Gramineae, Bambusoideae, uses, characteristics, habits and planting methods are as follows:
There are more than 71 genera and more than 1,111 species of bamboo in the world, while there are 37 genera of bamboo in China, accounting for more than 51% of the world's bamboo genera, and more than 511 species of bamboo (including varieties), accounting for about 42% of the world's bamboo species. The distribution of bamboo species in Japan ranks second in the world, with only 13 genera and more than 231 species. It can be seen that bamboo species in China are highly diverse. According to the investigation and research, many bamboo species are endemic to China, among which there are 11 endemic bamboo species with 48 species. That is, 7 species of Acidossasa, 1 species of Ampelocalamus, 4 species of Bashania, 11 species of Gelidocalamus, 2 species of Ferrocalamus, 1 species of Leptocana, and 1 species of Heterodendrocalamus. There are 4 species of Monocladus, 14 species of Oligostachyum)14 and 3 species of Qiongzhuea.
bamboo diversity and its utilization in China
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The tallest bamboo
In the Baylatry Nia Botanical Garden, there are several bamboos whose height is 31-35 meters, that is, Dendrocalamus giganteus. Taxonomically, it belongs to the genus Dendrocalamus of Gramineae. There are more than 31 species in this genus, all of which are arborescent bamboos, generally 24-31 meters high. When they are young, they are often covered with white wax powder. The underground stems (bamboo whips) are thick and short, and the stems are clustered, and the bamboo tips are often drooping. The internodes are dark green or grayish green, about 41 cm long and 21-25 cm in diameter. A bucket of small size can be made by sawing the next one. Huge bamboo poles can be used as building materials and water pipes. Most species of this genus are produced in southeast Asia, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar and other places, and are also commonly cultivated. There are about 11 species in China, distributed in the southwest and south. On May 1, 1999, the world's tallest giant bamboo was exhibited at the World Horticultural Exposition held in Kunming. It is 41 meters high and its bamboo pole is more than 31 centimeters thick.
Bambusoidea belongs to Gramineae and Bambusoideae. Because of its beautiful leaves, elegant and unique, evergreen seasons, it is widely used in gardens, and China has a long cultivation history.
(1) Morphological characteristics and species
Bamboo is a perennial lignified plant with aboveground stems (bamboo stalks) and underground stems (bamboo whips). Bamboo poles are usually cylindrical, rarely quadrangular, and are connected by internodes, which are often hollow and few are solid, and the internodes are composed of reeds and rod rings. Branches on each node. There are two kinds of leaves, one is stem leaves, commonly known as leaves; The other is a nutrient leaf, which is needle-shaped and varies in size with varieties. Bamboo flower consists of lodicule, stamens and pistils. The fruit is mostly caryopsis. Most of bamboo's life is a vegetative growth stage, and once it blooms and bears fruit, all the plants will die and complete a life cycle.
according to the growth of underground stems, bamboo plants can be divided into three ecotypes, namely, single-axis scattered type, combined-axis tufted type and compound-axis mixed type. There are many kinds of bamboos, including more than 511 species in China, most of which can be seen in gardens. Common cultivated ornamental bamboos include: Phyllostachys pubescens, Phyllostachys pubescens, Phyllostachys pubescens, Phyllostachys pubescens, Phyllostachys pubescens, Phyllostachys cinnamomea, Bambusoides, Chimonobambu-bambusa, etc. Tufted bamboos (Bambusauentricosa) and Phyllostachys pubescens (B. multiplex), mixed Indocalamuslatifolius and Pseu－dosasaamabilis, etc.
(II) Ecological Habits
Most bamboos like warm and humid climate, with an average annual temperature of 12C～22C and an annual precipitation of 1111mm ~ 2111mm. Bamboo requires more water than air temperature and soil. It should have enough water and good drainage. The adaptability of scattered bamboo is stronger than that of clustered bamboo. Because scattered bamboos basically shoot in spring and bamboo has been fully lignified before winter, they have strong adaptability to adverse climatic conditions such as drought and cold, and their requirements for soil are lower than those of clustered bamboos and mixed bamboos. The underground stems of clustered and mixed bamboos are shallow in the soil, and the shoot emergence period is in summer and autumn. Hsinchu can't be fully lignified in that year and can't stand the cold and drought, so the growth in the north is generally limited, and their requirements for soil are higher than those of scattered bamboos.
(3) Propagation methods
Different bamboo species have different propagation methods. Generally, the buds on bamboo pockets, branches and stems of clustered bamboos all have reproductive ability, so methods such as moving bamboo, burying bamboo, burying bamboo and cutting branches can be adopted. However, the stems and branches of scattered bamboos have no reproductive ability, and only the buds on the bamboo stump can develop into bamboo whips and bamboos, so methods such as moving bamboo and whips are often used for reproduction.
Propagation of clumped and mixed bamboos:
1. Bamboo shifting method (planting by dividing) selects 1-2-year-old bamboos that grow vigorously, digs up the soil at the periphery of 25-31 cm away from their poles, finds out their stalks, then cuts off their stalks with a chisel, and digs them up with soil, and small bamboos can reach 3-5.
2. The strong bamboo stump is selected by burying stump, pole and node, and the bamboo stump is left on it with a length of 31cm ~ 41cm, which is obliquely buried in the planting hole and covered with soil of 15cm ~ 21cm. When burying the bamboo pole, cut off the side branches of each node, leaving only the main branch L ~ 2 nodes as the material for burying the pole or node. When buried, the ditch is 21 cm ~ 31 cm deep. Put the buds on the nodes to both sides. The base of the pole is slightly lower and the tip is slightly higher. It is slightly inclined to lie in the ditch and covered with soil of 11 cm ~ 15 cm. Slightly higher than the ground, and then cover with grass to moisturize. In order to promote the rooting of bamboo shoots with hidden buds in each node, two rings can be sawed 8 cm ~ 11 cm above each node, reaching to the bamboo green part, and the seedling rate of treated bamboo pole nodes can be improved a lot.
Propagation of scattered bamboos:
1. For propagation with mother bamboos, choose the mother bamboos which are 1-2 years old, grow vigorously, have no diseases and pests, have fresh bamboos with full buds, low bamboo stems and not too thick DBH. Before digging, make sure the direction of the bamboo whips, and then cut off the bamboo whips at a distance of 31cm-81cm from the mother bamboos. Generally, large zhu liu whips 31 cm to 41 cm, and whips 71 cm to 81 cm; Medium-sized zhu liu whips 21 cm ~ 31 cm, and whips 51 cm ~ 61 cm. Don't shake the bamboo pole when digging, cut off its upper part with a sharp knife, generally keep 5 ~ 7 bamboo branches, and then plant people in the pre-dug holes. The burial depth is 3 cm ~ 5 cm deeper than the original burial part of the mother bamboo. After planting, water in time, cover the grass, open the drainage ditch, and set up a bracket to prevent the wind from blowing and shaking the roots, which will affect the rooting.
2. The vigorous bamboo whips of 2-4 years old are selected for the transfer propagation, which is carried out about 1 months before the bamboo whips shoot. After digging out the bamboo whip, cut it into a section of 61 cm ~ 111 cm, cover it with soil, protect the roots and buds, plant it in the hole, lay the bamboo whip flat, cover it with soil of 11 cm ~ 15 cm, and cover it with grass to prevent water from evaporating. Generally, small bamboo can grow in summer. To prevent Hsinchu from wilting, 1/3 of the bamboo sheath can be cut off and 6 ~ 7 branches and leaves can be kept.
3. Seedlings should be sown in the same year to collect mature seeds. Generally, the seeds of Phyllostachys pubescens almost lose their germination ability after one year.
(4) Cultivation methods
When underground stems of bamboo grow in soil, it is necessary to have sufficient water and air, so it is necessary to keep the soil moist to prevent water shortage in the soil, and pay attention to eliminating water accumulated in the bamboo forest. Bamboo likes fertile soil. Generally, human excrement and urine, manure, etc. should be applied in winter, and quick-acting chemical fertilizer should be applied in growing season. A piece of bamboo forest can be cut off to support the cultivation, that is, weeds in the forest can be cut off in summer to make them rot into fertilizer, and at the same time, the surface of forest land can be loosened, physical properties can be improved, and bamboo growth can be promoted. The old bamboo garden should be cleaned up every few years, especially the clustered bamboo forest. Reasonable cutting is also very important for bamboo conservation. The cutting age is generally 6-8 years for Phyllostachys pubescens and 4 years for small and medium-sized bamboos. Winter is the best cutting season.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- According to relevant data, there are about 71 genera and more than 1,211 species of bamboo in the world, with a total area of more than 14 million hectares. Bamboo is widely distributed in the world. In terms of distribution, Asia ranks first, followed by North and South America, Africa and Oceania. Bamboo forests in Europe are introduced artificially rather than distributed naturally.
At present, bamboo is widely distributed in China, and the bamboo industry with bamboo planting and deep processing as the core is booming. Anji County, Zhejiang Province, which is known as one of the "Top Ten Bamboo Towns in China", has developed bamboo industry and promoted bamboo culture by relying on the advantages of local bamboo industry resources.
Zhang Jixin: The development and utilization of bamboo in Anji has a long history. According to the information I checked, as far back as the Song Dynasty, bamboo in Anji was already the main source of tax revenue. By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, complete and traditional cultivation techniques had been basically formed.
Anji is rich in bamboo forest resources, including 7 genera and 49 species, with a total area of 981,111 mu, accounting for 33.4% of the total land area of Anji County, forming a continuous bamboo sea of more than 111 kilometers. In addition to a large area of wild bamboo forests, there are more than 311 local and exotic bamboo varieties introduced in Anji Bamboo Seed Garden, including slender and erect bamboo; There are precious ornamental bamboos with yellow and green flowers; There are strange-shaped tortoise-backed bamboos, which look like turtle shells connected; Purple bamboo, shaded by green bamboo leaves, is somewhat dignified and mysterious. Anji people regard it as an auspicious thing. According to local customs in the past, purple bamboo must be used as an account pole when marrying a daughter. There is also Bambusa bambusa produced in Hunan, also known as Xiangfeizhu. According to legend, after Shun Di's death, his two concubines, E Huang and Ying Qianli, looked for their husbands until they cried their eyes out with blood, and the blood and tears spilled on the bamboos along the river, leaving this mottled trace. An ancient legend endowed Bambusa with a strong mythical color. In addition, there are bamboo like knobby bamboo, tea-stalk bamboo, Buddha's belly bamboo, yellow-stalk Beijing bamboo, phoenix bamboo and arhat bamboo, which are just too numerous to mention. When you come to Anji Bamboo Garden, you will enter the world of dazzling bamboos.
Anji Bamboo Museum in the Bamboo Seed Garden has theme exhibition halls such as "Bamboo History", "Bamboo Resources", "Anji Bamboo Industry" and "Bamboo Extraction", which brings together the essence of bamboo at all times and at home and abroad with rich collections of physical objects and historical materials, showing the huge family system of bamboo, and the close relationship between bamboo and human material and cultural life.
Zhang Jixin: For us Anji people, we have a special feeling for bamboo. We are born in the bamboo forest. Dealing with bamboo every day, you can't eat, wear and live without bamboo, and you can't live without bamboo any day.
Talking about Bamboo (2) Bamboo products with bamboo joints reflect the style
It is Anji that makes us know many kinds of bamboo, or all kinds of bamboo, and makes us know Anji, the bamboo town in the south of the Yangtze River. In China, bamboo, plum, orchid and chrysanthemum are also called "four gentlemen" in flowers. It has always been praised by China people for its hollow, restrained and upright characteristics, and it has become a vivid portrayal of the virtues of modesty, integrity and uprightness that China people admire.
Wen Huaisha, a famous scholar and an expert on Chu Ci: In our country, there is a means of expressing the classical literary tradition, which is to express feelings through things. Then combine this flowery character with the truth, goodness and beauty pursued by the human world, and then get the performance. This bamboo occupies a very high position in our poems of the Chinese nation, and it has no fragrance. If you smell (that is) a fresh breath and fragrance, you will not smell it, but bamboo has attached a high character to it in the ideal world of China literati. From the Book of Songs, we know that there is a poem praising it in Wei Feng, that is, Qi 'ao (chapter), so he is praising a hero, a Wei Wugong who defended the Zhou Dynasty, and he used bamboo to cheer him up, using the whole growth process of bamboo to illustrate the whole (forming) process of a great personality.
among the literati in China, there were seven great writers in the Jin Dynasty when they were devoted to talking clearly, which were called "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest", because these seven sages lived in the bamboo forest, reflected the characters of seven literati with bamboo forest, and attached their literary talents to bamboo, and humanity and nature reflected each other.
Chen Ziang used great enthusiasm to sing the bamboo festival. What did he say? "Chunmu" The trees in spring are full of glory, and woody things will wither and flourish, but there is one thing that is different: "There is no withering in this festival", and there is no concept of withering in bamboo festivals; "The first wish and the stone", what am I willing to do? This festival is with the stone, and the stone, the gold of metal products, the stone of stone, and the stone will not be deformed, and this festival will not be deformed. The poem "Keeping Faithfulness in the End" and "Keeping Faithfulness in the End" is Chen Ziang, the great poet of "where, before me, are the ages that have gone?", who praised the bamboo festival.
Mr. Mei Lanfang, a horse, was born in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894, which was the year of the Sino-Japanese War, so he was born in the year of anti-Japanese, so when Japan occupied Shanghai, he refused to sing, and he grew his beard. I saw a painting on his wall, which was bamboo, and wrote two sentences: "Dancing proudly in the wind.
For example, bamboo is very important to the blind. The blind should use bamboo when walking. I think of my good friend, the late great painter Jiang Zhaohe, who painted great figures. So this painting is about the old society. Through this painting, he has irony, some pain, a kind of depression and a kind of resentment. This painting shows a blind man holding a bamboo in his hand, and the blind man walks on this bamboo. After painting, he is meaningful. "But with this bamboo", "the world is dark" is the old society. This place is so dark, "I have eyes", and where can I compare with eyes? Because I still have a bamboo to take me with me, this is a pun, one is that the blind man comes out to use a bamboo, and the other shows the road that the bamboo that the painter is pursuing takes him. The road that the bamboo takes is a noble one, that is, the lines are straight, and there are knots, and it is a way to hold the bamboo firmly with an open mind. Mr Jiang Zhaohe paints well, and I haven't forgotten this poem.
Talking about bamboo (3) Food, clothing, housing, transportation and bamboo as companions