First, the basic situation of hotel industry development
1, the expansion is accelerated on the scale of quantity.
Since 1980, the scale of hotel industry in China has accelerated exponentially. The supply of hotels increases rapidly with the expansion of demand. Take foreign-related hotels as an example, there are 203 hotels in 1980, and the number of young star-rated hotels increased to 8880 in 2002, an increase of nearly 44 times. During the same period, the number of rooms increased by more than 30 times. The growth rate of tourist hotels is above 50% every five years.
2. The hierarchy and scale structure have been formed.
If all kinds of hotels are systematically put together, by the end of 2002 (1), there were 175 five-star hotels with * * * 64,900 rooms, accounting for 7.23% of the total number of star-rated hotels in China. (2) There are 635 four-star hotels, with * * rooms143,500, accounting for15.99% of the total rooms in China star hotels; (3) There are 2,846 three-star hotels with 346,500 guest rooms, accounting for 38.62% of the total guest rooms in China; (4) There are 44 14 two-star hotels, including 306,000 * * guest rooms, accounting for 3410% of the total guest rooms in China; (5) There are 8 10 one-star hotels in China, with 36,400 guest rooms, accounting for 4.06% of the total number of guest rooms in China. It presents a pattern of two small ends and a big middle.
3. The spatial distribution is three stages.
The development level of hotel industry in China presents three steps in space: the first step is located in the eastern coastal area, the second step is located in the central area, and the third step is located in the western area. The overall situation is that there is less east and more west. The number of the top ten star-rated hotels in China is: (1) 926 in Guangdong; (2) Zhejiang 723; (3) Jiangsu 575:(4) Beijing 572; (5) Yunnan 560; (6) Hubei 473; (7) Shandong 40 1 block; (8) Liaoning 347; (9) Shanghai 3 19 Contract: Hunan 3 19 Contract.
Second, the transformation of the whole industry.
1, from the compulsory government foreign affairs reception system to the competitive industries in the national economy.
In the past, most tourist hotels were foreign affairs reception institutions, and most guest houses were official accommodation institutions, not to mention the hotel industry and development scale. After more than 20 years' construction, it has changed from a traditional and compulsory service organization subordinate to the government's foreign affairs reception work to an increasingly attractive and competitive industry in the whole national economy. In 2000, the tourism revenue was 450 billion yuan, and the hotel industry accounted for nearly half of the tourism revenue, and the industrial characteristics became more and more obvious.
2. From a closed industry to an open industry that is in line with international standards and has a high degree of marketization.
The hotel industry is first open to foreign investors, allowing foreign investment and joint ventures with foreign investors. Up to now, China's tourism and hotel industry has utilized more than 20 billion US dollars of foreign capital, and there are more than 800 foreign-funded hotels. Since 1982 Peninsula Group managed Beijing Jianguo Hotel, a number of international hotel groups have successively entered China. The introduction of star standard and the international practice of industry management and hotel management have greatly improved the international development level of hotel industry. After 20 years of development, the hotel industry has changed from a closed industry with a planned economy to an open industry with a high degree of marketization, and it has been in line with international standards earlier, faster and more smoothly.
3. The relationship between supply and demand has changed from seller-led market to seller-led market.
The active economy and the development of tourism make more hotel enterprises participate in the hotel market in China, which intensifies the competition among hotel enterprises and promotes the change of supply and demand. China hotels pay more attention to the needs of consumers. In hotel management, through the exemplary role of star-rated hotels, the demand has changed from supply to supply. The hotel industry has changed from a seller's market in short supply to a buyer's market. Due to the rapid development, there has been an oversupply in some fields in recent years, and the competition among enterprises has become more intense. Operators of hotel enterprises pay more attention to market trends and changes in customer demand, which promotes hotel enterprises to further improve their competitiveness.
4. The cost-centered enterprise operation mode of planned economy has turned to the profit-centered enterprise operation mode of market economy.
Before 1980, most hotels in China were business-oriented guest houses, with a single hotel service, which only provided accommodation and catering services. Operating efficiency lacks indicators and service standards, and costs are not accounted for. Financially, the system of unified revenue and expenditure, retained earnings and differential subsidies is implemented, and there is no task of paying profits and taxes; After the reform and opening-up, foreign capital entered, and the hotel management organization in China implemented a series of policies and measures, which prompted the hotel to change its management mechanism, and made the China hotel reform in short-term decision-making, management system, organizational structure, salary distribution, employee recruitment and reward, financial cost management, and began to implement an enterprise-type management system with independent operation, independent accounting and self-financing. The market competition consciousness and behavior of hotel enterprises have fundamentally changed the whole hotel industry.
5. From traditional experience management to modern scientific management.
On the basis of implementing the hotel management experience in the founding of the People's Republic of China, introducing foreign advanced scientific management methods, and combining with the national conditions, a set of Chinese-style hotel scientific management system is preliminarily summarized, which makes hotel enterprises change from empirical administrative management to scientific management and accelerates the transformation of management mode and mechanism of China hotel industry to modernization.
6. Industry management has developed from simple disorder to basic science and systematic order.
By implementing the hotel star rating system, the hotel management in China will be in line with international standards. The reform of government institutions, the transformation of functions and the reduction of intervention will turn the development of China hotel industry to be based on market regulation. The competent department of industry shall formulate industry rules, promote the orderly competition of hotel enterprises and promote the marketization of hotel industry. The government, industry and enterprises have gradually adapted to and learned the ways and methods of scientifically and orderly managing and operating hotels in the market economy. The historic transformation of the hotel industry is unprecedented. After China's entry into WTO, the hotel industry is facing new global challenges, and its development will have several noteworthy trends in recent years.
Third, the future development trend of China hotel industry
1, the supply is relatively surplus, the competition is fierce, and the future development speed will be reduced.
From 1996 to 2000, the tourist hotel industry * * * increased 354,000 rooms, with an average annual growth rate of 12.39%, while the growth rate of tourists in the same period was 4.0%. Because the supply exceeds the demand, hotel enterprises compete excessively. From 1996 to 1998, the average occupancy rate and profit rate of hotels in China decreased year by year, and the whole industry suffered losses from 1998. 1998、
The losses of 1999 and 2000 were 4.556 billion yuan, 5.364 billion yuan and 2.643 billion yuan respectively. This situation. The new investment has been restrained, forcing the hotel industry to slow down its scale expansion. At the same time, strategic issues such as controlling the total number of hotels and improving the quality of hotels are put forward.
2. The new development investment points of the hotel industry will gradually move westward to optimize the regional structure.
Due to the rich tourism resources in the central and western regions of China, and a series of measures to develop the central and western regions have been introduced in succession, some hotel investments will probably be transferred from the eastern and southern regions to the central and western regions. With the further development of economy and tourism resources in the central and western regions, the hotel industry in the central and western regions will further develop and become the new and most potential growth region of hotel industry in China. Generally speaking, the total number and grade of tourist hotels in cities in developed coastal areas have reached a very high level, while the central region has developed rapidly, and it is expected to reach a higher level in the next three years, with the bottleneck mainly in the western region.
3. The management level of hotels will continue to be in line with international standards, and it will become a new trend to strive to develop economy hotels with international standards.
As far as competition is concerned, in the field of high-end hotels, foreign hotels will continue to maintain their advantages, and most domestic hotels are concentrated in the low-end areas. In the middle and low-end areas, foreign-funded hotels have not yet moved. Economy hotels with international standards will become the focus of competition and construction in the future. Economy hotel is the focus of foreign hotel groups. According to the forecast of China Tourism Bureau, by 2020, the number of overnight visitors will reach 9500-1390,000, with an average annual growth rate of 5.7%-7.75%. The International Tourism Organization predicts the future, and thinks that by 2020, the number of international tourists will reach 654.38+0.6 billion, and China will reach 654.38+0.3 billion, making it the largest country of entry in the world. In view of this trend, foreign hotel groups regard budget hotels in China as a potential growth point. With the implementation of paid vacation, the improvement of traffic conditions and the improvement of people's income level, domestic tourism has developed rapidly, and domestic guests have become a source of tourists that cannot be ignored in hotels. The future demand trend is that economy hotels with simple decoration, clean sanitation, convenient facilities and moderate price will become the hotel industry type valued by domestic tourists. In terms of quality and service, high-end hotels basically meet the demand, and there are a large number of middle and low-end hotels, but they are far from international standards. This situation is not consistent with the growth trend of international and domestic economic tourists. There are more than 240,000 hotels, guesthouses, guest houses and other accommodation facilities in China, of which about 1 000 are star-rated hotels, accounting for 4%. There are more than 230,000 accommodation facilities, and more than 96% of them have not entered the star range. Most of them are small and medium-sized hotels here. Therefore, the transformation of existing small and medium-sized hotels to meet international standards is the focus of hotel industry construction in the future.
4. State-owned hotels are separated from the original investment department, and there are more and more problems in restructuring, so it is more and more important to guard against risks.
After China's entry into WTO, it is easier for international hotels to enter the China hotel market, and the competition in China hotel industry is intensified. Due to institutional reasons and insufficient motivation for reform, state-owned hotels are at a disadvantage and become more and more passive. State-owned hotels are facing the pressure of competition, reorganization, merger and bankruptcy. State-owned hotels have to be reformed in the face of pressure, and may be reorganized, sold or bankrupt in the process of reform. With the deepening of the reform, the party, government, military, police and commercial banks are decoupled from their hotels and no longer operate hotel investment business. Due to the change of ownership and the resulting changes in system and position. It will lead to overstaffing of hotel staff, unbalanced management and even performance failure. Hotel merger and bankruptcy will lead to a large number of laid-off workers and other social shocks. In this respect, it will be more and more important to guard against social risks in the process of state-owned hotels' transformation.
5. The correlation between the development level of hotel industry and the development level of human resources is getting stronger and stronger.
When the hotel industry in China began to take shape, because there were fewer hotels, the focus of competition was quantity in the case of increasing demand. Therefore, the initial development level of China hotel industry is related to the number and scale of hotel facilities. With the increase of the number and scale of hotels, the perfection of facilities and the fierce competition, the quantity competition of the industry has turned to quality competition, and the development level of the industry is closely related to the development level of human resources. Because quality competition is mainly service competition, the core of service competition is the competition of personnel quality. The professional quality, technical level, professional psychological quality of hotel employees, the joint action of senior management talents and technical talents, and the formation of a well-trained talent team all affect the competitiveness of the hotel industry. The competitiveness of domestic hotels in China is not strong, and the key factor is not technical problems, but the quality of personnel.
6. The process of hotel collectivization has been gradually strengthened, and international groups have entered the China market on a large scale.
In recent years, China hotel industry has begun to attach importance to collectivization. By the end of 2002, there were more than 700 hotels managed by China * * with a star rating of 7.2%. Among the top 20 hotel groups in China, internationally renowned hotel groups were selected as 12, and China Hotel Group was selected as 8. It is gratifying that the business scale of the eight hotel management companies selected by China has reached the standard of the top 300 international hotel groups, which reflects the substantial development of the hotel collectivization process in China. However, compared with international hotel groups, there is still a big gap in the state of hotel collectivization in China. According to the data of 2000, Shanghai Jinjiang Hotel Group, which ranks first in China and 57th in the world, has only 50 hotels, accounting for only 0.77% of Shengda Group. Rooms 13598, only 2.5% of the Shengda Group. Hyatt Regency Hotel/Hyatt International (USA) ranks 10, with 20 1 hotels and 867 1 rooms. Generally speaking, at present, China's hotel groups have not formed a large joint supervision team: there is no large-scale and integrated intensive management; Hotel group has high cost, bloated organization, multi-level and low efficiency; The popularity is not high, and the group advantage is not obvious. Judging from the development trend, it is difficult for hotel groups in China to form strong competition with large foreign hotel groups in a short time. Therefore, the development of China Hotel Group will restrict the position of China hotels in the international market.
Four, China hotel industry can not be ignored soft injury
1, a large number of hotels with Samsung and below have suffered long-term losses despite the good external environment.
2. A small number of hotels with Samsung and below have good sales and high occupancy rate, but the hotel seems to have reached a hurdle, and the enthusiasm of employees, sales performance and service quality cannot be further improved.
3. Most 4-and 5-star hotels are slightly higher than other hotels in the industry vertically, but from an international perspective, high-end hotels in China are not the same as international hotels in terms of strategic situation, management accuracy, deepening service and global operation, and the soft environment of most 4-and 5-star hotels in China is only equivalent to foreign Samsung or even lower-grade hotels.
4. The hotel industry in China is inefficient, with the same management and form, unable to find the track of differentiation and diversification, and its added value is extremely low in international competition.
5. There is a big gap between China local hotel talents and international hotel talents in quality and training mode. It is an unavoidable reality that 70% of the existing senior hotel management talents in China come from abroad or have experience in hotel training abroad. So far, there is no professional hotel management college in China, and there is no standardized and complete hotel human resources market.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) In the future hotel industry, we can also see the following phenomena and trends.
1. The hotel's reservation technology, service technology and product design technology are relatively backward, which makes the competition in the industry only focus on capital scale, related business and profit delivery for a long time.
2. At present, the hotel industry as a whole is in a state of oversupply, and it is unlikely to increase foreign investment. However, the speed of overseas hotel management companies entering the domestic market will be accelerated, and the main ways to enter this field are ownership acquisition, capital management, contract management and franchising. Competition will intensify. Large state-owned hotel groups have great opportunities to seek foreign mergers and acquisitions.
3. In the long run, with the development of economy and the globalization of wage level, talent competition will surely become the focus of hotel industry's survival competition.
4. Both foreign hotels and state-owned hotels should take the road of horizontal integration at the same level.
Generally speaking, state-owned private hotels belong to small and medium-sized hotels. Due to the policy environment and market mechanism, their development has been sluggish, and they will be the biggest impact in the future development. But private hotels are a trend in the future.
6. The competition of hotel marketing will be manifested in the diversity and effectiveness of products provided by hotels. Developing diversified products according to the change of market demand is a magic weapon for hotels to win in the competition.
7. In the tourism capital market, some qualified tourism enterprises will be able to directly issue shares for listing and financing. Take the road of scale and diversification through the capital market.
8. On the basis of extensive market investigation, the hotel should scientifically and effectively segment the whole market, select one or several market segments as the target market, concentrate manpower and material resources, and conduct centralized marketing. On the basis of centralized marketing, hotels should highlight the differences of competitors and seek competitive advantage by differences.
9. Hotel culture is increasingly sought after by guests, and creating a unique hotel culture has become a part of shaping the hotel's superior brand.
10. Due to the intensification of competition and the active labor market, the turnover rate of hotel employees has accelerated.
1 1. Today, with the surging awareness of environmental protection, green houses have moved from innovation to maturity.
12. With the update of IT technology and other high-tech in this century, the innovation of guest rooms is also full of high-tech traces. Industry informatization and networking have become a new trend.