1. Reasons for regional division: According to different needs, a region can have multiple "identities" at the same time, and the same type of region can be divided into regions of different scales or levels.
2. Area type: natural areas (tropical areas, Yangtze River Delta, etc.). ), economic region (industrial region, etc. ) and administrative regions.
3. China has a vast territory, and the geographical environment in different regions is very different. According to the different geographical location, natural environment and human geographical characteristics, China is divided into four geographical regions, namely, the northern region, the southern region, the northwest region and the Qinghai-Tibet region. Among them, the monsoon region roughly includes the northern region and the southern region of four geographical regions; Non-monsoon regions generally include northwest China and Qinghai-Tibet region.
Note: P5 Activity 1, 2, 3 and P4 Figure 5.4
4. Geographical significance of Qinling-Huaihe line: ① It is the dividing line between the southern and northern regions of China; ② It is roughly equivalent to the 0℃ isotherm of 65438+ 10 in winter in China; ③ It is the place where the annual precipitation of 800 mm and other precipitation lines generally pass in China; ④ It is the dividing line between semi-humid area and humid area in China; ⑤ is the dividing line between warm temperate zone and subtropical zone in China.
Section II, Northern Region and Southern Region
Comparison project
Qinling-Huaihe River North Area
South of Qinling-Huaihe River
Differences in natural landscapes
1 month average temperature
Below 0 degrees Celsius
Above 0℃
annual precipitation
Between 400 and 800 mm
Over 800 mm
Climate type
Mid-latitude monsoon climate
Subtropical and tropical monsoon climate
Main topography
Mainly plains and plateaus.
Plains, basins, plateaus and hills crisscross.
vegetation type
Temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest
Subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest
River flow
small
big
Does this river have an ice age?
have
not have
Differences in human landscapes
Farming system
Crop maturity
One crop a year or three crops every two years?
Two or three seasons a year.
Cultivated land type
land
paddy field
grain crops
wheat
paddy field
refinery
peanut
rapeseed
Sugar crop
beet
sugarcane
commercial crop
Cotton, millet, soybean, etc
cotton
Traditional dwellings
The slope is small and the wall is thick.
The roof has a steep slope and the walls are high.
Traditional mode of transportation
Land transportation is the main mode (transportation)
Water transport (ship)
Traditional sports
Skiing and skating
Dragon boat race, swimming
Section III, Northwest China and Qinghai-Tibet Region
I. Northwest China:
1. The topography of northwest China is dominated by plateaus and basins. The climate is mainly arid and semi-arid temperate continental climate; From east to west, the vegetation landscape is grassland, desert grassland and desert (reason: precipitation is getting less and less from west to east); There is a large area of desert in the western basin; Only rare oases appear at the edge of the basin. There are few rivers in northwest China, mostly inland rivers and seasonal rivers.
All these show that the northwest region is a region with drought as its main natural feature. P 12 activity 1, 2
2. The Qinghai-Tibet region is a unique region because of its high terrain, including Xizang Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province and Western Sichuan Province; The climate is dominated by alpine climate; The terrain is mainly plateau and mountain. With an average elevation of more than 4,000 meters, it is known as the "roof of the world". Characteristics of rivers: There are many rivers and lakes, which are the birthplace of great rivers. The most important natural feature of this area is the extreme cold.
3. Northwest China and Qinghai-Tibet are the main pastoral areas in China, and the grassland and main livestock breeds have their own characteristics.
northwest area
Tibetan-inhabited area
Forage species
Inner Mongolia grassland pasture and Xinjiang mountain pasture.
Alpine pastures in Qinghai and Tibet
Major livestock breeds
Three hippos, three cows and fine-wool sheep
Yak, Tibetan sheep, Tan sheep
Planting type
Irrigation Agriculture (Ningxia Plain, Hexi Corridor, Tianshan Mountain Foothills)
Valley agriculture (Huangshui Valley, Southern Tibet Valley)
Main crops
Wheat, corn, long-staple cotton, melons and fruits, etc.
Barley and wheat
4. Ecological environment construction in northwest China.
Formation of sandstorm: Northwest China is mainly caused by drought and water shortage, low vegetation coverage, extensive management, overgrazing and blind reclamation, and the desertification area is expanding year by year.
At present, the people in northwest China are rebuilding the ecological environment in the west through measures and technologies such as returning farmland to forests and grasslands, building ecological forests, vigorously developing artificial grasslands, and promoting enclosure.
5. Rich energy and mineral resources in Qinghai-Tibet region P 14 Activity 2
① Abundant solar energy resources: Because of the high terrain, thin air and good transparency in this area, when the sun rays pass through, the heat loss is less and more people reach the ground. Lhasa is called "Sunlight City". /kloc-more than 0/000 hours, Yangbajing geothermal station.
(2) The birthplace of the river: the altitude is high, the climate is cold, and the evaporation is small. Melted water from ice and snow has become the main water source of the river.
③ Qaidam Basin-cornucopia and Chaerhan Salt Lake area.
6. Ecological environment in Qinghai-Tibet region: protecting the source of the Three Rivers.
Located in Qinghai Province, the source area of Sanjiang River is known as the "Water Tower of China", which is the most important water conservation area in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, the Yangtze River and the Lancang River.
Long-term unreasonable deforestation, grazing and farming-lakes are shrinking, wetlands are degraded, runoff is reduced, grasslands are seriously degraded, soil desertification is rapid, the number of Tibetan antelopes and wild donkeys is sharply reduced, and the ecological environment is seriously deteriorated-restore forest and grass vegetation, control degraded grasslands, and improve the ecological environment in the source area of the Three Rivers.
Chapter six, understanding the first section of Beijing provincial boundaries.
I. Geographical location:
1 is located on the northern edge of North China Plain, 50 km away from Bohai Sea1in the east, bordering Tianjin in the southeast, and surrounded by Hebei Province on the other three sides. It is roughly located at 40 degrees north latitude and 1 16 degrees east longitude.
2. Physical and geographical features of Beijing: ① Topography: the northwest and northeast are surrounded by mountains on three sides, with high terrain, and the southeast is a part of the North China Plain; ② Climate: Beijing belongs to a typical warm temperate continental monsoon climate: cold and dry in winter and hot and rainy in summer;
Second, Beijing's urban functions:
Beijing is the political, cultural and international communication center of China: ① Beijing is the political center of China: the National People's Congress, the highest authority in China, the highest administrative organs in the State Council and China, and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China are all in Beijing; Beijing is the cultural center of our country: there are hundreds of universities and research institutions such as Peking University, Tsinghua, National People's Congress and Chinese Academy of Sciences, as well as many stadiums, museums and many national literary and art groups. (3) Beijing is an important international exchange center in China. There are many foreign embassies, representative offices of international organizations, representative offices of overseas enterprises and foreign journalists stationed in Beijing, and international conferences of various countries are often held here.
Third, an ancient city with a long history.
1. Ancient city pattern: The ancient city pattern was formed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The buildings in the city were arranged in a chessboard shape, with palaces in the center and passing through the center.
There is a central axis that extends from north to south and makes the city symmetrical left and right, showing a "convex" shape, and the house faces north and south.
There are countless places of interest in Beijing, including the Forbidden City in Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Great Wall, Zhoukoudian Peking Man Site, the Summer Palace and the Temple of Heaven, among which the Forbidden City in Beijing is the largest and most well-preserved palace complex in the world.
3. The site of Beijing has experienced two great changes in space since Liao Dynasty, both of which are closely related to water sources.
Fourth, urban modernization.
1. Urban modernization is manifested in all aspects of the economy, such as convenient transportation, smooth information, beautiful environment, complete functions, advanced facilities and high level of culture, education and scientific research.
2. Beijing is the heart of China and the symbol of China, so Beijing must develop into a modern metropolis, because Beijing is an ancient historical and cultural city, and its history has a far-reaching impact on today. Therefore, in the construction and development of Beijing, we should pay attention to maintaining the pattern and original demeanor of the old city while building modern buildings, which makes Beijing a special landscape where tradition and modernity coexist.
3. For the rapid development of Beijing's modernization and the continuous enhancement of its international competitiveness and service functions, on the one hand, Beijing has increased infrastructure construction, on the other hand, it has actively developed high-tech industries, making Beijing more and more an international modern metropolis with coordinated development of people and land.
Section 2. Special Administrative Region-Hong Kong and Macau
I. Geographical location and territorial composition of Hong Kong and Macao
Hongkong and Macau are located at the southeast end of Chinese mainland, on the east and west sides of the Pearl River estuary, adjacent to Guangdong. Hong Kong consists of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and the New Territories and more than 200 islands around them. Macao consists of Macao Peninsula, Taipa Island and Coloane Island.
Second, Hong Kong has a large population and a small area, and its topography is characterized by mountains and little flat land. Two ways of urban construction land expansion: "going to heaven"-building tall buildings; "Going to the sea"-filling the sea to build roads.
Third, Hong Kong's economy is developed-"Oriental Pearl" and "Shopping Paradise"
1, the tertiary industry in Hong Kong is very developed, and it is an international trade center, financial center, transportation center, information service center and tourism center.
2. Hong Kong's developed entrepot trade depends on the following conditions: ① superior geographical location; ② Flexible economic policies (free trade ports) ③ Close ties with Chinese mainland. P36 Page 6, Figure 20 The advantages of Hong Kong and China are complementary.
Mainland China is Hong Kong's largest entrepot trading partner.
Principles of economic cooperation between Hong Kong and the Mainland: economic cooperation, complementary advantages and mutual benefit.
Export products: clothing, electronic appliances, plastic products, textiles, watches and clocks, toys are mainly consumer goods and labor-intensive products.
Three. Macao's economy and development strategy
Gambling tourism is an important economic pillar of Macao's economic development.
Section 3. The Holy Territory of the Motherland-Taiwan Province Province
1. Location: Taiwan Province Province includes Taiwan Province Island, and many small islands such as Penghu Islands and Diaoyu Islands nearby. Taiwan Province Island is the largest island in China, bordering the East China Sea in the north, the Pacific Ocean in the east, the South China Sea in the south and Fujian Province across the Taiwan Province Strait in the west.
P39 Activity 2: Taiwan Province Province is a part of the motherland.
2. Topographic features of Taiwan Province Province: mountainous, with hills accounting for 2/3, and plains mainly distributed in the west. Among them, Yushan is the highest peak.
3. Taiwan Province Island is a rich treasure island, with superior natural environment and rich resources such as forests, minerals and aquatic products, and is known as the "Pearl of Southeast Seas".
4. Taiwan Province Island has a subtropical and tropical monsoon climate, which is warm and humid. The western plain is fertile and rich in rice, sugarcane, tea and tropical and subtropical fruits. About half of the land on the island is covered with dense forests and has the reputation of "Asian Natural Botanical Garden". Cinnamomum camphora is the most famous tree species in Taiwan Province Province, and its camphor production ranks first in the world.
In addition, Taiwan Province Island is also known as "the rice warehouse on the sea, the sweet island in the east, the hometown of fruits, the sea of forests and the southeast salt bank".
P4 1 activity 1, 3.
Reasons for Taiwan Province Province's rich products:
Low latitude (the Tropic of Cancer passes through the central part of Taiwan Province Province), surrounded by the sea; Tropical and subtropical monsoon climate; Plate junction; Mountain topography; A short and swift river.
5. Before 1960s, the economy of Taiwan Province Province was dominated by agriculture and agricultural products, and it exported cane sugar, pineapple, rice and camphor. Since 1960s, Taiwan Province Province has focused on developing export processing industry, forming an "import-processing-export" economy.
6. Industries in Taiwan Province Province are mainly distributed in Taibei, Taichung and Kaohsiung. They are located in the coastal plain of western Taiwan. The factors influencing the formation of this distribution feature are terrain conditions, traffic conditions, population distribution and a long history of development. Hsinchu is called the Silicon Valley of Taiwan Province Province.
6. Since 1960s, the tertiary industry in Taiwan Province Province has greatly increased, the fluctuation of the secondary industry has slightly increased, and the primary industry has continued to decline, which shows the rapid economic development of Taiwan Province Province.
Section IV-Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
I. Geographical location:
It is the provincial administrative region with the largest number of countries around China and the largest provincial administrative region in China, with Uighurs and Han as the main ethnic groups.
Second, the natural environment:
1. Topography: Three mountains and two basins, Altun Mountain, Junggar Basin, Tianshan Mountain, Tarim Basin and Kunlun Mountain.
2. Rivers: There are few rivers, mainly inland rivers.
There are two main rivers in this area: Tarim River, the largest inland river in China, and Irtysh River, which flows into the Arctic Ocean.
3. The climate is dry. Reason: Because it is far away from the ocean and surrounded by high mountains, the airflow from the ocean is not easy to reach, so the precipitation in Xinjiang is scarce and the climate is dry.
Impact: The climate is dry and there is little rain, and the water source mainly comes from the melting water of alpine ice and snow glaciers. Moistened by the melting water of this ice and snow glacier, many oases have appeared in the foothills of the basin edge, and the population cities in Xinjiang are concentrated in these oases.
Xinjiang (Oasis) is the most important agricultural production base. Summer (high temperature) and (light) are sufficient, and the temperature difference between day and night is large, which is suitable for planting a variety of crops. People use the ancient water diversion project (karez) to develop characteristic (irrigation) agriculture. Wheat, corn and sorghum are the main crops here. Based on the unique light and heat conditions, (cotton, sugar beet and various fruits) have become the characteristic agricultural products of Xinjiang oasis. P48 Figure 6.36
5. Energy development: Xinjiang's oil and gas reserves account for about13 of the country's total land reserves, of which the natural gas resources in Tarim Basin account for 22% of the country's total land natural gas reserves.
In order to stabilize the east and vigorously develop the west, the state has implemented the "West-to-East Gas Transmission Project", starting from Lunnan in Tarim Basin and ending in Shanghai, that is, the target is the Yangtze River Delta. General situation of west-to-east gas transmission and its benefits to east and west,
P52 Figure 6.40
Chapter 7: Understanding the Pearl River Delta, the first open area facing the sea in the province.
1. Location: Located in the southeast of Guangdong Province, at the lower reaches of the Pearl River, adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, and across the sea from Southeast Asia. Known as the "South Gate" of China.
2. Favorable conditions for becoming the frontier of opening to the outside world: ① Location factors: South China Sea, Hong Kong and Macao, facing Southeast Asia across the sea, with superior geographical location and convenient land and sea transportation, it is called the "South Gate" of China; ② Human factors: dense population and abundant labor resources. With the historical tradition of opening to the outside world, many places are famous hometown of overseas Chinese; ③ Policy factors: The state implements the policy of "opening to the outside world and giving priority to development" in the Pearl River Delta region (setting up special zones, opening up in an all-round way, bringing the rich first and then getting rich).
3. Export-oriented economy: processing and manufacturing industry is the leading industry, and export is the business direction.
4. The main source of foreign investment in the Pearl River Delta region is Hong Kong and Macao, and the products are mainly exported through Hong Kong and Macao trade channels, and exported to Southeast Asia, Europe, Africa, America, Oceania and other regions, earning a lot of foreign exchange. By the end of the 20th century, it has become one of the largest production and export bases of electronic and daily consumer goods in the world.
The mode of division of labor and cooperation between them is "front shop and back factory", "front shop" refers to Hong Kong and Macao, and "back factory" refers to the Pearl River Delta.
5. Comparison between south-central Liaoning and Pearl River Delta: Activity 3 on page 63
6. The leading role of export-oriented economy: it has promoted the development and urbanization of service industries such as catering, entertainment and transportation.
7. The main manifestations of urbanization are the growth of non-agricultural population and the expansion of the number and scale of towns.
The second section, Xishuangbanna, is a characteristic tourist area in the southwest border.
I. Geographical location:
1 is located in the south of Yunnan Province, the southwest border of China, south of the Tropic of Cancer, at the southernmost tip of Hengduan Mountains, bordering Laos and Myanmar in the south, and also connecting Thailand and Vietnam through Lancang-Mekong River.
2. Influenced by the humid southwest monsoon from the Indian Ocean, Xishuangbanna has a tropical monsoon climate, with high annual temperature, which is obviously divided into dry season and rainy season.
Under the influence of tropical monsoon climate, Xishuangbanna has formed an original tropical rainforest landscape. Apart from Hainan Province, the pristine tropical rain forest in China is the most intact place, with tall trees, roots, strangled plants, single-tree forests, Asian elephants, green peacocks, long-tailed apes and so on.
Second, rich tourism resources.
1. Located at the border, border tourism and outbound tourism can be developed nearby;
2. The location here is superior, the scenery is unique and the animal and plant resources are abundant. Known as the "tropical animal kingdom".
3. Ethnic minorities live in compact communities here, with profound cultural background and attractive ethnic customs.
Note: The main ethnic minority in Xishuangbanna is the Dai people. They live in bamboo houses, eat bamboo rice, celebrate the Water-splashing Festival and dance in peacock dance. The relationship between these cultural customs and the natural environment. Page 69 Activity 2
Third, the booming tourism industry.
1. For a long time, Xishuangbanna has been dominated by agricultural production. Since the mid-1980s, with the encouragement of the relevant policies of the state and Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna's tourism industry has risen rapidly and become an important pillar industry, which has promoted the economic development of Xishuangbanna.
2. The reasons for the decline of tourism are: ① the number of surrounding scenic spots has increased; ② The local scenic spots are scattered; (3) unscrupulous traders are immoral; (4) The ecological environment is under great pressure; ⑤ The scenic spots are similar. P72 Activities 2 and 3
Revitalization countermeasures: P73 Activity 3① Scientific and rational development, utilization and protection of tourism resources; ② Implement the strategy of sustainable development.
Chapter 8: Understanding the Loess Plateau, which is the first special terrain region with criss-crossing gullies in the inter-provincial region.
I. Geographical location and scope:
1, starting from Taihang Mountain in the east, reaching Wushaoling Mountain in the west, Qinling Mountain in the south and Great Wall in the north, spanning four provinces of Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia.
2. The formation of loess: aeolian theory-that loess is blown from deserts and Gobi in Central Asia and Mongolia.
3. Loess landform landscape: loess plateau, loess beam and loess promontory.
Two. Serious soil erosion P8 1 activity page 1
1. Causes of soil erosion: (1). Natural factors mainly include topography, rainfall, soil (ground material composition), vegetation and so on. (1) The terrain is generally mountainous with a large slope; ② Precipitation is mainly concentrated in July and August, with heavy rain; ③ Loess is loose in structure, and many substances are easily soluble in water; (4) The surface is bare, lacking the protection of vegetation. (2) Human factors: ① Deforestation, grass destruction and land reclamation on steep slopes have destroyed the ground vegetation; (2) Mining, road construction and other capital construction do not pay attention to soil and water conservation, which destroys the ground vegetation and stable terrain. At the same time, a large number of abandoned earth and stone are dumped into the river ditch at will, resulting in new sand and gravel loss.
P8 1 Page Activity 3: Soil and water loss prone areas: Loess Plateau, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Sichuan Basin and mountainous areas in northern North China. Formation conditions: generally, the precipitation is large, and the seasonal variation of precipitation is large; The terrain is generally mountainous, and the surface slope is large.
2. Consequences of soil erosion. P80
Third, the fragile ecological environment
1, vicious circle of man-land relationship in the Loess Plateau: P83 Figure 8. 10.
2. The fragile ecological environment of the Loess Plateau: P84 activity 2.
3. Drought and flood are the most important natural disasters in the Loess Plateau. In addition, there are collapses, landslides and mudslides.
4. Ecological construction measures: ① biological measures such as planting trees and grass are combined with engineering measures such as building terraces and repairing earth dams to control soil erosion; (2) Reasonably arrange production activities, such as returning farmland to forests and grasslands on steep slopes, and reduce the number of grazing livestock in overgrazing areas.
5. Measures to solve the problem of large population and small land in the Loess Plateau: ① Strengthen family planning, strictly control population growth and improve population quality; ② Migrate the population with fragile ecological environment to other places and establish new immigrant villages; (3) government departments should vigorously publicize and provide farmers with food and subsidies, so that they can respond to the call of returning farmland and actively carry out ecological construction; ④ In the process of ecological construction in the Loess Plateau, we should adjust measures to local conditions, develop diversified businesses according to local natural conditions, increase income, and solve the problem of large population and little land on the Loess Plateau.
Section II-Areas with Rivers as Lifelines-Areas along the Yangtze River
I. Geographical location and scope: P87 activity 1, 2
1. Location: The Yangtze River starts from Shanghai in the east and reaches Panzhihua in Sichuan in the west, stretching for more than 3,000 kilometers from east to west; The north-south width is roughly within the range of 100-200 km on both sides of the Yangtze River. This is a typical banded area.
Topographic regions spanning from east to west: the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Sichuan Basin and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau.
Most of them are located between 25 and 35 north latitude. The main stream of the Yangtze River runs through the east and west, and inland navigation is developed. Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang in the east of the region are in a central position in the national shipping network, with developed shipping and superior geographical position.
2. Unique natural conditions: ① Topography: generally speaking, it is relatively flat, mainly with plains and low hills; ② Climate: subtropical monsoon climate (climate feature: P75 Figure 8. 18), with good hydrothermal conditions; ③ Rivers: dense river networks, numerous lakes and abundant water resources; ④ Rich in natural resources, such as water conservancy and hydropower resources, forest resources, wildlife resources, tourism resources, agricultural resources and mineral resources.
Second, the connection and radiation along the Yangtze River.
1, the connection between East and West: P89 Figure 8.22
(1) The western region can enter the international market by river-sea transportation; (2) Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan, Chongqing and other commercial centers are connected from east to west along the Yangtze River, becoming a link between East and West businesses; ③ The area along the Yangtze River is the channel for the eastern coastal industries to advance to the central and western regions; (4) The area along the Yangtze River is the channel for the eastern technology and information to transfer to the central and western regions.
2. North-South radiation function: P90 activity 1 passes through numerous north-south tributaries and traffic trunk roads, and its economic and technological advantages can radiate north and south, thus integrating China's north-south economy.
3.① Basis and conditions of radiation along the Yangtze River-strong agricultural and industrial foundation, leading development level of high-tech and related industries in China, and convenient land and water transportation; ② The motive force of radiating the Yangtze River-the most dynamic high-tech and related industries; ③ radiation direction along the river-from local to north and south; (4) Significance of radiation along the Yangtze River —— With the help of economic and technological advantages along the Yangtze River, integrate the north-south economy of China and strengthen regional economic cooperation.
3. Cities along the Yangtze River
1. The Yangtze River is the lifeline for the formation and continuous development of cities along the Yangtze River.
2. Relying on the convenient shipping and abundant water resources along the Yangtze River, four mega-cities and four urban agglomerations have been formed along the Yangtze River. (Figures 8 and 26 on page 92,)
3. These megacities are the economic, economic, cultural and transportation centers in the region, which have a strong radiation and driving effect on the economic development inside and outside the region. Page 92 Activity 1, 2
4. Difference in distribution density of towns along the Yangtze River: the upstream density is low, and the middle and lower reaches are densely distributed, especially in the Yangtze River Delta region.
Four. Industry along the Yangtze River
1. Four industrial bases: ① The industrial belt formed by Shanghai, Nanjing and Hangzhou is the largest comprehensive base in China; The industrial belt centered on Wuhan is an important base of China's steel and textile industry. (3) Electric power, metallurgy and other industrial bases centered on Yichang and Chongqing; ④ Steel and coal industrial bases centered on Panzhihua and Liupanshui. Formation conditions of four industrial bases and their relationship with natural resources.
2. The embryonic form of the two "industrial corridors": ① Iron and steel industrial corridor: along the Yangtze River, there are steel industrial bases such as Shanghai Baoshan, Anhui Maanshan, Hubei Wuhan, Sichuan Chongqing and Panzhihua; ② Automobile Industry Corridor: There are automobile and motorcycle bases in Shanghai (Santana, Buick and Sail), Nanjing (Iveco), Wuhan and Chongqing (Jialing and Yin Gang) along the river.
3. (Activities are on page P95) Cooperation between the upper and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: While actively developing the regional economy, in accordance with the principle of "complementary advantages, mutual benefit, joint action and * * * common development", combined with the rich power resources in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the advantages in capital, technology, talents and management in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the Yangtze River Economic Belt will be formed.
V. Ecological environment and governance:
Serious soil erosion in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River; The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the areas with the most concentrated, frequent and serious floods. Environmental pollution along the Yangtze River is becoming more and more serious, mainly water pollution and acid rain pollution.
Soil erosion: ① mainly in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River; ② Reasons: Deforestation and steep slope reclamation have led to the continuous reduction of forest area and increasingly serious soil erosion; ③ Hazard: P96 Figure 8.31; ④ Preventive measures: P97 activity 1
Flood disaster: ① The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the most concentrated, frequent and serious areas of flood disaster; ② Reason: P86 activity 2; ③ Harm: causing great losses to people's lives and property; After the ecological environment in the disaster area has been hit hard, it is often difficult to recover for several years. ④ Preventive measures: P98 activity 2
Water pollution: ① mainly occurs in the main stream area of the Yangtze River ② Causes: farmland drainage, industrial sewage and domestic sewage. P96 reading materials
(3) Harm: pollute water sources, affect the quality of drinking water, and endanger the life safety of people and creatures; ④ Prevention and control measures: P98 Activity 3: Strengthen the prevention and control of industrial pollution, do a good job in environmental improvement, take practical and effective measures for existing pollution sources, treat them within a time limit, and meet the standards on schedule.
Acid rain pollution: three acid rain areas in Central China, Southwest China and East China.
① There are three major acid rain areas in Central China, Southwest China and East China, among which the acid rain area in Central China has become the acid rain area with the largest pollution range and the highest central intensity in China; ② Reasons: A large number of chemical fuels such as coal and petroleum are used, and various waste gases are discharged; ③ Hazards: acidification of rivers and lakes and soil; Corrosion caused by buildings and cultural relics; Harm human health. ④ Preventive measures: Reduce the use of coal and switch to clean energy such as natural gas and solar energy. "West-to-East Gas Transmission" can improve the environment in this area.
Chapter 9 China going to the world
I. Promoting sustainable development in the region
1. has a vast territory and great regional differences, which is one of the basic national conditions of China. Therefore, (1), we should take advantage of the situation, foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, and adjust measures to local conditions; (2) Strengthen regional ties, give full play to their respective advantages, work together for mutual benefit and make full use of resources;
2. Giving full play to regional advantages is the premise of regional cooperation, and regional cooperation is precisely the complementarity between regional advantages.
Second, develop in the world.
1. China is a large developing country with a large population and low per capita GNP, which is another basic national condition of our country;
2. The development trend of multipolarization and globalization in today's world leads to increasingly close contact and cooperation among countries in many aspects, and at the same time, the competition is increasingly fierce. Join the competition, seek development, compete in cooperation, and cooperate and develop together in competition; As shown in Figure 9.2.
3. Human beings are faced with population, resources and environmental problems.
4. Why did China join the WTO? China is a developing country, and its comprehensive national strength is gradually increasing. From the point of view of its own development needs, joining WTO, integrating into the world, giving play to its own advantages and opening up to the outside world can promote the development of the motherland; From the perspective of globalization, joining WTO and strengthening cooperation with other parts of the world are the ways of development; (3) China's accession to the WTO will help solve the population, resources and environmental problems faced by mankind and promote world peace, sustainable development and human social progress.