1. Eastern Europe and North Asia 1. Scope and country (1) Eastern Europe: from the east coast of the Baltic Sea in the west, to the Urals Mountain in the east, to the Arctic Ocean in the north, and to the European part between the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south (2) North Asia: the part of northern Asia belonging to Russia 2. Russia (1) The country with the largest area in the world: it spans Europe and Asia, and the part of Europe is small but its political and economic center. (2) Relatively flat terrain: mainly plains and plateaus. The eastern European plain to the west of the Ural Mountains, followed by the western Siberian plain, the central Siberian plateau and the eastern Siberian mountains to the east (bounded by Yenisei River: western plain, eastern plateau and mountains) (3) The winter is long and cold, and the climate varies greatly from place to place. Temperate continental climate is dominant, with polar climate in the north, Mediterranean climate in the south and temperate monsoon climate in the east. (4) Rivers and lakes: Volga River is the longest and most important inland waterway in Europe. Ob river, Yenisei River and Lena River are rich in water energy and have a long freezing period. Lake Baikal is the deepest in the world. (5) Rich in resources: The mineral deposits are Kursk Iron Mine, Tyumen Oilfield and Kuzbas Coal Mine. (6) Industries dominated by heavy industry: industrial zones centered on Moscow and St. Petersburg (Leningrad), Urals and Novosibirsk industrial zones, with industries developing from Europe to Asia. (7) Agriculture: Eastern Europe Plain and Don River Basin are the main agricultural belts, which are changing from grain importers to exporters, with the largest coniferous forest belt in the world. (8) Transportation: mainly by railway, the first Eurasian continental bridge (trans-siberian railway): Moscow-Irkutsk (south of Baikal)-Vladivostok; Beia Railway: * * * Qingcheng-Soviet Port (9) Capital and city: Moscow, the capital, the largest city, political center and cultural center in China, and the most important transportation hub in China; St Petersburg, a seaport along the Baltic Sea, is the second largest city in China; Vladivostok (Vladivostok), the main seaport along the Pacific coast; Murmansk, an ice-free port along the Arctic Ocean (affected by the North Atlantic warm current); Oymyakon, the cold pole in the northern hemisphere

(2) The relatively flat terrain: plains and plateaus are dominant. The eastern European plain to the west of the Ural Mountains, followed by the western Siberian plain, the central Siberian plateau and the eastern Siberian mountains to the east (bounded by Yenisei River: western plain, eastern plateau and mountains) (3) The winter is long and cold, and the climate varies greatly from place to place. Temperate continental climate is dominant, with polar climate in the north, Mediterranean climate in the south and temperate monsoon climate in the east. (4) Rivers and lakes: Volga River is the longest and most important inland waterway in Europe. Ob river, Yenisei River and Lena River are rich in water energy and have a long freezing period. Lake Baikal is the deepest in the world. (5) Rich in resources: The mineral deposits are Kursk Iron Mine, Tyumen Oilfield and Kuzbas Coal Mine. (6) Industries dominated by heavy industry: industrial zones centered on Moscow, St. Petersburg (Leningrad), Urals and Novosibirsk industrial zones, with industries developing from Europe to Asia. (7) Agriculture: Eastern Europe Plain and Don River Basin are the main agricultural belts, which are changing from grain importers to exporters, with the largest coniferous forest belt in the world. (8) Transportation: mainly by railway, the first Eurasian continental bridge (trans-siberian railway): Moscow-Irkutsk (south of Baikal)-Vladivostok; Beia Railway: * * * Qingcheng-Soviet Port (9) Capital and city: Moscow, the capital, the largest city, political center and cultural center in China, and the most important transportation hub in China; St Petersburg, a seaport along the Baltic Sea, is the second largest city in China; Vladivostok (Vladivostok), the main seaport along the Pacific coast; Murmansk, an ice-free port along the Arctic Ocean (affected by the North Atlantic warm current); Oymyakon, the cold pole in the northern hemisphere

II. The development conditions of industrial centers in the main industrial sectors of Russian industrial zones are mainly in Moscow and St. Petersburg. The industrial zones in Moscow and St. Petersburg are short of machinery, chemistry and various light industries. Most of the required raw materials and fuels are transported from other places to Ural Industrial Zone. There are various nonferrous metal minerals in magnitogorsk and Yekaterinburg, and there are abundant coal, iron and oil resources in the vicinity. The heavy industry in Kuzbas Heavy Industry Zone is emerging as a military.