxu 29 years on the eighth day of the first month), Zhang Zhidong formally requested the creation of Sanjiang Normal School. Zhang Zhidong's "create Sanjiang Normal School folding" began, reiterated the "Normal School for education to create the end of the place, the relationship is particularly important" point of view, emphasizing the development of education, must "briefly explore the source", grasp the order of priority. "here in the provincial city of Jiangning in front of the Arctic Pavilion, surveyed the address, the creation of a three rivers teacher training school, where Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi Province, people have to enter the hall to be learned." Zuo detailed and specific elaborated on the reasons for the creation of three rivers teacher training school, meaning, the constitution of the school system, the quota of students, teachers and the composition of the source, school funding and financing channels and so on.
(4) Hu Jun, the head of the Hubei Normal School, was specially deployed to participate in the preparations for the establishment of the school. Two lakes academy graduates Hu Jun was ordered by Zhang Zhidong twice to Japan to study education, teacher education in Japan has a deep understanding, Zhang Zhidong transfer Hu to participate in the Sanjiang Normal School of construction, to be modeled after the Japanese Imperial University in Tokyo, "fine drawings, detailed statutes, the total period of the system of all complete and legitimate".
(5) sent mu Tsuen Sun, etc. to Japan to study. 1902 the end of Zhang Zhidong, that is, ordered mu Tsuen Sun, Xu Naichang, Liu Yizheng and other eight people to go to Japan to study education. Miu Tsuen-sun and many other preparations for the study, only in February 1903 set off, April 11 by the new Governor Wei Kwang-tao electric recall to Jiangning. The study tour, mainly to learn from the successful experience of Japan's teacher education and used in the construction and development of the Sanjiang Normal School. Soon after returning from the study tour, Miu Tsuen-sun was appointed as the chief inspector of Sanjiang, Xu Nai-chang was appointed as the chief office of Sanjiang in 1905, and Liu Yi-zheng was hired in June 1903 as a teaching fellow of Sanjiang.
(6) Hiring Japanese teachers. Zhang Zhidong advocated to learn from the Japanese education system and concepts formed after the Meiji Restoration. He not only advocated studying in the East, but also directly to take talent in a foreign country, from Japan to hire teachers or consultants. Since the beginning of 1898, he established contact with the Japanese East Asia Association, has hired 24 Japanese teachers and consultants to teach in Hubei schools. 1903 January 18 (i.e., 18 days before the establishment of the Sanjiang Normal School), Zhang Zhidong wrote to the president of the Japanese East Asia Association in close proximity of the Japanese and vice president of the Nagaoka Guomei, cloud: "Jinling is now proposed to set up a Sanjiang Normal School ", "to be employed in your country teacher teacher 12 people", one of them as "head teacher", the rest of its scheduling. Zhang Zhidong asked Konoye to look for a sincere and diligent temperament, good conduct and educational experience and experience, asked "half of the first month to Jinling", in order to teach with the Chinese "mutual exchange of knowledge". After correspondence, Konoi dispatched Nagane Tsuyoshi, who was in Shanghai at the time, to Nanjing to "study in detail the matter of recruiting instructors for the Sanjiang Normal School" with Zhang Zhidong, and with Zhang Zhidong's delegates, Yu Mingzhen (General Office and Academic Affairs Department of the Jiangnan Lukshi Normal School), Yang Hajiwei (General Office and Academic Affairs Department of the Sanjiang Normal School) and Liu Shihang (General Office and Academic Affairs Department of the Sanjiang Normal School), who were appointed by Zhang Zhidong to represent him. Liu Shihang (Sanjiang Normal School general office and school affairs) three people, on February 26, 1903 reached "Sanjiang Normal School to employ Japanese teachers and trainers Charter". The agreement *** twelve paragraphs, respectively, the number of Japanese teachers hired, the appointment period, the subjects taught, hours, salary, Sichuan capital, medical expenses and other matters.
(7) the extension of Chinese teachers. Zhang Zhidong showed an oracle, asked the two rivers under the jurisdiction of the provincial officials and gentry sponsored "lift, tribute, government grants, and increase the birth" in the scholarly line of excellence, through the examination of sub-disciplinary proposition, admitted 50, and employed Japanese instructors "mutual benefit for a year", and then teach cultivation, history, Geography, literature, arithmetic, gymnastics subjects. The original plan on the twentieth day of the first month of the lunar calendar to take Qi, but because of Anhui, Jiangxi and other places to get the letter has been delayed, and not to send, and therefore delayed to the sixth of February, Zhang Zhidong intended to "personally visit the examination", and then because of the important things is difficult to be detached, please Jiangning Fandang Li Xianghuan, etc., on behalf of the main examination. The tenth re-examination, the eighteenth revealed. In the test 370 people, only admitted Chong Park, Cheng Lin and other 20. Zhang Zhidong that "the test is only based on the text, it is difficult to know the quality". Therefore, the two rivers school officials in March 18, 1903 (February 20) through the re-examination of the interview, "spy on its speech, name by name to be examined, detailed waiting for the nuclear take away to stay". Even after two days will be handed over to leave the office, still not sloppy, showing that Zhang Zhidong on the selection of Sanjiang Normal School of teaching importance and strict.
(8) borrowed Jiangning government first opened. Zhang Zhidong in its "create three rivers teacher training school folded" in the cloud: "before the school is not created, temporarily borrow the public place" in March 1903, three rivers teacher training school in the Jiangning Prefectural Department opened, Zhang Zhidong participated in the opening ceremony and took a photo with the relevant personnel. (Right: this by the Nanjing Normal College Professor DuanXiZhong provide, "nanjing university school history data selection" in 1982 for the first time in the public photo, is visible about the three rivers teacher training hall of the earliest photographs, valuable. )
On March 20, 1903, Zhang Zhidong "stepped down from the two rivers," and on the 21st, "departed for Hubei, from Hankou to take the road north". Zhang Zhidong and Wei Guangtao in March 20, 1903, handing over the seal of customs, the king of the flag. Before and after the two governors then that is with the officials concerned, including the two rivers school office and three rivers teacher training school officials. Six days later, Wei Guangtao "daybreak" that went to the downriver examination shed to participate in the Zunjing School of Shishikan screening examination. But because Wei Kwang-tao "must come to the Sanjiang Normal School to fulfill the survey, so after the question is ordered to drive back to the Regulator". Wei Guangtao first inspection of Sanjiang.
(1) renewed recruitment of teachers. Three rivers for the first time to recruit Chinese teachers admitted only 20, failed to meet the quota, and thus Wei Guangtao ordered the two rivers school issued an oracle, asked the Department of State again recommended, gathered at the end of April in Jiangning, "special re-examination, in order to broaden the search and show fairness". *** three renewed examination, the admission of Lei Heng and other 50 people, plus 20 admitted to Zhang Zhidong's term, *** there are 70.
(2) appointment of the Chinese language chief instructor. Three rivers of the "Chinese language chief tutor" was to hire Tongzhou literati Fan Kengtang, because of Fan another, so Wei Kwang-tao instead of hunan scholar Hanlin Wu Xie, by the two rivers of the school affairs office of the commissioned under the note.
(3) the date of the opening of the school, the Chinese and Japanese instructors "exchange of knowledge". 1903 June, Sanjiang hired Kikuchi Kenjiro and other 11 Japanese instructors have arrived in Ningxia. Three rivers teacher training hall chief Yang Haji Gui in June 19, called "foreign Chinese language teachers meeting". On June 25, 1903, Sanjiang Normal School opened. Because this year has not yet enrolled students, so the so-called "open school", that is, "Chinese and foreign teachers" coach each other, exchange of knowledge. That is, Japanese instructors in China under the guidance of Chinese instructors to learn Chinese language and literature and scripture; Chinese instructors to Japanese instructors to learn Japanese language and science and chemistry, drawings and so on. Its purpose as Zhang Zhidong "to create three rivers teacher training school fold" in the cloud: "once a year later, the school is created, Chinese instructors in the East, East language, science and chemistry, painting and other learning notification strategy, East language instructors can also participate in the use of the Chinese language to teach students in the question and answer without worrying about the cuttings." At this time and then enrollment of teacher training students, the teaching can not necessarily with the help of interpreters, to avoid misunderstandings, but also to save time. It should be said that this is a very creative idea, but because of the language barrier, the Sino-Japanese one-year "exchange of knowledge" did not achieve the desired effect.
(4) the construction of the basic completion of the project. Three rivers school site, selected by Zhang Zhidong in front of the North Pole Pavilion, building plans by the Hubei Normal School director Hu Jun reference to the blueprints of the Imperial University of Tokyo, Japan. Since June 19, 1903, "Hatchet construction", engineering supervision for the governor Cha Zongren. Under the supervision of Wei Guangtao, the project progresses smoothly. To January 1904, that has been built "five buildings", "the situation is extremely spacious". In 1904, the Japanese East Asian Tongwen Hui also reported that the Sanjiang Normal School plans to build "five hundred and forty room school building and staff housing, has been completed in half, the next February can be completed". 1904 August, Wei Kwang-tao sent officers to investigate the construction of Sanjiang Hall project, found that the project supervisor Cha Zongren negligence of responsibility, and immediately take remedial measures. In September and October 1904, the project was completed. In September and October of 1904, the construction was completed and all the Chinese and Japanese teachers in Sanjiang were moved to the new site of H.E. Mr. Arctic. Wei Guangtao was also transferred to the Governor of Fujian and Zhejiang before and after this. The vast and grand project of building a church in Sanjiang was started and basically completed during Wei Guangtao's tenure.
(5) the formulation of the "Sanjiang Normal School Charter". 1904 May 13 to July 7 (March 28 to May 24, Guangxu 30 years), Sanjiang Normal School, Yang Haji Gui five times to meet with the Governor-General of the two rivers Wei Guangtao. Such frequent meetings were related to the formulation of the Statute of Sanjiang Normal School and related matters. This charter was drafted by Hu Jun. The constitution "according to the prelude to the superior teacher training and attached to the primary teacher training statute for", where fifteen chapters, respectively, provided for the "establishment of the general meaning of the school", "examination rules", The "General Principles of Establishing a School", "Rules of Examination", "Curriculum of Subjects", "Duties of Each Member", "Rules and Regulations" and "Prohibitions of the School" concerning the lecture hall, the dormitory, the playground, as well as the etiquette, rewards and penalties, vacation and graduation services. The school prohibitions".
(6) the formal enrollment of the opening of the school. 1904 July, the Sanjiang Normal School Chief Yang Jigui notified the two rivers under the jurisdiction of the prefectures and counties, Sanjiang Normal School will be held in September 15, 16 two days of the enrollment examination. Due to the limited number of people who came to take the test as scheduled, only 120 people were admitted. 180 people were admitted in October, and 300 people were admitted. The students were divided into three-year junior undergraduate 32 people, two-year accelerated section of 187 people, one-year accelerated section of 81 people, four-year higher teacher training undergraduate 172 people, "for the selection of the teachers of all the secondary schools". The department had a science and chemistry section (later renamed science and chemistry and mathematics department), a museum section (later renamed museum and agriculture department), and a history and public opinion section (later renamed national literature and history and geography department), teaching history and geography, literature, arithmetic, physics, chemistry, museums, physiology, agronomy, and pedagogy, etc. On November 26th (the twentieth day of the tenth month of the thirtieth year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), the students were officially enrolled in the classes.
Three Rivers Normal School from 1902 began to conceive, preparation; March 1903 start, began to hire teachers, construction of the school; June 19, 1903, the opening of the school, by the Sino-Japanese instructors, "exchange of knowledge," a year; to November 1904 formal enrollment in more than two years to complete the creation of the work. Work. This was the highest educational institution in Jiangsu at that time, "comparable to the Peking University Hall" (Japanese East Asian Association report), but also "China's teacher training college of ??". Sanjiang enrollment after enrollment, the students due to the name of the school, the school staff and share of funds and other issues such as provincial disputes. There was also a strong reaction from the Jiangsu gentry such as Zhang Jian. They proposed that should be three rivers Normal School "name", the reason is that since the first year of Yongzheng, the Governor of the two rivers on the jurisdiction of Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi Province. In the two rivers where the Governor in the section of the teacher training school, should be renamed as "two rivers superior teacher training school", it is self-evident for the three provinces public school, no need to "three rivers" as the name.
After a period of controversy, Zhou Fu, the Governor of the two rivers, also thought that the name of the school seems to be ambiguous meaning of "Sanjiang", so since May 1906 to "Sanjiang" for "two rivers", and in accordance with the "Zaojiao", the school was renamed "Liangjiang Excellent Normal School".
The name of the school was changed from "Sanjiang" to "Liangjiang" in May 1906, and it was named "Liangjiang Superior Teacher Training College" according to the regulations of "Regulations of the Zao Ding School".
Changing the name to "Two Rivers Excellent Teacher Training College" was not only a change in the name of the college, but also accompanied by a change in the school system and the enhancement of the content of the curriculum, and there were new and obvious changes in the organizational structure and personnel of the college. After the Wuchang Uprising, the Two Rivers Normal School was discontinued due to the war, and was renewed by Jiangsu Province in 1914 and converted into the Nanjing Higher Normal School. (Jiangsu Province, the Office of the Governor General Order No. 2,406: "Jiangsu Province, the original two rivers Normal School, before the military revival of the dropout, and now that the situation has been settled, it is urgent that the province should be renewed by the opening, in order to store the teachers." ) (album photo source )